KSA, Saudi Arabia, air quality, indoor, fathia gomaa

1. In Door Air Quality
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2. Types of pollution
‫الهواء‬ ‫تلوث‬
Air
pollution
‫الماء‬ ‫تلوث‬
Waterpoll
ution
‫التربة‬ ‫تلوث‬
Soil
pollution
‫ووووووووووووووووووث‬‫و‬‫التل‬
‫الضوضائي‬
Noise
pollution
‫التلوث‬
‫االشعاعي‬
Radioactive
pollution
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3. Classification of pollutants according to their sources
‫من‬ ‫الملوثات‬
‫مصادر‬
‫طبيعية‬
Radon
Gas
‫الرادون‬ ‫غاز‬
‫الملوثات‬
‫من‬
‫حرق‬
‫الوقود‬
-
‫ااااااا‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫او‬ ‫ااااااااز‬‫ا‬‫غ‬
‫الكربون‬
CO-
-
‫اااا‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اااااو‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫اااااز‬‫ا‬‫غ‬
‫ه‬ ‫تروج‬ ‫الى‬
NOX-
-
‫اااا‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اااااو‬‫ا‬‫ا‬ ‫اااااز‬‫ا‬‫غ‬
‫الكبريج‬
SO2-
-
‫عالقت‬ ‫ماث‬ ‫ج‬
Sp-
‫الملوثات‬
‫مصادر‬ ‫من‬
‫بشرية‬
‫توس‬ ‫االسب‬
Asbestos
‫ااااااااويت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫باااااااااث‬ ‫المر‬
‫المتطايرة‬
VOC-
‫اااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااا‬‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫الفورمال‬
Formaldehyde
‫الرصاص‬
Lead-
.
‫بيولوجية‬ ‫الملوثات‬
‫ريا‬ ‫بكت‬
-
Bacteria
‫اااااااااااااااااااااااث‬‫ا‬‫روس‬ ‫ف‬
-
Viruses
‫اااااااااااااااااااااااااث‬‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫طف‬
-
parasites
‫فطرياث‬
- Molds
Indoor Air pollutants
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4. 1. Radon Gas
• Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas.
• Colorless – tasteless – odorless gas.
• Radon is produced from the natural radioactive decay
of uranium or radium.
• Radon can also be found in Bedrocks and Groundwater.
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5. Nnatural radioactive decay of
Uranium or Radium → 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑛
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6. • Arabian Shield in west regions
Sedimentary Rocks
in middle and East regions
Phosphate rocks in Hail.
Saudi Arabia has around 5% of the
world's uranium reserves:
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7. Major Sources in the Home
• Earth and rocks under buildings.
• Construction materials such as Granite and
Marble.
• Groundwater.
• The safer limits of 11 Bq/l in Groundwater
according to EPA regulations .
• WHO: establishing a national Annual Average
Concentration level of 200 Bq/m3.
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8. Possible Health Impacts
 Radon is the First cause of lung cancer after smoking.
 Lung cancer Ceases estimated 20,000 lung-cancer
deaths yearly.
 Smokers are estimated to be 25 times more at risk
from radon than non-smokers.
 The risk of lung cancer increases by 16% per 100 Bq/m3
increase in long time average radon concentration.
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9. Case Study
• It has been conducted in Jeddah, Al Kharj and al Jouf;
• Most dwellings have radon level from 50 to 150 Bq/m3
which less than the lower recommended reference
radon level of 200 Bq/m3 but still higher the worldwide
average of 39 Bqm3.
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10. Radon levels in existing homes can be
reduced by:
 Improving the ventilation of the house.
 Avoiding construction material such as granite and
marble.
 Increasing under-floor ventilation.
 Avoiding sites have Uranium in the underlying rocks
and soils.
Radon Measurement Meters
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11. 2. Biological Contaminants
• Mildews and Fungi, Bacteria,
• Viruses, Dust, Mites.
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12. Major Sources in the Home
• House dust
• Infected humans or animals
• Bedding
• Poorly maintained air conditioners
• Wet or moist surfaces
• Carpets and home furnishings.
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13. Possible Health Impacts
• Allergies and Asthma
• Headaches.
• Irritation in Eye, Nose and throat Colds, flu,
and pneumonia.
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14. 3. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Colorless, odorless gas produced by
• incomplete combustion of all carbon fuels.
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15. Major Sources in the Home
• Heating equipment (furnaces, water heaters)–
natural gas, kerosene.
• Wood or coal stoves.
• Fireplaces
• Charcoal grills.
• Engines (gasoline, diesel)
• Tobacco smoke.
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16. Possible Health Impacts
• Headaches, drowsiness, dizziness
• Impairment of human respiration,
• Nausea, Mental confusion.
• Symptoms often mistaken for the flu.
• Very high levels can cause death.
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17. Case Study
• The findings showed that 68 out of 894 autopsy cases were
diagnosed as acute CO toxicity.
• The study was based on autopsy samples sent to the Forensic
Chemistry Laboratory in Dammam during the study period
2004–2013.
• The highest rate was in the winter months (50%), and highest
age group was between 40 and 50 years, followed by 31–40.
• The average carbon monoxide percentage was 49%.
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18. .
4. Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Dioxide
• Gases formed by incomplete combustion
of all carbon fuels too.
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19. • Same as for carbon monoxide
Major Sources in the Home
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20. Possible Health Impacts
• Damage to respiratory tract and lungs
(Nitrogen dioxide)
• Irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory (sulfur
dioxide)
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21. 5. Suspended Particulates (SP) size < 100
microns in diameter
• Particles small enough to inhale (< 2.5 microns) that
come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and levels of toxicity.
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22. Possible Health Impacts
• Eye, nose, and throat irritation
• Infections in Bronchitis.
• Emphysema
• Lung cancer
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23. 6. Tobacco Smoke
• Smokers.
• Secondhand smokers.
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24. Major Sources in the Home
• Cigarettes
• Cigars
• Pipes
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25. Possible Health Impacts
• Eye, nose and throat irritation
• Respiratory irritation (wheezing, coughing)
• Bronchitis and pneumonia (particularly in children)
• Increased risk of emphysema.
• Lung cancer.
• Heart disease.
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26. 7. Asbestos
• A natural mineral fiber has poor heat conduction, and relative
resistance to chemical attack.
• Asbestos is used in various building materials.
• All homes more than about 20 years old are likely to have some
asbestos.
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27. Major Sources in the Home
• Damaged or deteriorating ceiling.
• Wall, and pipe insulation
• Vinyl-asbestos floor material
• Fire blankets in heat shields,
• Wood stoves, and furnaces
• Thermal insulation
• Clutches and brake linings, for automobiles.
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brake linings

