SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 54
1
PREFACE
The Online Bus Ticket Booking is a web-based application that allows visitors check bus
ticket availability, buy bus ticket and pay the bus ticket online. This system is established
for all the home/office users after gaining access from the administrator. Online Bus
Booking provides bus transportation system, a facility to reserved seats, cancellation of
seats and different types of enquiry which need an instant and quick reservation. This
system can be used by the users in performing online reservation via internet for their all
business purposes. Users can use this program directly on their websites and no need to
install it.
2
INDEX:-
Acknowledgement:-
Introduction:-
īƒ˜ About Project
īƒ˜ About Client
Initial Requirement:-
System Analysis:-
īƒ˜ Objective
īƒ˜ Existing System
īƒ˜ Proposed System Description
Feasibility Study:-
īƒ˜ Financial And Economic Feasibility
īƒ˜ Technical Feasibility
īƒ˜ Operational Feasibility
System Requirement:-
īƒ˜ Platform
3
īƒ˜ Hardware Requirement
īƒ˜ Software Requirement
īƒ˜ System Requirement and Specification
īƒ˜ Functional Requirement
īƒ˜ Non Functional Requirement
īƒ˜ Security Requirement
īƒ˜ Output Requirement
īƒ˜ Output of the bus booking Project
īƒ˜ Architecture & Proposed System
īƒ˜ Module Description
System Design:-
īƒ˜ Architectural Design
īƒ˜ Logical Design
īƒ˜ Physical Design
īƒ˜ Software Process Models
īƒ˜ Water Fall Model
īƒ˜ The Waterfall model can be shown graphically
īƒ˜ The Functional Module System
īƒ˜ Table Schema
Data Flow Diagram:-
īƒ˜ Symbol Of DFD
4
īƒ˜ DFD “0”Level
īƒ˜ DFD “1”Level
īƒ˜ Data Flow Chart
ER Diagram:-
īƒ˜ Guideline Form Drawing ER Diagram
īƒ˜ ER Diagram Uses
īƒ˜ Benefits of ER diagrams
īƒ˜ ER Diagram Templates
īƒ˜ ER Diagrams Usage
Bibliography & Reference:-
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The software project “ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING” is an original work of mine. But I
would never have able to complete it alone on my own. I always needed help an support to
complete it. This help and came in many forms from different people. I have opportunity to
express my profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who helped me throughout the
duration of this project.
First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Mr. KAMALA PRASAD GUPTA
under whose guidance I complete the software project without his support, I was literally
impossible to complete it. His guidance was like a streak of light on a no-moon night to me. It
was immense importance. It was he who explained the topic in detail to me, told me about
making this software project presentable.
I would also thank my chat friends who were available even at very late hours of and
helped me in acquiring valuable information from the World Wide Web. I am really a great
learning experience.
Last but not least I thank all who have helped me directly and indirectly (GOD) at time
of need.
Gaurav Kumar Rai
6
INTRODUCTION
About Project-
This software project is aimed at automation of online ticket booking. Objective of the
project is to develop customize software package for ticket booking.
When we do this task manually then it become very hard to manage the ticket
booking .So are developing this system to manage bookingof ticket automatically. In this
Bus Ticket Booking project we develop the system that can help the user to book their
ticket online. In this project we take care of every services related to travelling and online
ticket booking .When you start your traveling tour you have to book ticket so we help
you in booking your traveling ticket .
About client-
It is developed so that the costumer can easily check the bus availability status, the
costumer also book the ticket from any place and any time and pay the amount of ticket
from anywhere. The system must have a database which contain the customer
information, it must be able to accurately give the bus information such as the bus
schedule and also have a nice interface to make it easier to use. Finally, the application
must also be a user-friendly for commercial purpose.
7
INITIAL REQUIREMNT
When a project is started an initial investigation is carried out. During this phase
of study users need has recognized and other requirements are determined. Once
the problem has been defined a study is carried out to select the best system i.e.
a feasible system that meets performance requirements. So Feasibility is the
determination of whether or not a project is worth doing and the process followed
in making this determination is called a Feasibility Study. In order to conduct the
feasibility study we have seven distinct, but inter-related types of feasibility, these
are Technical feasibility, Operational feasibility, Economical feasibility, Social
feasibility, Management feasibility, Legal feasibility and Time feasibility. Out of these
seven three are key feasibilities to consider, these are:
īƒ˜ Technical Feasibility
īƒ˜ Economical Feasibility
īƒ˜ Operational feasibility
8
9
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System analysis and design refers to the process of
examining a situation with the intent of improving it through better procedure and
methods. System design is the process of planning a new system or one to
replace or complement an existing system. But before this planning can be done,
we must thoroughly understand the system and determine how computer can best
be used to make its operation more effective. System analysis is, therefore, the
process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the
information to recommend improvements to system.
īƒ˜ Understand the ticket problem before you begin to create the bus ticket analysis
model.
īƒ˜ Develop prototypes that enable abuser to understand how human machine
interaction will occur.
īƒ˜ Record the bus ticket origin of and the reason for every requirement.
īƒ˜ User multiple behavioral views of booking requirement like building data,
function and models.
īƒ˜ Work to eliminate ambiguity.
10
Objective-
The main objective of the system will lead to increase in the ticket booking efficiency of
the project Staff and members of the Ticket Booking Agency with little throughput.
This system project is made as user friendly as possible so that any one can use it with
little knowledge of system computers. the ticket booking project will reduce the ticket
booking tedious job of system paperwork by keeping all the project details of bus ticket
booking, cancelling tickets are stored in the form database in computer’s hard disk. Up-
to-date information of the system Performance status and other enquires. We provide up
to date information that is not possible manually. he objective of my project is to make
easy the ticket booking project system of Ticket Booking Agency simple, reliable, user
friendly, and corrective. Moreover less time consuming as compared to manual work.
11
Existing System
This website is very easy to operate it provide database about
Institute, Courses and main advantage of this project is that it will generate an
environment such that more than one person could solve his problem together ,
customer have to give query for getting desire solution. This project has been
developed on HTML and PHP. It has been developed and implemented for regular
use by the user. It is very easy to understand and operate. Hence it is/Will be totally
user friendly & interactive website.
īƒ˜ The work is done manually.
īƒ˜ Those who are interested in inquiring about the bus type, its Tickets price,
available seats, facility of the bus etc. has to walk to the booking office.
īƒ˜ This creates a huge relief for the customer of the office on weekend to send their
time.
12
Proposed System Description
The system is very simple in design and to implement. The system required very low
system resources and the system will work in almost all configurations. It has got
following feature:
īƒ˜ It will ensure data accuracy.
īƒ˜ Records will be efficiently maintained by DBMS.
īƒ˜ Availability of seats can be enquired easily.
īƒ˜ Passenger can also cancel their tickets easily.
īƒ˜ Minimum time needed for the various processing.
īƒ˜ It will provide better service.
Stated that system design is to create a technical solution that satisfies the functional
requirement for the system. At this point in the project life cycle there should be a
Function Specification, written primarily in business terminology containing a complete
description of the operational needs of the various organizational entities that will use the
system. The challenge is to translate all of this information into Technical Specifications
that accurately describe the design of the system, and that can be used as input system
construction.
13
14
FEASIBILITY STUDY
When a project is started an initial investigation is carried out.
During this phase of study users need has recognized and other requirements are
determined. Once the problem has been defined a study is carried out to select the
best system i.e. a feasible system that meets performance requirements. So Feasibility is
the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing and the process
followed in making this determination is called a Feasibility Study. In order to
conduct the feasibility study we have seven distinct, but inter-related types of
feasibility, these are Technical feasibility, Operational feasibility, Economical feasibility,
Social feasibility, Management feasibility, Legal feasibility and Time feasibility.
The objective of the feasibility study is not only to solve the problem but also to
acquire the sense of its scope. During the study, the problem definition is crystallized and
aspects of the problem be included in the system are estimated. Cost and benefits are
estimate with greater accuracy at this stags. There keys constraints are involved in
feasibility study.
īƒ˜ Financial and Economic feasibility.
īƒ˜ Technical feasibility.
īƒ˜ Operational feasibility.
15
Financial And Economic Feasibility-
Economic feasibility or cost benefit is an assessment of the economic justification for a
computer system project. Since the system is a web based, any number of employer can
use this tool from anywhere and anytime.
Not only the cost of hardware, softwareâ€Ļetcâ€Ļis considered but also benefits in
the form of reduced cost are considered. The immigrant can be apply for the VISA online
without going to foreign exchange.
Technical Feasibility-
According to roger S. pressman “technical feasibility” is the assessment of the technical
of the system. The develop for platform independent environment VB and SQL server are
used to developed the system. The technical feasibility has been carried out. The system
is technical feasible for developed. The system can be developed with exiting facility.
The technical consideration evaluates the hardware requirement, software technology
etcâ€Ļas per the requirement VB as front end SQL server as back end.
16
Operating Feasibility-
Operational feasibility deals with study prospectus of the system. This system
