The document discusses menstruation and menstrual hygiene management. It defines adolescence as between ages 10-19 and notes that menarche, the beginning of menstruation, typically occurs between ages 12-13. It describes the three phases of the menstrual cycle and notes that menstrual flow typically lasts 3-7 days. The document also discusses that cultural beliefs, education, and access to resources can influence women's approaches to managing menstruation. Poor menstrual hygiene can increase health risks like infections. The study aims to provide an overview of challenges and potential solutions for handling menstrual waste in low-income countries.

1. Introduction
The World Health Organization defines a female as an
adolescent if she is between the ages of 10 and 19. The
time between childhood and adulthood known as
adolescence is marked by the child's growth and
development. During this time, the child's physical,
psychological, and biological growth happens. It is
understood to be a special moment in a girl's life that
calls for extra consideration. Menarche, which marks
the beginning of a woman's reproductive phase, is an
important biological milestone in her life. Menarche
often occurs between the ages of 12 and 13, and this
age is highly consistent across populations.
Unfortunately, many women are unable to control their
periods due to a lack of knowledge about menstruation
preparation and management or a lack of resolve.
Menstrual wastes are the wastes a female produces
throughout her reproductive years. These wastes are
produced during menstruation, often known as menses,
periods, or the monthly bleeding cycle. The three
phases of the menstrual cycle are the follicular phase
(proliferative), ovulation phase, and lacteal phase
(secretary). Menstruation is regulated by hormones;
during this time, the uterine lining, or endometrium,
thickens and sheds, causing bleeding that typically lasts

2. 3-5 days but can occasionally last up to 7 days. During
menstruation, the endometrial lining is destroyed in
two-thirds. Along with blood, menstrual fluid also
contains mucus and vaginal secretions.
Every woman's menstrual flow is different; it may be
heavier or lighter at the beginning of the cycle or
fluctuate during the cycle. Menstrual blood can be
crimson, vivid red, dark brown, or even black.
Menstrual blood may or may not smell bad when it
comes in contact with air. Before and after menopause,
as well as during gynaecological cancers, menstrual flow
and duration change. In the presence of fibroids,
polyps, and endometriosis, menstrual flow rises, and
excessive blood loss during menstruation can cause
anaemia.
Women have developed their own unique strategies to
deal with this era. These approaches are influenced by a
variety of factors, including individual preferences, the
accessibility of resources, economic status, cultural
beliefs and practises, level of education, and knowledge
about menstruation. Inadequate menstrual hygiene
practises can result in toxic shock syndrome,
reproductive tract infections (RTI), and other vaginal
problems, which are serious health risks Poor genital
hygiene has a substantial impact on adolescents' health.

3. Most girls are unprepared for menarche because they
are misled or ignorant about menstruation.
This study's main objective was to provide an overview
of the problems and potential solutions for handling
menstrual waste in low-income countries. The review
article's objective was to gain more knowledge
regarding menstrual behaviours, product design,
consumer demand, and disposal techniques. Along with
an analysis of current knowledge in public health, water
and sanitation, and solid waste management, it includes
a description of modern menstrual hygiene needs and
management.