2. Now a days the use of vehicles are part and parcel of human
life.
Though the vehicles reduces the distance and saves time of a
busy human life, still it has great drawback that is inevitable.
Road mishaps occurs due to carelessness and technological
fault.
Around 4500000 road accidents occur in which 5000000
people get injured and 1000000 people die every year due to
road accident in India.
4. CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS
1. DISTRACTED DRIVING
The number one cause of car accidents is not a criminal that drove drunk, ran a red
light. Distracted drivers are the top cause of car accidents in the world today. A
distracted driver is a motorist that diverts his or her attention from the road, usually to
talk on a cell phone, send a text message or eat food.
2. SPEEDING
You’ve seen them on the highway. Many drivers ignore the speed limit and drive 10,
20 and sometimes 30 mph over the limit. Speed kills, and travelling above the speed
limit is an easy way to cause a car accident. The faster you drive, the slower your
reaction time will be if you need to prevent an auto accident.
DISTRECTED DRIVING SPEEDING
5. One hazard that can occur in car accident cases is glare, the effect of a
bright light on a driver's eyes that impairs vision and thus control of the
vehicle. Glare is particularly dangerous since it can cause temporary
blindness, dizziness, and confusion.
Recently there have been a lot of accidents because of glare due to high
intensity head lights.
New high intensity discharge (HID) xenon headlight systems, which
are three times brighter than the halogen headlights used on most cars,
could cause road accidents by dazzling oncoming drivers and
pedestrians.
GLARE AS A CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR FOR ACCIDENTS
6. In our project, we have used adaptive lighting systems for automobiles
for solution of glaring effect. By implementing adaptive lighting system
for automobiles it will detects itself whether there is light from any
coming vehicle or not.
Also there is no need of manual operation for switching ON/OFF
head light or down light. Thus it will save time and efforts for the driver
and so that driver will give it full concentration on driving.
Automatic switching to down light when light comes from oncoming
vehicles and automatic return to head light as it passes by. Thus driver
can drive safely without falling glare of light on his/her eyes.
So by using this we can save valuable human life from road accidents.
9. LDR is heart of our project. A photo resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is
a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in
other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. It can also be referred to as
a photoconductor or CdS device, from "cadmium sulphide," which is the material
from which the device is made and that actually exhibits the variation in resistance
with light level.
A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the
device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give
bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting
free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
10.
11. In our project, we have used a popular timer I.C. LM358
which is connected as comparator.
The output goes high(1)when the trigger pin3 is at higher
then voltage level at pin no.2. Conversely the output goes
low(0) when it is below pin no. 2 level.
The output has only two states high and low and cannot
remain in any intermediate stage.
To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and
a source of light.
We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and
10k variable resistance connected in series.
12. High voltage we will get from this divider at pin no.3,
when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness.
Sensitiveness can be adjusted by this variable resistance.
As soon as LDR gets light the voltage of pin2 drops of the
supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED that is
connected to the output gets activated.
Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential
of ½ in darkness and fall below in light.
13. We have used Keil –μ vision software for programming as it is
the easiest way to create embedded system programs.
It also convert the C language program to hex file which is
machine executable.
16. Adaptive lighting system is an automobile application which is
very useful for future. As it performs an automatic operation there
is no need of manual operations and thus it can save efforts of
driver and due to this driver’s concentration will be focus on driving
rather than pushing or pressing the button.
By implementing this system in automobile, there will be less
number of chances for road accidents, as the focus of driver is on
driving.
Due to this system there is a greater advantage in a darkness
condition, where there is absence of street light, especially at
highways. Thus the number of road accidents will be reduced on
highways due to glaring.
17. By using this we can save valuable human life from a accident.
Need no manually switching of head light or down light.
Circuit is simple and low cost.
The circuit is economic in power consumption.
18. During the fog condition the adaptive lighting system is not
very reliable.
For making smart car additional features can be added like
Automatic Wiper, Eye blinking sensor for driver safety,
Automobile security system etc.