operationally eliminates all the tensions of the tensions of the admin and
effectively tracking the project process. This kind of automation will surely reduce time
and energy, which previously consumed in manual work. Based on the study, the system
is provided to be operationally feasible.
Processed feasibility is beneficial only it meet the user requirement. This system will
certainly be supported since it produces good results lots of work.
17
18
SYSTEM RQUIREMENT
The system requirement definition is concerned with the analysis of the existing system with the
aim of determining and structuring the requirement of the proposed system. It is achieved with
the aid of user requirement. The analysis stage was specifically carried out in focus of the
functionality dataflow at online bus ticket booking.
Platform-
Windows is very powerful scalable Operating System that provides basic file and prints services
as well as robust platform for server application. Main features are as follow-
ī‚ˇ An easier way to use Interface and tools
ī‚ˇ More extensive Network Performance.
ī‚ˇ Enhanced communication features.
19
Hardware Requirement
ī‚ˇ Processor: Intel Pentium IV
ī‚ˇ Processor speed: 1.4 GHz
ī‚ˇ RAM : 2 GB or above
ī‚ˇ Hard disk : 250 GB OR above
Software Requirement-
ī‚ˇ Operating System: Windows 2000,2007,2008
ī‚ˇ Web Bowser: Chrome and Mozilla Firefox
ī‚ˇ Internet Browser
ī‚ˇ M.S. platform
ī‚ˇ Microsoft SQL Server 2008
Language used:
Front End: HTML, PHP
Back End: Microsoft SQL Server 2008.
20
System Requirement And Specification
The System Requirement Specification (SRS) will provide a detailed description of the
requirement for the “ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING”. This SRS will allow for a
complete understand of what is needed for the bus ticket booking construction. The clear
understanding of the bus ticket booking and it’s functionality will allow for the correct
software to be developed for the end user and thus will be used for the development of
the future stages of the project. This SRS will also provide the function for the project.
From this SRS, the “ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING” can be designed, constructed,
and finally tested.
This SRS will be used by the software engineers constructing the “ONLINE BUS TICK
BOOKING” and the Bus end user. The software engineers will use the SRS so that to fully
understand the expectations of this ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING” to construct the
appropriate software.
21
Functional Requirement-
Functional Requirement define the specific function that the system perform, along with
the data operated on by the functions. The functional requirements are presented in
scenarios that depict an operational system from the perspective of its end user. Included
are one or more example of all system feature and an enumeration of all the specific
requirement associated with these feature.
īƒ˜ The system shall incorporate mechanism to authenticate its user.
īƒ˜ The system shall verify and validate all user input and should notify in case
of error detection and should help the user in error correction.
īƒ˜ The system shall allow sharing of files in the system.
īƒ˜ The system shall allow quick message to be exchange without face to face
interaction.
22
Non-functional Requirement-
Non-functional requirements address aspects of the system other than the specific
functions it performs. These aspects include system performance, costs, and such general
system characteristics as reliability, security, and portability. The non-functional
requirements also address aspects of the system development process and operational
personnel. It includes the following:
īƒ˜ The system shall be used friendly and consistent
īƒ˜ The system shall provide attractive graphical interface for the user
īƒ˜ The system shall allow developer access to installed environment
īƒ˜ The system shall target customer base.
23
Security Requirement-
The System use SSL (secured socked layer) in all transactions that include any
confidential customer information. The system must automatically log out all customer
after a period of inactivity. The system should not leave any cookies on the customer’s
computer containing the user’s password. The system’s back-end servers shall only be
accessible to authenticated management.
Passenger Service Representatives and managers will be able to log in to the BUS
TICKET BOOKING. Passenger Service Representative will have access to the
Reservation/Booking subsystem. Managers will have access to the management
subsystem as well as the Reservation/booking subsystems. Access to the various
subsystem will be protected by a user log in screen that requires a user name and
password.
24
Output Requirement:-
Company's customer can buy bus ticket online and pay the bus ticket through Credit
Card. Others bus companies also can use the online system to easy their customer to buy
bus ticket. Further more, the online system is expected to help ease especially the counter
staff at the selling counter who has to deal with numerous sales daily. It should also assist
the branch manager in calculating their daily collections and generating reports. In the
long-term operation, the sales of tickets at Transnational are expected to increase as
passengers' satisfaction is almost guaranteed with the availability of accurate information,
shorter queues and better services.
25
Output of the bus booking Project:
Login bus ticket Module: This booking system is a very first module in this project a
person can want to enter into this software project he/she must have pass through this
module, in other word we can say that this is Authentication module because the user
authenticates with his/her password and username.
New User Module: In this booking system module we can create new user his/her
username, password and his rights as our choice.
Bus Type Master: This booking system module deals with the bus ticket management of
the booking system bus type information such as the bus type id, bus type name, bus
description etc.
ADD BUS TYPE INFO. TO THE Bus Ticket DATABASE
Bus Master: This booking system module deals with bus master related data such
as bus id, bus name, capacity, start time , start position ,destination etc.
26
ADD BUS MASTER DETAILS TO THE DATABASE
Customer Transaction: This ticket booking module deals with the bus
ticket management of the booking system customer information such customer name,
customer id ,street code, city code etc.
ADD CUSTOMER DETAILS TO THE DATABASE
ROUTE MASTER: This ticket booking module is responsible for managing the bus route
related details such as route id, route name, start position, destination etc.
ADD ROUTE DETAILS TO THE BUS ROUTE MASTER
Based on the input provided system will show the desired output/report.
īƒ˜ Bus Ticket Information
īƒ˜ customer Information booking system
īƒ˜ Fine Details
īƒ˜ Branch Information booking system
īƒ˜ bus ticket Price details
īƒ˜ Status of the bus Ticket
īƒ˜ User Card details
īƒ˜
27
Architecture of The Proposed System-
This process supports existing infrastructure requirements and provides specific
recommendations for hardware and network solutions based on existing and projected
user needs. Application requirements, data resources, and people within an organization
are all important in determining the optimum hardware solution. It is represented using a
three tier architecture that comprises of user interface, process management and Database
Management System (DBMS). It shows the components of the system, the services they
provide and the way they communicate to bring about the system functionality.
28
Module Description-
Admin Module
This module deals with addition and deletion of routes, buses available, pick up points,
dropping points, bus codes, passenger details and bus details. He has the complete control
over the application. Only admin can perform these functionalities.
Bookings and Cancellation Module
The following functionalities are included in this module
ī‚ˇ Search routes
ī‚ˇ Select bus
ī‚ˇ Select seats and pick up points
ī‚ˇ Provide information and payment gateway
ī‚ˇ Print booked ticket
ī‚ˇ Cancel the ticket
ī‚ˇ User suggestions/complaints
29
30
SYSTEM DESIGN
Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules,
interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could
be seen as the application of systems theory to product development. There is some
overlap with the disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and systems
engineering.
Architectural design
The architectural design of a system emphasizes the design of the systems architecture
that describes the structure, behavior and more views of that system and analysis.
Logical design
The logical design of a system pertains to an abstract representation of the data flows,
inputs and outputs of the system. This is often conducted via modeling, using an over-
abstract (and sometimes graphical) model of the actual system. In the context of systems,
designs are included. Logical design includes entity-relationship diagrams (ER
diagrams).
Physical design
The physical design relates to the actual input and output processes of the system. This is
explained in terms of how data is input into a system, how it is verified/authenticated,
31
how it is processed, and how it is displayed. In physical design, the following
requirements about the system are decided.
1. Input requirement,
2. Output requirements,
3. Storage requirements,
4. Processing requirements,
5. System control and backup or recovery.
Put another way, the physical portion of systems design can generally be broken down
into three sub-tasks:
1. User Interface Design
2. Data Design
3. Process Design
32
The Software Process Models
A structured set of activity required to develop a software system
īƒ˜ Specification
īƒ˜ Design
īƒ˜ Validation
īƒ˜ Evolution
A software process model is an abstract representation of a process. It presents a
description of a process from some particular perspective.
The Water fall model:-
The development model which is best suited to my software
project is the waterfall model, which is the simplest process model, which states that
phases are organize in a linear order. In waterfall model, the sequence of activities
performed in software development project is: requirement analysis, project planning,
system design and detail design, coding and testing.
Linear ordering of activities has some important consequences. First,
to clearly identify the end of a phase and beginning of the next phase, some certification
33
mechanism has to be employed as the end of each phase. This is usually done by some
verification and validation means that will ensure that output of a phase is consist with its
input, and the output of phase is consist with the overall requirement of the system.
There are two basic assumptions for justifying the linear ordering of
phase in the manner proposed by the waterfall model:
1. For a successful project resulting in a successful product, all phase in the waterfall
model must be performed any way.
2. Any different ordering of the phase will result in a less successful software
