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2. Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the relationship of individuality
and holism to nursing practice.
2. List four main characteristics of
homeostatic mechanisms.
3. Identify theoretical frameworks used in
individual health promotion.
4. Identify Maslow’s characteristics of the
self-actualized person.
3. Learning Outcomes (cont'd)
5. Describe the vision, mission, and goals of
Healthy People 2020 and the
development process for specific
objectives to help improve the health of a
community.
6. Differentiate health promotion from health
protection or illness prevention.
7. Identify various types and sites of health
promotion programs.
4. Learning Outcomes
8. Discuss the Health Promotion Model.
9. Explain the stages of health behavior
change.
10.Discuss the nurse’s role in health
promotion.
11.Describe components of health
assessment that pertain to health
promotion.
6. Assessing and Planning Health
Care
• Enhanced when nurses understand:
– Individuality
– Holism
– Homeostasis
– Human needs
7. Concept of Individuality
• Each individual is a unique being
• Focus on total care and individualized care
context
• Total care context considers all the
principles that apply when taking care of
any client
8. Concept of Individuality (cont'd)
• Individualized care context means using
the total care principles that apply to the
person at this time
9. Holism
• Concerned with the individual as a whole,
not as an assembly of parts
• Strive to understand how one area of
concern relates to the whole person
• Consider the relationship of individuals to
the environment and to others
• Interventions are directed toward restoring
overall harmony
10. Physiological Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the tendency of the body
to maintain a state of balance or
equilibrium while constantly changing.
Homeostatic mechanisms have four main
characteristics:
• Self-regulatory
• Compensatory
11. Psychological Homeostasis
• Emotional or psychological balance or a
state of mental well-being
• A stable physical environment in which the
person feels safe and secure
• A stable psychological environment where
feelings of trust and love are developed
12. Psychological Homeostasis (cont'd)
• A social environment includes adults who
are healthy role models
• A life experiences the provides
satisfactions
13. Applying Theoretical Frameworks
A variety of theoretical frameworks provide
the nurse with a holistic overview of health
promotion.
– Needs Theories : Maslow
– Developmental Stage Theories
15. Needs Theories
• Maslow’s five levels of human needs
– Physiological needs
– Safety and security needs
– Love and belonging needs
– Self-esteem needs
– Self-actualization
16. Needs Theories
• Developmental stage theories
– Describe typical behaviors within a certain
age group
– Explain the significance of those behaviors
– Predict behaviors that might occur in a given
situation
– Provide rationale to control behavioral
manifestations
– Can be used in parental and client education,
counseling, and anticipatory guidance
17. Healthy People 2020
• Belief that individual health is closely
linked to community health and the
reverse
• Partnerships are important to improve
individual and community health
– Business, local government, and civic,
professional, and religious organizations can
all participate
19. Defining Health Promotion
• Three levels of prevention
– Primary focuses on health promotion,
protection against specific health problems
– Secondary focuses on early identification of
health problems, prompt intervention to
alleviate health problems
– Tertiary focuses on restoration and
rehabilitation with the goal of returning the
individual to an optimal level of functioning
20. Defining Health Promotion
• Health promotion is behavior motivated by
the desire to increase well-being and
actualize human health potential
• Disease prevention or health protection is
behavior motivated by a desire to actively
avoid illness, detect it early or maintain
functioning with the constraints of illness
21. Sites for Health Promotion Activities
• Various settings for programs:
– In home
– Community setting
– Schools
– Hospitals
– Worksites
22. • Identify one health promotion behavior that
you have attempted to change or would
like to change.
• For example, has the student
attempted to change this behavior before?
If so, what happened and how might this
prior attempt at behavior change influence
this attempt to change the behavior?
23. Health Promotion Model (HPM)
• Competence or approach-oriented model
• Motivational source for behavior changes
based on individual’s subjective value of
the change
24. Variables of HPM
• Individual characteristics and experiences
– Personal factors
– Prior related behaviors
25. Variables of HPM (cont'd)
• Behavior-specific cognitions and affect
– Perceived benefits of action
– Perceived barriers to action
– Perceived self-efficacy
– Activity-related affect
– Interpersonal influences
– Situational influences
26. Variables of HPM (cont'd)
• Commitment to a plan of action
• Immediate competing demands and
preferences
• Behavioral outcome
27. Figure 16-4 The Health Promotion Model (Revised).
From Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, 6th ed. (p. 45), by N. J. Pender, C. L. Murdaugh, and M. A. Parsons, 2011,
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Reprinted with permission.
29. Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion
• Model healthy lifestyle
• Facilitate client involvement
• Teach self-care strategies
• Assist individuals, families, and
communities to increase levels of health
• Educate clients to be effective health care
consumers
30. Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion
• Assist clients, families, and communities to
develop and choose health-promoting
options
• Guide development in effective problem
solving and decision making
• Reinforce clients’ personal and family
health-promoting behaviors
• Advocate in the community for changes
that promote a healthy environment
31. Assessment of Health
• Health history
• Physical examination
• Physical fitness assessment
• Lifestyle assessment
• Spiritual health assessment
32. Assessment of Health (cont'd)
• Social support system review
• Health risk assessment
• Health beliefs review
• Life-stress review
33. Diagnosing
• Wellness diagnoses can be applied at all
levels of prevention
• Useful for healthy clients who require
teaching for health promotion, disease
prevention, and personal growth
• Provides a clear focus for planning
interventions without indicating a problem
exists
34. Planning
• Based on needs, desires, and priorities of
the client
• Client decides on:
– Goals
– Activities or interventions to achieve these
goals
– Frequency and duration of activities
– Method of evaluation
35. Implementing Health Promotion
Plans
• Involve both the nurse and the client
• Nursing interventions include:
– Review and summarize data from
assessment
– Reinforce strengths and competencies
– Identify health goals
– Identify behavioral outcomes
– Develop a behavior-change plan
– Reiterate benefits of change
36. Implementing Health Promotion
Plans (cont'd)
• Nursing interventions include:
– Address environmental and interpersonal
facilitators and barriers
– Determine a time frame
– Formalize commitment
– Implementing Health Promotion Plans
– Exploring available resources
– Implementing
37. Implementing Health Promotion
Plans (cont'd)
• Nursing interventions include:
– Providing and facilitating support
– Individual counseling sessions
– Telephone or computer counseling
– Group support
– Facilitating social support
– Providing health education
– Enhancing behavior changes
– Modeling
38. Evaluating
• Ongoing
• Client actions may include:
– Continue the plan
– Reorder priorities
– Change strategies
– Revise the contract
• Collaborative effort