2. Nephrotic syndrome
Important chronic disease in children.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that
causes body to excrete too much protein in
urine.
The glomeruli are affected by an inflammation
or hyalinization that allows proteins such as
albumin, antithrombin or immunoglobulins to
pass through the cell membrane and appear in
urine
“Minimal change disease” can usually be
treated with drug prednisone, but this type of
3. It is a nonspecific kidney disorder
characterized by three signs of diseases:
Large proteinuria: loss of protein through
the kidneys
Hypoalbuminemia : low albumin levels in
the blood
Edema : water to be drawn into soft
tissues
4. Causes
Nephrotic syndrome is caused by different disorders that
damage the kidneys. This damage leads to the release of too
much protein in the urine.
The most common cause in children is minimal change
disease. Membranous glomerulonephritis is the most
common cause in adults.
This condition can also occur from:
Cancer
Diseases such as diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus,
multiple myeloma, and amyloidosis
Genetic disorders
Immune disorders
Infections (such as strep throat, hepatitis, or mononucleosis)
5. Nephrotic syndrome can affect all age groups. In
children, it is most common between ages 2 and 6.
This disorder occurs slightly more often in males than
females.
6. Symptoms
Swelling (oedema) is the most common symptom. It may
occur:
In the face and around the eyes (facial swelling)
In the arms and legs, especially in the feet and ankles
In the belly area (swollen abdomen)
Other symptoms include:
Foamy appearance of the urine
Poor appetite
Weight gain (unintentional) from fluid retention
8. REASON FOR ADMISSION:
c/o fever since 7 days , cough since 3 days ,
puffiness of face and leg swelling since 5 days
9. History of present illness
Child was apparently alright one week back
,then he developed fever which was mild to
moderate grade not associated with chills
,intermittent type.
c/o facial swelling and lower limb swelling
since 5 days it was insedious in oneset
,progressive.
Cough since 3days ,non productive type,
no h/o hurried breathing and no h/o loose stools
10. Past medical history
k/c/o Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed at the
age of 1 year old and is on medication during
the episodes.
h/o frequent similar complaints every 6 months
in one year of span.
11. FAMILY HISTORY:
No h/o similar complaints in the family
members
No h/o TB, epilepsy in the family members.
Immunization :
BCG+
DPT 1 2 3+ – booster dose not given
Measles vaccination+
14. ELECTROLYTES
Investigation Normal range 31-12-15 1-1-16
Sodium (135-147mEq/L) 128 130
Potassium (3.5-5.2mEq/L) 2.7 3.4
Chlorides (95-107mEq/L) 93 99
ESR 75mm
PS study : microcytic hypochromic anemia with
relative neutrophilia
15. Albumin (3.5 -5.2gm%) : 1.5 gm%
Sr. urea : 73.0gm%
Sr.creatinine : 0.4mg/dl
Urine routine test – albumin present
16. TREATMENT CHART
BRAND NAME GENERIC NAME DOSE R FQ. 1 2 3 4 5
IVF DNS@56ml/hr
with 10 cc kcl
y 5c
c
kcl
Inj.Augmentin Amoxacillin+clavula
nic acid
550mg iv tid y y y y y
Neb. Asthalin salbutamol qid y y y y y
Syp. Pacimol DS paracetamol 5.5ml po tid y y y Y
Tab. Lasilactone Furosemide+spirino
lactone
20/50
mg
po ½-0-
½
y y y y
Tab.Amlong amlodipine 0.2mg po ½-½-
0
y y y
Inj. Levoflox Levofloxacin 36ml iv od y y y
Inj.vit k Vitamin k 1 amp 1mg OD po y y y
17. DAY 1:
O/E:
pt is afebrile.
PR:110 bpm. BP:90/60 mmhg.
RS- B/L crepts+
P/A:soft, distented,no organomegaly.
21. Day 5
Patient stabilized
NFC
BP-110/90mmhg
Pulse- 100bpm
Edema reduced, cough reduced
All vitals stabilized
Adv. For discharge
22. Discharge medications
Brand name Generic
name
dose Route frequency Nos.
Tab.amlong Amlodipine 0.2mg po ½-½-0 7
Syp.pacimol paracetamol sos
Advised salt
restricted
diet.
Review after 7 days in paediatric OPD.
23. PHARMACEUTICAL CARE
PLANS
PUFFINESS OF
FACE AND LEG
SWELLING
PITTING EDEMA
OVER THE LEGS.
ABDOMINAL
DISTENTION
k/c/o Nephrotic
syndrome
Hb- 9.8g/dl
ESR-75mm/hr
WBC-11,600cells/uL
Albumin -1.5gm%
Sr.urea -73gm%
SUBJECTIVE EVIDENCES OBJECTIVE EVIDENCES
24. ASSESEMENT:
By observing the subjective and objective
evidence it is diagnosed as frequent relapsing
nephrotic syndrome.
25. THERAPEUTIC GOALS:
To reduce the signs and symptoms such as
pitting edema and facial puffiness.
To reduce the cough.
26. MONITORING PARAMETERS:
To monitor BP,PULSE RATE, urine output.
To monitor the albumin level in blood and
infections .
27. Standard recommendation
Managing Children With Nephrotic
Syndrome.
Diet: A balanced diet, adequate in protein (1.5-2
g/kg) and calories is recommended. Patients with
persistent proteinuria should receive 2-2.5 g/kg of
protein daily.
Edema: Patients with persistent edema and weight
gain of 7-10% are treated with oral frusemide (1-3
mg/kg daily).
Additional treatment with potassium sparing diuretics
is not required if frusemide is used at this dose for
less than one week. Patients requiring higher doses
and prolonged duration of treatment with frusemide
28. Immunization: Parents should be advised
regarding the need for completing the primary
immunization.Administration of some
vaccines, e.g., hepatitis B,measles-mumps-
rubella or meningococcal vaccines may rarely
precipitate a relapse.
29. PATIENT COUNCELLING:
ABOUT THE DISEASE:Parental motivation and
involvement is essential in the long-term
management of these children.
Thrombosis: Children with nephrotic syndrome are
at risk for venous and, rarely, arterial thrombosis
Children with nephrotic syndrome are susceptible to
severe infections, which need prompt treatment.
ABOUT THE DRUGS:Parents should be advised
regarding the need for completing the primary
immunization.
Drugs should be taken at the right time with right
30. ABOUT THE LIFE STYLE MODIFICATIONS:
A low-salt diet may help with swelling in the hands and
legs. Water pills (diuretics) may also help with this
problem.
Low-protein diets may be helpful. 1 gram of protein per
kilogram of body weight per day.
You may need vitamin D supplements if nephrotic
syndrome is long-term and not responding to
treatment.
Caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels of nephrons in kidneys that filter waste and excess water from blood
Very low hypoalbuminemia cause a variety of secondary problems such as ascites(water in the abdominal cavity) , pericardial effusion ,pleural effusion, high cholesterol,increased risk of thrombosis.