product.
34
The Waterfall model can be shown graphically
System feasibility
validation
System Design
verification
Coding
verification
Testing and
Integration
Installation Operation
And Maintenance
Detailed design
verification
Requirement analysis and
Project planning
validation
Feasibility
Report
Requirement
document
Project plan
Design
Document
Detailed Design
Document
Program
Test plan, test
Manuals
Installation
Report
35
The Functional Models System
extends
extends
Search
Seat
Sing up
Log in
Check seat
Payment of
seat
Reserved
seat
print
logout
customer
verify
acknowled
gement
Add vehicle
Add driver
Generate report
admin
36
Designing Approach
Top down design:
The TOP DOWN approach starts from the highest level component of the hierarchy and
proceed through to lower levels. A top down design approach start by the major
component of the system. Decomposing them into their lower level component and
iterative until the desired label of detail is achieved. Top down design method is in some
form of step wise refinement. Starting from a abstract design in each step the design is
refine to more concrete level, until we reach a level were no more refinement is needed.
A system consists of components, which have components of their own;
indeed a system is a hierarchy of components. The highest level component correspond to
the total system. The top down approach from the highest level component of hierarchy
and proceeds through to lower levels. By contrast a bottom up approach starts with the
lowest level component of the hierarchy and proceeds through progressively higher levels
to the top level components.
The top down approach has been promulgated by many researches and has
been found to be extremely useful for design. Most design methodologies are based on
the top down approach.
A top down approach suitable only if the specifications of the systems are
clearly known and the system development is from scratch. However, if a system is to be
built from an existing system, a bottom approach is more suitable, as it starts from some
existing components
37
Table Schema
Table :-Bus Detail
Column
name
Type Computed Length Prec Scale Null able Trim
Trailing
Blank
Fixed len
null
source
Bus no. Int No 4 10 0 no (n/a) (n/a)
Bus reg.
no.
varchar No 50 yes No Yes
Bus type Varchar No 20 Yes no Yes
Bus
capacity
Small int No 2 5 0 Yes (n/a) (n/a)
Table:- City Detail
Column
name
Type Computed Length Prec Scale Null
able
Trim
Trailing
Blank
Fixed
lennull
source
City code Int no 4 10 0 no (n/a) (n/a)
City detail Varchar No 50 yes no yes
38
Table:- User Detail
Column
name
Type Computed Length Prec Scale Null
able
Trim
Trailing
Blank
Fixed
lennull
source
User id Bright No 8 no (n/a) (n/a)
First name Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes
Lastname Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes
Username Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes
password Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes
User Dob Datetime No 8 Yes (n/a) (n/a)
User
gender
Varchar No 15 Yes No Yes
Designation Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes
Email Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes
Contacts
no.
Bigint No 8 Yes (n/a) (n/a)
Address Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes
Group id Int No 4 10 0 Yes (n/a) (n/a)
Jin date Datetime No 8 yes (n/a) (n/a)
39
40
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
Data Flow Diagramming is a means of representing a system at any level of details with a
graphic network of symbols showing data flows, data stores, data processes, and data
source/destination.
The data flow diagram is analogous to a road map. It is a network model of all
possibilities with different details shown on different hierarchical levels. This processes of
representing different details level is called “leveling” or “portioning” by some data flow
diagram advocates. Like a road map, there is no start point or stop point, no time or timing, or
steps to get somewhere, we just know that the data path must exist because at some point it will
be needed. A road map has shown all existing or planned roads because the road is needed.
Details that are not shown on different levels of the data flow diagram such as volumes, timing,
frequency etc. is shown on supplementary diagrams are in the data dictionary. For example, data
store contents may be shown in the data dictionary.
Data Flow Diagram (DFD) uses a number of symbols to represent the systems.
Data Flow Diagram also known as “Bubble Chart” is used to clarify system requirements and
identifying the major transformation that will become programs in system design. So it is the
starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes the requirements specifications
down to the level of details.
ī‚ˇ A square shows the entity.
ī‚ˇ A circle shows the process.
41
ī‚ˇ An open Ended Rectangle shows the data store.
ī‚ˇ An arrow shows the data flow.
ī‚ˇ The DFD can be up to several levels. The 0 level DFD states the flow of data in the
system as seen from the outward in each module.
ī‚ˇ The first level DFD shows more detail, about the single process of the 0 level DFD.
ī‚ˇ The second level DFD can show even more details and so on.
Features of DFD
ī‚ˇ The exceptional simplicity of the DFD zymology is one reason why data oriented
analysis techniques is the most widely used.
ī‚ˇ The data flow diagram is a graphical tool that can be very valuable during the system
analysis.
ī‚ˇ The DFD depicts information flow without explicit notation of control.(e.g. conditions of
loops).
ī‚ˇ The level 0 data flow diagram should depict the software as a single bubble.
ī‚ˇ Primary input/output files should be maintained.
ī‚ˇ One bubble at a time should be refined.
There is a natural tendency to over complicate the DFD. This happens when we try to show too
many details early.
42
Symbols of DFD:-
The Data Flow Diagram shows the flow of data. It is generally made of symbols given below
The various symbols used for DFD are:-
ī‚ˇ Square
A square defines a source (originator) or destination of system data.
ī‚ˇ Arrow
An arrow identifies data flow-data in motion. It is a pipeline throw which information
flows.
ī‚ˇ Circle
A circle or a bubble represents is a process that transforms incoming data flow into
outgoing data flow. Circle basically represents a process.
43
ī‚ˇ Open Rectangle
An open Rectangle is data store–data at rest, or temporary repository of data. Open
rectangle basically denotes data storage.
Decision- indicate a point where the outcome of a decision indicate the next step.
Input or output operation show input and output from a process
Data base – A step that result in information begin stored.
44
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM “0”Level
STATICS
QUERY
UPDATE
STSTICS
QUERY
GENERATE INDENT
STSTICS
BUS
TICKET
BOOKING
REGISTERED
USER
GUEST USER
ADMIN
INDENT
ACCOUNT
DEPARTEMENT
45
1ST
LEVEL DFD
Id password and type
Maintained Data
Data will check data retrieved form
Show main form Out
User command
User Id
password
And type
If valid then
Main form
46
ADMIN
UPDATE
CONFIRMATION
CONFIRMATION
LOG IN
CUSTOMER
DFD DIADRAM
ONLINE BUS TICKET
BOOKING
47
DATA FLOW CHART
YES
start
Load main value
Enter valid password
Enter to admin
Enter detail for the task
Verify detail
Anothertask
Display report
Update detail and process
report
Print report
Exit
Data base
48
49
Guidelines For Drawing ER Diagram-
When gathering information I have to-
īƒ˜ Identify the entity in the system
īƒ˜ Identify the attributes of the system
īƒ˜ Identify the relationship between the entity
Entity-
Entity is the distinguishable object that has a conceptual or physical existence in the
system. Each entity has some specific attributes. An entity is a fundamental thing of an
organization and it has its own identity, which distinguishes it from other entity. An
entity type is the description of all entities to which a common definition and common
relationship and attribute apply.
Relationship-
A relationship is an “association among entities”Relation is the link between objects
through which a entity is related with other entity.
Attribute-
An attribute is the property or characteristic of an entity. Each entity type has a set of
attribute associated with it.
50
Notation of ER Diagram-
The overall logical structure of a database can be expressed graphically by ER Diagram.
These are the notations used in ER Diagram-
RECTANGLE- It represents the entity set.
ELLIPES- It represents attributes.
DIAMONDS- It represents relationship among entities.
LINES- It links attribute to entity and entity set to relationship.
ER Diagrams Usage
While able to describe just about any system, ER diagrams are most often associated with
complex databases that are used in software engineering and IT networks. In particular,
ER diagrams are frequently used during the design stage of a development process in
order to identify different system elements and their relationships with each other. For
example, an inventory software used in a retail shop will have a database that monitors
elements such as purchases, item, item type, item source and item price.
51
ER Diagram Templates
Below are some ER diagram templates so you can get started quickly. Clicking on the image and
in the new page that opens click the “Use as Template” button.
Benefits of ER diagrams
ER diagrams constitute a very useful framework for creating and manipulating databases. First,
ER diagrams are easy to understand and do not require a person to undergo extensive training to
be able to work with it efficiently and accurately. This means that designers can use ER diagrams
to easily communicate with developers, customers, and end users, regardless of their IT
proficiency. Second, ER diagrams are readily translatable into relational tables which can be
used to quickly build databases. In addition, ER diagrams can directly be used by database
developers as the blueprint for implementing data in specific software applications. Lastly, ER
diagrams may be applied in other contexts such as describing the different relationships and
operations within an organization.
52
ER DIAGRAM OF ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING
BUS
Bus no. source
Departure
time
Destination
BOOKING
Ticket
Ticket No.
Source
Age
Sex
Departure
time
Date of
journey
53
Bibliography & References
With tremendous advances in software technology, it is very essential for software
to be up to date and user interactive keeping this fact in view, I have tried my best to keep
it to such level as of today’s. So, to make it to this level, I had to consult many books and
media. These are the list of books and media, I have consulted:-
BOOKS
īƒ˜ “Introduction to Cloud Computing Architecture” 1st Edition June 2009, Sun
Microsystems Inc.
īƒ˜ Pankaj Jalote, “An approach to software engineering”, third edition, 2005, Narosa
Publishing House.
īƒ˜ Leon &Leon, “Database Management System”, Vikas Publishing House.
īƒ˜ Elmasri , Navathe,” Fundamentals of database systems ”,addition Wesley
WEBSITES:-
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.wikipedia.com
54