28. Possible Health Impacts
• 100,000 people worldwide die every year from asbestos-
related diseases.
• Lung cancer
• Larynx ‫الحنجرة‬cancer
• Mesothelioma (a cancer of the pleural linings).
• Asbestosis (fibrosis of the lungs).
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29. Elimination of Asbestos-related diseases:
• The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of Arab countries
that prohibit the use of Asbestos. The second one is
Egypt.
• Replacing asbestos with safer substitutes.
• Taking measures to prevent exposure to asbestos in
place and during asbestos removal.
• Improving early diagnosis, treatment of asbestos-
related diseases.
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30. The lack of published data about Asbestos in
Middle East.
Although the asbestos ban in Saudi Arabia is believed to be holding,
the Egyptian ban is under constant pressure.
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Egypt 1,996,000

31. 8. V o l a t i l e O r g a n i c Chemicals
(VOCs)
• Airborne chemicals contained in many
household products.
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32. Major Sources in the Home
• Air fresheners, Hair sprays, perfumes.
• Solvents, Glues, Cleaning agents, Fabric softeners.
• Paints.
• Deodorizers.
• Dry-cleaned clothing.
• Moth balls.
Moth balls 32

33. Possible Health Impacts
 Eye, nose, throat irritation
 Headaches
 Confusion
 Damage to Liver, Kidneys, and Brain.
 Various types of cancer.
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34. 9. Formaldehyde
• Formaldehyde is a colorless gas, flammable
and highly reactive at room temperature.
• Formaldehyde can also be obtained
commercially as aqueous solution, known as
formalin.
formalin
OR
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35. • Pressed wood products (plywood, paneling, particle
board)
• Urea-formaldhyde foam wall insulation.
• Carpets, draperies, furniture, fabrics.
• Paper products, glues, adhesives.
• Tobacco smoke.
Major Sources in the Home
Urea-formaldhyde foam
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36. Possible Health Impacts
• Allergic reactions.
• Eye, nose and throat irritation.
• Headaches.
• Nausea, dizziness, coughing.
• Cancer a possibility.
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37. Measurements
• Formaldehyde is generally trapped on a sorbent.
• Analyze by high-performance liquid chromatography – HpLC-
and UV at wave length 350 nm.
• WHO established a guideline for exposure to formaldehyde of
0.08 ppm for all 30 min.
HpLC
UV
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38. Indoor Gases Measurement
Devices
Asbestos Measurement Meter
Formaldehyde Measurement Meter
Meter to measure all gases
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39. 10. Lead
• Natural element once used as a component in
gasoline, house paint, solder and water pipes.
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40. Major Sources in the Home
• Household dust from lead paint.
• Lead-based paint
• lead water pipes or lead-soldered.
• Soil near highways.
• Lead industries.
• Lead-glazed ceramic or pottery wares.
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41. Possible Health Impacts
• Damage to brain, kidneys, and nervous system.
• Learning problems, Children’s IQ .
• Slowed growth.
• Anemia.
• Hearing loss.
• Large doses can be fatal.
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42. Case Study in KSA in Riyadh
• School girls: 538 girls aged 6 to 12 years who attended
primary public schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Blood
lead levels were measured. The Centers for Disease
Control measured lead level in blood; around 24.4% had
blood lead levels ≥10 μg/dL.
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43. Measurement
• Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)
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44. THANK
YOU
FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION
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45. References
-- Indoor Air Quality and Your Home. New York State
Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY.
-- Home Indoor Air Quality Assessment. Michael P. Vogel,
Ed.D., Extension Housing Specialist, Montana State
University Extension Service.
-- Quick IAQ Facts for the Community Educator. Joseph T.
Ponessa, Ph.D., Associate Professor/Housing & Energy
Specialist, Rutgers Cooperative Extension Service, New
Jersey.
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