More Related Content

What's hot

Online Bus Reservation
Online Bus ReservationOnline Bus Reservation
Online Bus ReservationAstha Patel
 
us reservation System Report
us reservation System Reportus reservation System Report
us reservation System ReportRajat Tripathi
 
Online bus pass management system
Online bus pass management systemOnline bus pass management system
Online bus pass management systempiyush khadse
 
Report on online bus management
Report on online bus managementReport on online bus management
Report on online bus managementNaeem Ahmad
 
srs for railway reservation system
 srs for railway reservation system srs for railway reservation system
srs for railway reservation systemkhushi kalaria
 
Online Bus Service
Online Bus ServiceOnline Bus Service
Online Bus Servicesaurabh kumar
 
Bus Management System
Bus Management SystemBus Management System
Bus Management SystemAl Mamun
 
Tourism and travelling management System
Tourism and travelling management SystemTourism and travelling management System
Tourism and travelling management SystemMoeenuddin Patel
 
Airline Reservation System Documentation
Airline Reservation System DocumentationAirline Reservation System Documentation
Airline Reservation System DocumentationSanjana Agarwal
 
Airline reservation system documentation
Airline reservation system documentationAirline reservation system documentation
Airline reservation system documentationSurya Indira
 
Documentation of railway reservation system
Documentation of railway reservation systemDocumentation of railway reservation system
Documentation of railway reservation systemSandip Murari
 
Tour and Travel Management System ppt
Tour and Travel Management System pptTour and Travel Management System ppt
Tour and Travel Management System pptRAJAT BHUYAR
 
Online vehicle renting website
Online vehicle renting websiteOnline vehicle renting website
Online vehicle renting websiteSomendra Singh
 
Travel and tourism management it project ppt
Travel and tourism management it project pptTravel and tourism management it project ppt
Travel and tourism management it project pptMadhukar Kumar
 
Attendance management system project report.
Attendance management system project report.Attendance management system project report.
Attendance management system project report.Manoj Kumar
 
Railway reservation system
Railway reservation systemRailway reservation system
Railway reservation systemKOYELMAJUMDAR1
 
Online Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured Charts
Online Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured ChartsOnline Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured Charts
Online Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured Chartsgrandhiprasuna
 
Online Bus Reservation System
Online Bus Reservation SystemOnline Bus Reservation System
Online Bus Reservation SystemSiva Rushi
 
Bus management system
Bus management systemBus management system
Bus management systemShamim Ahmed
 

What's hot (20)

Online Bus Reservation
Online Bus ReservationOnline Bus Reservation
Online Bus Reservation
 
us reservation System Report
us reservation System Reportus reservation System Report
us reservation System Report
 
Online bus pass management system
Online bus pass management systemOnline bus pass management system
Online bus pass management system
 
Report on online bus management
Report on online bus managementReport on online bus management
Report on online bus management
 
srs for railway reservation system
 srs for railway reservation system srs for railway reservation system
srs for railway reservation system
 
Online Bus Service
Online Bus ServiceOnline Bus Service
Online Bus Service
 
Bus Management System
Bus Management SystemBus Management System
Bus Management System
 
Tourism and travelling management System
Tourism and travelling management SystemTourism and travelling management System
Tourism and travelling management System
 
Airline Reservation System Documentation
Airline Reservation System DocumentationAirline Reservation System Documentation
Airline Reservation System Documentation
 
Airline reservation system documentation
Airline reservation system documentationAirline reservation system documentation
Airline reservation system documentation
 
Documentation of railway reservation system
Documentation of railway reservation systemDocumentation of railway reservation system
Documentation of railway reservation system
 
Tour and Travel Management System ppt
Tour and Travel Management System pptTour and Travel Management System ppt
Tour and Travel Management System ppt
 
Online vehicle renting website
Online vehicle renting websiteOnline vehicle renting website
Online vehicle renting website
 
Travel and tourism management it project ppt
Travel and tourism management it project pptTravel and tourism management it project ppt
Travel and tourism management it project ppt
 
Attendance management system project report.
Attendance management system project report.Attendance management system project report.
Attendance management system project report.
 
Railway reservation system
Railway reservation systemRailway reservation system
Railway reservation system
 
Online Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured Charts
Online Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured ChartsOnline Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured Charts
Online Ticket Reservation System-SRS, ERD, DFD, Structured Charts
 
Online Bus Reservation System
Online Bus Reservation SystemOnline Bus Reservation System
Online Bus Reservation System
 
Bus management system
Bus management systemBus management system
Bus management system
 
tour management system
tour management systemtour management system
tour management system
 

Similar to Online bus ticket booking

Online movie booking synopsis
Online movie booking  synopsisOnline movie booking  synopsis
Online movie booking synopsismca projects
 
Online Tours and travel
Online Tours and travelOnline Tours and travel
Online Tours and travelAmit Patil
 
89679962-Online-Cab-Management
89679962-Online-Cab-Management89679962-Online-Cab-Management
89679962-Online-Cab-ManagementJoe Andelija
 
Project report
Project report Project report
Project report Vikram Singh
 
Project synopsis.
Project synopsis.Project synopsis.
Project synopsis.ssuser3bb83f1
 
Etaxi Documentation
Etaxi DocumentationEtaxi Documentation
Etaxi DocumentationM.Saber
 
235429094 jobportal-documentation
235429094 jobportal-documentation235429094 jobportal-documentation
235429094 jobportal-documentationsireesha nimmagadda
 
Tourism management system_REPORT.pdf
Tourism management system_REPORT.pdfTourism management system_REPORT.pdf
Tourism management system_REPORT.pdfTonyPafal
 
Project Report Format College Project
 Project Report Format College Project Project Report Format College Project
Project Report Format College ProjectAshu
 
Railway Reservation System - Requirement Engineering
Railway Reservation System - Requirement EngineeringRailway Reservation System - Requirement Engineering
Railway Reservation System - Requirement EngineeringDanish Javed
 
Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02
Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02
Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02ISHA AHUJA
 
Bus tracking application project report
Bus tracking application project reportBus tracking application project report
Bus tracking application project reportAbhishek Singh
 
Online car parking reservation system 9160262550 dinesh
Online car parking reservation system   9160262550 dineshOnline car parking reservation system   9160262550 dinesh
Online car parking reservation system 9160262550 dineshDinesh Nalluri
 
Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)
Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)
Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)S3 Infotech IEEE Projects
 
Black book converted
Black book convertedBlack book converted
Black book convertedPratikSarvankar2
 
Black book converted
Black book convertedBlack book converted
Black book convertedPratikSarvankar2
 
Bank Management System.docx
Bank Management System.docxBank Management System.docx
Bank Management System.docxNikhil Patil
 
NiranjanTMS.pptx
NiranjanTMS.pptxNiranjanTMS.pptx
NiranjanTMS.pptxNerazanDangol1
 
46393833 e banking
46393833 e banking46393833 e banking
46393833 e bankingdipali2009
 

Similar to Online bus ticket booking (20)

Online movie booking synopsis
Online movie booking  synopsisOnline movie booking  synopsis
Online movie booking synopsis
 
bus reservation.pptx
bus reservation.pptxbus reservation.pptx
bus reservation.pptx
 
Online Tours and travel
Online Tours and travelOnline Tours and travel
Online Tours and travel
 
89679962-Online-Cab-Management
89679962-Online-Cab-Management89679962-Online-Cab-Management
89679962-Online-Cab-Management
 
Project report
Project report Project report
Project report
 
Project synopsis.
Project synopsis.Project synopsis.
Project synopsis.
 
Etaxi Documentation
Etaxi DocumentationEtaxi Documentation
Etaxi Documentation
 
235429094 jobportal-documentation
235429094 jobportal-documentation235429094 jobportal-documentation
235429094 jobportal-documentation
 
Tourism management system_REPORT.pdf
Tourism management system_REPORT.pdfTourism management system_REPORT.pdf
Tourism management system_REPORT.pdf
 
Project Report Format College Project
 Project Report Format College Project Project Report Format College Project
Project Report Format College Project
 
Railway Reservation System - Requirement Engineering
Railway Reservation System - Requirement EngineeringRailway Reservation System - Requirement Engineering
Railway Reservation System - Requirement Engineering
 
Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02
Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02
Onlinemovieticketbooking 120215060739-phpapp02
 
Bus tracking application project report
Bus tracking application project reportBus tracking application project report
Bus tracking application project report
 
Online car parking reservation system 9160262550 dinesh
Online car parking reservation system   9160262550 dineshOnline car parking reservation system   9160262550 dinesh
Online car parking reservation system 9160262550 dinesh
 
Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)
Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)
Mca(.net & java) application projects abstracts(v)
 
Black book converted
Black book convertedBlack book converted
Black book converted
 
Black book converted
Black book convertedBlack book converted
Black book converted
 
Bank Management System.docx
Bank Management System.docxBank Management System.docx
Bank Management System.docx
 
NiranjanTMS.pptx
NiranjanTMS.pptxNiranjanTMS.pptx
NiranjanTMS.pptx
 
46393833 e banking
46393833 e banking46393833 e banking
46393833 e banking
 

More from Gaurav kumar rai - student

More from Gaurav kumar rai - student (7)

Automated Examination system
Automated Examination systemAutomated Examination system
Automated Examination system
 
Online education
Online educationOnline education
Online education
 
E learning full report
E learning full reportE learning full report
E learning full report
 
Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing
Data Security and Privacy in Cloud ComputingData Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing
Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing
 
Hostel management system
Hostel  management systemHostel  management system
Hostel management system
 
Water level monitoring system
Water level monitoring systemWater level monitoring system
Water level monitoring system
 
University/College Transport management system Documentation
University/College Transport management system DocumentationUniversity/College Transport management system Documentation
University/College Transport management system Documentation
 

Recently uploaded

Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)
Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)
Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)jennyeacort
 
MYjobs Presentation Django-based project
MYjobs Presentation Django-based projectMYjobs Presentation Django-based project
MYjobs Presentation Django-based projectAnoyGreter
 
Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...
Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...
Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...stazi3110
 
2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitiva
2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitiva2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitiva
2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitivaDiego IvÃĄn Oliveros Acosta
 
How to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
How to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdfHow to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
How to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdfLivetecs LLC
 
Introduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdf
Introduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdfIntroduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdf
Introduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdfFerryKemperman
 
CRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. Salesforce
CRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. SalesforceCRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. Salesforce
CRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. SalesforceBrainSell Technologies
 
React Server Component in Next.js by Hanief Utama
React Server Component in Next.js by Hanief UtamaReact Server Component in Next.js by Hanief Utama
React Server Component in Next.js by Hanief UtamaHanief Utama
 
Cloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEE
Cloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEECloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEE
Cloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEEVICTOR MAESTRE RAMIREZ
 
SpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at Runtime
SpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at RuntimeSpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at Runtime
SpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at Runtimeandrehoraa
 
Best Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdf
Best Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdfBest Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdf
Best Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdfIdiosysTechnologies1
 
GOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdf
GOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdfGOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdf
GOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdfAlina Yurenko
 
Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)
Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)
Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)Ahmed Mater
 
PREDICTING RIVER WATER QUALITY ppt presentation
PREDICTING  RIVER  WATER QUALITY  ppt presentationPREDICTING  RIVER  WATER QUALITY  ppt presentation
PREDICTING RIVER WATER QUALITY ppt presentationvaddepallysandeep122
 
SuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte Germany
SuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte GermanySuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte Germany
SuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte GermanyChristoph Pohl
 
办į†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇ
办į†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇåŠžį†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇ
办į†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇumasea
 
英å›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœ
英å›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœč‹ąå›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœ
英å›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœqr0udbr0
 
Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...
Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...
Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...Velvetech LLC
 
KnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptx
KnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptxKnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptx
KnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptxTier1 app
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)
Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)
Call Us🔝>āŧ’+91-9711147426⇛Call In girls karol bagh (Delhi)
 
MYjobs Presentation Django-based project
MYjobs Presentation Django-based projectMYjobs Presentation Django-based project
MYjobs Presentation Django-based project
 
Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...
Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...
Building a General PDE Solving Framework with Symbolic-Numeric Scientific Mac...
 
2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitiva
2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitiva2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitiva
2.pdf Ejercicios de programaciÃŗn competitiva
 
How to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
How to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdfHow to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
How to Track Employee Performance A Comprehensive Guide.pdf
 
Introduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdf
Introduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdfIntroduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdf
Introduction Computer Science - Software Design.pdf
 
CRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. Salesforce
CRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. SalesforceCRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. Salesforce
CRM Contender Series: HubSpot vs. Salesforce
 
React Server Component in Next.js by Hanief Utama
React Server Component in Next.js by Hanief UtamaReact Server Component in Next.js by Hanief Utama
React Server Component in Next.js by Hanief Utama
 
Cloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEE
Cloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEECloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEE
Cloud Data Center Network Construction - IEEE
 
SpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at Runtime
SpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at RuntimeSpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at Runtime
SpotFlow: Tracking Method Calls and States at Runtime
 
Best Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdf
Best Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdfBest Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdf
Best Web Development Agency- Idiosys USA.pdf
 
GOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdf
GOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdfGOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdf
GOING AOT WITH GRAALVM – DEVOXX GREECE.pdf
 
Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)
Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)
Ahmed Motair CV April 2024 (Senior SW Developer)
 
PREDICTING RIVER WATER QUALITY ppt presentation
PREDICTING  RIVER  WATER QUALITY  ppt presentationPREDICTING  RIVER  WATER QUALITY  ppt presentation
PREDICTING RIVER WATER QUALITY ppt presentation
 
Hot Sexy call girls in Patel Nagar🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort Service
Hot Sexy call girls in Patel Nagar🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort ServiceHot Sexy call girls in Patel Nagar🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort Service
Hot Sexy call girls in Patel Nagar🔝 9953056974 🔝 escort Service
 
SuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte Germany
SuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte GermanySuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte Germany
SuccessFactors 1H 2024 Release - Sneak-Peek by Deloitte Germany
 
办į†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇ
办į†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇåŠžį†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇ
办į†å­ĻäŊč¯(UQæ–‡å‡­č¯äšĻ)昆åŖĢ兰大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯æˆįģŠå•åŽŸį‰ˆä¸€æ¨Ąä¸€æ ˇ
 
英å›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœ
英å›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœč‹ąå›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœ
英å›ŊUNå­ĻäŊč¯,北厉晎éĄŋ大å­Ļæ¯•ä¸šč¯äšĻ1:1åˆļäŊœ
 
Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...
Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...
Software Project Health Check: Best Practices and Techniques for Your Product...
 
KnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptx
KnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptxKnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptx
KnowAPIs-UnknownPerf-jaxMainz-2024 (1).pptx
 

Online bus ticket booking

  • 1. 1 PREFACE The Online Bus Ticket Booking is a web-based application that allows visitors check bus ticket availability, buy bus ticket and pay the bus ticket online. This system is established for all the home/office users after gaining access from the administrator. Online Bus Booking provides bus transportation system, a facility to reserved seats, cancellation of seats and different types of enquiry which need an instant and quick reservation. This system can be used by the users in performing online reservation via internet for their all business purposes. Users can use this program directly on their websites and no need to install it.
  • 2. 2 INDEX:- Acknowledgement:- Introduction:- īƒ˜ About Project īƒ˜ About Client Initial Requirement:- System Analysis:- īƒ˜ Objective īƒ˜ Existing System īƒ˜ Proposed System Description Feasibility Study:- īƒ˜ Financial And Economic Feasibility īƒ˜ Technical Feasibility īƒ˜ Operational Feasibility System Requirement:- īƒ˜ Platform
  • 3. 3 īƒ˜ Hardware Requirement īƒ˜ Software Requirement īƒ˜ System Requirement and Specification īƒ˜ Functional Requirement īƒ˜ Non Functional Requirement īƒ˜ Security Requirement īƒ˜ Output Requirement īƒ˜ Output of the bus booking Project īƒ˜ Architecture & Proposed System īƒ˜ Module Description System Design:- īƒ˜ Architectural Design īƒ˜ Logical Design īƒ˜ Physical Design īƒ˜ Software Process Models īƒ˜ Water Fall Model īƒ˜ The Waterfall model can be shown graphically īƒ˜ The Functional Module System īƒ˜ Table Schema Data Flow Diagram:- īƒ˜ Symbol Of DFD
  • 4. 4 īƒ˜ DFD “0”Level īƒ˜ DFD “1”Level īƒ˜ Data Flow Chart ER Diagram:- īƒ˜ Guideline Form Drawing ER Diagram īƒ˜ ER Diagram Uses īƒ˜ Benefits of ER diagrams īƒ˜ ER Diagram Templates īƒ˜ ER Diagrams Usage Bibliography & Reference:-
  • 5. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The software project “ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING” is an original work of mine. But I would never have able to complete it alone on my own. I always needed help an support to complete it. This help and came in many forms from different people. I have opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who helped me throughout the duration of this project. First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Mr. KAMALA PRASAD GUPTA under whose guidance I complete the software project without his support, I was literally impossible to complete it. His guidance was like a streak of light on a no-moon night to me. It was immense importance. It was he who explained the topic in detail to me, told me about making this software project presentable. I would also thank my chat friends who were available even at very late hours of and helped me in acquiring valuable information from the World Wide Web. I am really a great learning experience. Last but not least I thank all who have helped me directly and indirectly (GOD) at time of need. Gaurav Kumar Rai
  • 6. 6 INTRODUCTION About Project- This software project is aimed at automation of online ticket booking. Objective of the project is to develop customize software package for ticket booking. When we do this task manually then it become very hard to manage the ticket booking .So are developing this system to manage bookingof ticket automatically. In this Bus Ticket Booking project we develop the system that can help the user to book their ticket online. In this project we take care of every services related to travelling and online ticket booking .When you start your traveling tour you have to book ticket so we help you in booking your traveling ticket . About client- It is developed so that the costumer can easily check the bus availability status, the costumer also book the ticket from any place and any time and pay the amount of ticket from anywhere. The system must have a database which contain the customer information, it must be able to accurately give the bus information such as the bus schedule and also have a nice interface to make it easier to use. Finally, the application must also be a user-friendly for commercial purpose.
  • 7. 7 INITIAL REQUIREMNT When a project is started an initial investigation is carried out. During this phase of study users need has recognized and other requirements are determined. Once the problem has been defined a study is carried out to select the best system i.e. a feasible system that meets performance requirements. So Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing and the process followed in making this determination is called a Feasibility Study. In order to conduct the feasibility study we have seven distinct, but inter-related types of feasibility, these are Technical feasibility, Operational feasibility, Economical feasibility, Social feasibility, Management feasibility, Legal feasibility and Time feasibility. Out of these seven three are key feasibilities to consider, these are: īƒ˜ Technical Feasibility īƒ˜ Economical Feasibility īƒ˜ Operational feasibility
  • 8. 8
  • 9. 9 SYSTEM ANALYSIS System analysis and design refers to the process of examining a situation with the intent of improving it through better procedure and methods. System design is the process of planning a new system or one to replace or complement an existing system. But before this planning can be done, we must thoroughly understand the system and determine how computer can best be used to make its operation more effective. System analysis is, therefore, the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the information to recommend improvements to system. īƒ˜ Understand the ticket problem before you begin to create the bus ticket analysis model. īƒ˜ Develop prototypes that enable abuser to understand how human machine interaction will occur. īƒ˜ Record the bus ticket origin of and the reason for every requirement. īƒ˜ User multiple behavioral views of booking requirement like building data, function and models. īƒ˜ Work to eliminate ambiguity.
  • 10. 10 Objective- The main objective of the system will lead to increase in the ticket booking efficiency of the project Staff and members of the Ticket Booking Agency with little throughput. This system project is made as user friendly as possible so that any one can use it with little knowledge of system computers. the ticket booking project will reduce the ticket booking tedious job of system paperwork by keeping all the project details of bus ticket booking, cancelling tickets are stored in the form database in computer’s hard disk. Up- to-date information of the system Performance status and other enquires. We provide up to date information that is not possible manually. he objective of my project is to make easy the ticket booking project system of Ticket Booking Agency simple, reliable, user friendly, and corrective. Moreover less time consuming as compared to manual work.
  • 11. 11 Existing System This website is very easy to operate it provide database about Institute, Courses and main advantage of this project is that it will generate an environment such that more than one person could solve his problem together , customer have to give query for getting desire solution. This project has been developed on HTML and PHP. It has been developed and implemented for regular use by the user. It is very easy to understand and operate. Hence it is/Will be totally user friendly & interactive website. īƒ˜ The work is done manually. īƒ˜ Those who are interested in inquiring about the bus type, its Tickets price, available seats, facility of the bus etc. has to walk to the booking office. īƒ˜ This creates a huge relief for the customer of the office on weekend to send their time.
  • 12. 12 Proposed System Description The system is very simple in design and to implement. The system required very low system resources and the system will work in almost all configurations. It has got following feature: īƒ˜ It will ensure data accuracy. īƒ˜ Records will be efficiently maintained by DBMS. īƒ˜ Availability of seats can be enquired easily. īƒ˜ Passenger can also cancel their tickets easily. īƒ˜ Minimum time needed for the various processing. īƒ˜ It will provide better service. Stated that system design is to create a technical solution that satisfies the functional requirement for the system. At this point in the project life cycle there should be a Function Specification, written primarily in business terminology containing a complete description of the operational needs of the various organizational entities that will use the system. The challenge is to translate all of this information into Technical Specifications that accurately describe the design of the system, and that can be used as input system construction.
  • 13. 13
  • 14. 14 FEASIBILITY STUDY When a project is started an initial investigation is carried out. During this phase of study users need has recognized and other requirements are determined. Once the problem has been defined a study is carried out to select the best system i.e. a feasible system that meets performance requirements. So Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing and the process followed in making this determination is called a Feasibility Study. In order to conduct the feasibility study we have seven distinct, but inter-related types of feasibility, these are Technical feasibility, Operational feasibility, Economical feasibility, Social feasibility, Management feasibility, Legal feasibility and Time feasibility. The objective of the feasibility study is not only to solve the problem but also to acquire the sense of its scope. During the study, the problem definition is crystallized and aspects of the problem be included in the system are estimated. Cost and benefits are estimate with greater accuracy at this stags. There keys constraints are involved in feasibility study. īƒ˜ Financial and Economic feasibility. īƒ˜ Technical feasibility. īƒ˜ Operational feasibility.
  • 15. 15 Financial And Economic Feasibility- Economic feasibility or cost benefit is an assessment of the economic justification for a computer system project. Since the system is a web based, any number of employer can use this tool from anywhere and anytime. Not only the cost of hardware, softwareâ€Ļetcâ€Ļis considered but also benefits in the form of reduced cost are considered. The immigrant can be apply for the VISA online without going to foreign exchange. Technical Feasibility- According to roger S. pressman “technical feasibility” is the assessment of the technical of the system. The develop for platform independent environment VB and SQL server are used to developed the system. The technical feasibility has been carried out. The system is technical feasible for developed. The system can be developed with exiting facility. The technical consideration evaluates the hardware requirement, software technology etcâ€Ļas per the requirement VB as front end SQL server as back end.
  • 16. 16 Operating Feasibility- Operational feasibility deals with study prospectus of the system. This system operationally eliminates all the tensions of the tensions of the admin and effectively tracking the project process. This kind of automation will surely reduce time and energy, which previously consumed in manual work. Based on the study, the system is provided to be operationally feasible. Processed feasibility is beneficial only it meet the user requirement. This system will certainly be supported since it produces good results lots of work.
  • 17. 17
  • 18. 18 SYSTEM RQUIREMENT The system requirement definition is concerned with the analysis of the existing system with the aim of determining and structuring the requirement of the proposed system. It is achieved with the aid of user requirement. The analysis stage was specifically carried out in focus of the functionality dataflow at online bus ticket booking. Platform- Windows is very powerful scalable Operating System that provides basic file and prints services as well as robust platform for server application. Main features are as follow- ī‚ˇ An easier way to use Interface and tools ī‚ˇ More extensive Network Performance. ī‚ˇ Enhanced communication features.
  • 19. 19 Hardware Requirement ī‚ˇ Processor: Intel Pentium IV ī‚ˇ Processor speed: 1.4 GHz ī‚ˇ RAM : 2 GB or above ī‚ˇ Hard disk : 250 GB OR above Software Requirement- ī‚ˇ Operating System: Windows 2000,2007,2008 ī‚ˇ Web Bowser: Chrome and Mozilla Firefox ī‚ˇ Internet Browser ī‚ˇ M.S. platform ī‚ˇ Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Language used: Front End: HTML, PHP Back End: Microsoft SQL Server 2008.
  • 20. 20 System Requirement And Specification The System Requirement Specification (SRS) will provide a detailed description of the requirement for the “ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING”. This SRS will allow for a complete understand of what is needed for the bus ticket booking construction. The clear understanding of the bus ticket booking and it’s functionality will allow for the correct software to be developed for the end user and thus will be used for the development of the future stages of the project. This SRS will also provide the function for the project. From this SRS, the “ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING” can be designed, constructed, and finally tested. This SRS will be used by the software engineers constructing the “ONLINE BUS TICK BOOKING” and the Bus end user. The software engineers will use the SRS so that to fully understand the expectations of this ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING” to construct the appropriate software.
  • 21. 21 Functional Requirement- Functional Requirement define the specific function that the system perform, along with the data operated on by the functions. The functional requirements are presented in scenarios that depict an operational system from the perspective of its end user. Included are one or more example of all system feature and an enumeration of all the specific requirement associated with these feature. īƒ˜ The system shall incorporate mechanism to authenticate its user. īƒ˜ The system shall verify and validate all user input and should notify in case of error detection and should help the user in error correction. īƒ˜ The system shall allow sharing of files in the system. īƒ˜ The system shall allow quick message to be exchange without face to face interaction.
  • 22. 22 Non-functional Requirement- Non-functional requirements address aspects of the system other than the specific functions it performs. These aspects include system performance, costs, and such general system characteristics as reliability, security, and portability. The non-functional requirements also address aspects of the system development process and operational personnel. It includes the following: īƒ˜ The system shall be used friendly and consistent īƒ˜ The system shall provide attractive graphical interface for the user īƒ˜ The system shall allow developer access to installed environment īƒ˜ The system shall target customer base.
  • 23. 23 Security Requirement- The System use SSL (secured socked layer) in all transactions that include any confidential customer information. The system must automatically log out all customer after a period of inactivity. The system should not leave any cookies on the customer’s computer containing the user’s password. The system’s back-end servers shall only be accessible to authenticated management. Passenger Service Representatives and managers will be able to log in to the BUS TICKET BOOKING. Passenger Service Representative will have access to the Reservation/Booking subsystem. Managers will have access to the management subsystem as well as the Reservation/booking subsystems. Access to the various subsystem will be protected by a user log in screen that requires a user name and password.
  • 24. 24 Output Requirement:- Company's customer can buy bus ticket online and pay the bus ticket through Credit Card. Others bus companies also can use the online system to easy their customer to buy bus ticket. Further more, the online system is expected to help ease especially the counter staff at the selling counter who has to deal with numerous sales daily. It should also assist the branch manager in calculating their daily collections and generating reports. In the long-term operation, the sales of tickets at Transnational are expected to increase as passengers' satisfaction is almost guaranteed with the availability of accurate information, shorter queues and better services.
  • 25. 25 Output of the bus booking Project: Login bus ticket Module: This booking system is a very first module in this project a person can want to enter into this software project he/she must have pass through this module, in other word we can say that this is Authentication module because the user authenticates with his/her password and username. New User Module: In this booking system module we can create new user his/her username, password and his rights as our choice. Bus Type Master: This booking system module deals with the bus ticket management of the booking system bus type information such as the bus type id, bus type name, bus description etc. ADD BUS TYPE INFO. TO THE Bus Ticket DATABASE Bus Master: This booking system module deals with bus master related data such as bus id, bus name, capacity, start time , start position ,destination etc.
  • 26. 26 ADD BUS MASTER DETAILS TO THE DATABASE Customer Transaction: This ticket booking module deals with the bus ticket management of the booking system customer information such customer name, customer id ,street code, city code etc. ADD CUSTOMER DETAILS TO THE DATABASE ROUTE MASTER: This ticket booking module is responsible for managing the bus route related details such as route id, route name, start position, destination etc. ADD ROUTE DETAILS TO THE BUS ROUTE MASTER Based on the input provided system will show the desired output/report. īƒ˜ Bus Ticket Information īƒ˜ customer Information booking system īƒ˜ Fine Details īƒ˜ Branch Information booking system īƒ˜ bus ticket Price details īƒ˜ Status of the bus Ticket īƒ˜ User Card details īƒ˜
  • 27. 27 Architecture of The Proposed System- This process supports existing infrastructure requirements and provides specific recommendations for hardware and network solutions based on existing and projected user needs. Application requirements, data resources, and people within an organization are all important in determining the optimum hardware solution. It is represented using a three tier architecture that comprises of user interface, process management and Database Management System (DBMS). It shows the components of the system, the services they provide and the way they communicate to bring about the system functionality.
  • 28. 28 Module Description- Admin Module This module deals with addition and deletion of routes, buses available, pick up points, dropping points, bus codes, passenger details and bus details. He has the complete control over the application. Only admin can perform these functionalities. Bookings and Cancellation Module The following functionalities are included in this module ī‚ˇ Search routes ī‚ˇ Select bus ī‚ˇ Select seats and pick up points ī‚ˇ Provide information and payment gateway ī‚ˇ Print booked ticket ī‚ˇ Cancel the ticket ī‚ˇ User suggestions/complaints
  • 29. 29
  • 30. 30 SYSTEM DESIGN Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as the application of systems theory to product development. There is some overlap with the disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and systems engineering. Architectural design The architectural design of a system emphasizes the design of the systems architecture that describes the structure, behavior and more views of that system and analysis. Logical design The logical design of a system pertains to an abstract representation of the data flows, inputs and outputs of the system. This is often conducted via modeling, using an over- abstract (and sometimes graphical) model of the actual system. In the context of systems, designs are included. Logical design includes entity-relationship diagrams (ER diagrams). Physical design The physical design relates to the actual input and output processes of the system. This is explained in terms of how data is input into a system, how it is verified/authenticated,
  • 31. 31 how it is processed, and how it is displayed. In physical design, the following requirements about the system are decided. 1. Input requirement, 2. Output requirements, 3. Storage requirements, 4. Processing requirements, 5. System control and backup or recovery. Put another way, the physical portion of systems design can generally be broken down into three sub-tasks: 1. User Interface Design 2. Data Design 3. Process Design
  • 32. 32 The Software Process Models A structured set of activity required to develop a software system īƒ˜ Specification īƒ˜ Design īƒ˜ Validation īƒ˜ Evolution A software process model is an abstract representation of a process. It presents a description of a process from some particular perspective. The Water fall model:- The development model which is best suited to my software project is the waterfall model, which is the simplest process model, which states that phases are organize in a linear order. In waterfall model, the sequence of activities performed in software development project is: requirement analysis, project planning, system design and detail design, coding and testing. Linear ordering of activities has some important consequences. First, to clearly identify the end of a phase and beginning of the next phase, some certification
  • 33. 33 mechanism has to be employed as the end of each phase. This is usually done by some verification and validation means that will ensure that output of a phase is consist with its input, and the output of phase is consist with the overall requirement of the system. There are two basic assumptions for justifying the linear ordering of phase in the manner proposed by the waterfall model: 1. For a successful project resulting in a successful product, all phase in the waterfall model must be performed any way. 2. Any different ordering of the phase will result in a less successful software product.
  • 34. 34 The Waterfall model can be shown graphically System feasibility validation System Design verification Coding verification Testing and Integration Installation Operation And Maintenance Detailed design verification Requirement analysis and Project planning validation Feasibility Report Requirement document Project plan Design Document Detailed Design Document Program Test plan, test Manuals Installation Report
  • 35. 35 The Functional Models System extends extends Search Seat Sing up Log in Check seat Payment of seat Reserved seat print logout customer verify acknowled gement Add vehicle Add driver Generate report admin
  • 36. 36 Designing Approach Top down design: The TOP DOWN approach starts from the highest level component of the hierarchy and proceed through to lower levels. A top down design approach start by the major component of the system. Decomposing them into their lower level component and iterative until the desired label of detail is achieved. Top down design method is in some form of step wise refinement. Starting from a abstract design in each step the design is refine to more concrete level, until we reach a level were no more refinement is needed. A system consists of components, which have components of their own; indeed a system is a hierarchy of components. The highest level component correspond to the total system. The top down approach from the highest level component of hierarchy and proceeds through to lower levels. By contrast a bottom up approach starts with the lowest level component of the hierarchy and proceeds through progressively higher levels to the top level components. The top down approach has been promulgated by many researches and has been found to be extremely useful for design. Most design methodologies are based on the top down approach. A top down approach suitable only if the specifications of the systems are clearly known and the system development is from scratch. However, if a system is to be built from an existing system, a bottom approach is more suitable, as it starts from some existing components
  • 37. 37 Table Schema Table :-Bus Detail Column name Type Computed Length Prec Scale Null able Trim Trailing Blank Fixed len null source Bus no. Int No 4 10 0 no (n/a) (n/a) Bus reg. no. varchar No 50 yes No Yes Bus type Varchar No 20 Yes no Yes Bus capacity Small int No 2 5 0 Yes (n/a) (n/a) Table:- City Detail Column name Type Computed Length Prec Scale Null able Trim Trailing Blank Fixed lennull source City code Int no 4 10 0 no (n/a) (n/a) City detail Varchar No 50 yes no yes
  • 38. 38 Table:- User Detail Column name Type Computed Length Prec Scale Null able Trim Trailing Blank Fixed lennull source User id Bright No 8 no (n/a) (n/a) First name Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes Lastname Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes Username Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes password Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes User Dob Datetime No 8 Yes (n/a) (n/a) User gender Varchar No 15 Yes No Yes Designation Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes Email Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes Contacts no. Bigint No 8 Yes (n/a) (n/a) Address Varchar No 100 Yes No Yes Group id Int No 4 10 0 Yes (n/a) (n/a) Jin date Datetime No 8 yes (n/a) (n/a)
  • 39. 39
  • 40. 40 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM Data Flow Diagramming is a means of representing a system at any level of details with a graphic network of symbols showing data flows, data stores, data processes, and data source/destination. The data flow diagram is analogous to a road map. It is a network model of all possibilities with different details shown on different hierarchical levels. This processes of representing different details level is called “leveling” or “portioning” by some data flow diagram advocates. Like a road map, there is no start point or stop point, no time or timing, or steps to get somewhere, we just know that the data path must exist because at some point it will be needed. A road map has shown all existing or planned roads because the road is needed. Details that are not shown on different levels of the data flow diagram such as volumes, timing, frequency etc. is shown on supplementary diagrams are in the data dictionary. For example, data store contents may be shown in the data dictionary. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) uses a number of symbols to represent the systems. Data Flow Diagram also known as “Bubble Chart” is used to clarify system requirements and identifying the major transformation that will become programs in system design. So it is the starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes the requirements specifications down to the level of details. ī‚ˇ A square shows the entity. ī‚ˇ A circle shows the process.
  • 41. 41 ī‚ˇ An open Ended Rectangle shows the data store. ī‚ˇ An arrow shows the data flow. ī‚ˇ The DFD can be up to several levels. The 0 level DFD states the flow of data in the system as seen from the outward in each module. ī‚ˇ The first level DFD shows more detail, about the single process of the 0 level DFD. ī‚ˇ The second level DFD can show even more details and so on. Features of DFD ī‚ˇ The exceptional simplicity of the DFD zymology is one reason why data oriented analysis techniques is the most widely used. ī‚ˇ The data flow diagram is a graphical tool that can be very valuable during the system analysis. ī‚ˇ The DFD depicts information flow without explicit notation of control.(e.g. conditions of loops). ī‚ˇ The level 0 data flow diagram should depict the software as a single bubble. ī‚ˇ Primary input/output files should be maintained. ī‚ˇ One bubble at a time should be refined. There is a natural tendency to over complicate the DFD. This happens when we try to show too many details early.
  • 42. 42 Symbols of DFD:- The Data Flow Diagram shows the flow of data. It is generally made of symbols given below The various symbols used for DFD are:- ī‚ˇ Square A square defines a source (originator) or destination of system data. ī‚ˇ Arrow An arrow identifies data flow-data in motion. It is a pipeline throw which information flows. ī‚ˇ Circle A circle or a bubble represents is a process that transforms incoming data flow into outgoing data flow. Circle basically represents a process.
  • 43. 43 ī‚ˇ Open Rectangle An open Rectangle is data store–data at rest, or temporary repository of data. Open rectangle basically denotes data storage. Decision- indicate a point where the outcome of a decision indicate the next step. Input or output operation show input and output from a process Data base – A step that result in information begin stored.
  • 44. 44 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM “0”Level STATICS QUERY UPDATE STSTICS QUERY GENERATE INDENT STSTICS BUS TICKET BOOKING REGISTERED USER GUEST USER ADMIN INDENT ACCOUNT DEPARTEMENT
  • 45. 45 1ST LEVEL DFD Id password and type Maintained Data Data will check data retrieved form Show main form Out User command User Id password And type If valid then Main form
  • 47. 47 DATA FLOW CHART YES start Load main value Enter valid password Enter to admin Enter detail for the task Verify detail Anothertask Display report Update detail and process report Print report Exit Data base
  • 48. 48
  • 49. 49 Guidelines For Drawing ER Diagram- When gathering information I have to- īƒ˜ Identify the entity in the system īƒ˜ Identify the attributes of the system īƒ˜ Identify the relationship between the entity Entity- Entity is the distinguishable object that has a conceptual or physical existence in the system. Each entity has some specific attributes. An entity is a fundamental thing of an organization and it has its own identity, which distinguishes it from other entity. An entity type is the description of all entities to which a common definition and common relationship and attribute apply. Relationship- A relationship is an “association among entities”Relation is the link between objects through which a entity is related with other entity. Attribute- An attribute is the property or characteristic of an entity. Each entity type has a set of attribute associated with it.
  • 50. 50 Notation of ER Diagram- The overall logical structure of a database can be expressed graphically by ER Diagram. These are the notations used in ER Diagram- RECTANGLE- It represents the entity set. ELLIPES- It represents attributes. DIAMONDS- It represents relationship among entities. LINES- It links attribute to entity and entity set to relationship. ER Diagrams Usage While able to describe just about any system, ER diagrams are most often associated with complex databases that are used in software engineering and IT networks. In particular, ER diagrams are frequently used during the design stage of a development process in order to identify different system elements and their relationships with each other. For example, an inventory software used in a retail shop will have a database that monitors elements such as purchases, item, item type, item source and item price.
  • 51. 51 ER Diagram Templates Below are some ER diagram templates so you can get started quickly. Clicking on the image and in the new page that opens click the “Use as Template” button. Benefits of ER diagrams ER diagrams constitute a very useful framework for creating and manipulating databases. First, ER diagrams are easy to understand and do not require a person to undergo extensive training to be able to work with it efficiently and accurately. This means that designers can use ER diagrams to easily communicate with developers, customers, and end users, regardless of their IT proficiency. Second, ER diagrams are readily translatable into relational tables which can be used to quickly build databases. In addition, ER diagrams can directly be used by database developers as the blueprint for implementing data in specific software applications. Lastly, ER diagrams may be applied in other contexts such as describing the different relationships and operations within an organization.
  • 52. 52 ER DIAGRAM OF ONLINE BUS TICKET BOOKING BUS Bus no. source Departure time Destination BOOKING Ticket Ticket No. Source Age Sex Departure time Date of journey
  • 53. 53 Bibliography & References With tremendous advances in software technology, it is very essential for software to be up to date and user interactive keeping this fact in view, I have tried my best to keep it to such level as of today’s. So, to make it to this level, I had to consult many books and media. These are the list of books and media, I have consulted:- BOOKS īƒ˜ “Introduction to Cloud Computing Architecture” 1st Edition June 2009, Sun Microsystems Inc. īƒ˜ Pankaj Jalote, “An approach to software engineering”, third edition, 2005, Narosa Publishing House. īƒ˜ Leon &Leon, “Database Management System”, Vikas Publishing House. īƒ˜ Elmasri , Navathe,” Fundamentals of database systems ”,addition Wesley WEBSITES:- 1. www.google.co.in 2. www.wikipedia.com
  • 54. 54