6. • The pressure within the superior vena cava
or the right atrium, to provide information
about the body volume status & right
ventricular function
• In hypovolaemic shock, the blood volume is
decreased, so is the CVP, whereas in
cardiogenic shock there is no blood
depletion in blood volume and the CVP
remains normal
• Normal CVP: 0-8mmHg or 3-8cm H2O
• If less than 0 mmHg means Hypovolaemia
• If more than 8 mmHg means Hypervolaemia
Central Venous Pressure
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8. Resuscitation
5/5/2023
ADD A FOOTER
Start immediately
Establishment of clear airway and maintaining
adequate ventilation and oxygenation
Lowering the head with support of the jaw / leg
raise
prevent airway obstruction
Improve the venous return preventing stasis of
blood in the muscles of the leg
Prevent edema
Increase cerebral circulation
Presence of airway obstruction – intratracheal
intubation, mechanical ventilation
9. • Bandage compression to tamponade external
haemorrhage
• Operation maybe required to stop such bleeding
as soon as some resuscitation has been achieved
Immediate Control of Bleeding
11. • Sedatives
• Alleviate pains and reduce excessive consumption of O2
• Morphine IV
• In children barbiturate are preferred
• Vasopressors
• Vasopressors improve perfusion pressure in the large vessel but they
decrease capillary blood flow in the certain tissue bed (GI tract & peripheral
vasculature)
• Along with vasopressors, inotrope may be needed to increase CO by
increasing contractility & stroke volume
Drugs
12. Septic Shock
Septic shock is a subset
of sepsis with
circulatory and
metabolic dysfunction
associated with a higher
risk of mortality
Toxins are released from bacterial infections
16. TREATMENT
• Treatment of infection – early surgical debridement or drainage by use of
proper antibiotics
• Treatment of shock – fluid replacement, steroid administration, use of
vasoactive drugs
• Initial aggressive fluid resuscitation with IV isotonic crystalloids 30 mL/kg within 3 hrs
• additional fluid based on frequent reassessment
• empiric antibiotic therapy within one hr.
• For patients with septic shock requiring vasopressors, target a mean arterial pressure (MAP)
of 65 mmHg.
• The first choice of a vasopressor is norepinephrine, with the addition of vasopressin if
refractory
17. Cardiogenic
Shock
Inadequate systemic
perfusion despite
adequate circulating
volume, due to
decreased cardiac
output
Causes of cardiogenic shock include
myocardial infarction,
cardiac dysrhythmias,
valvular heart disease,
blunt myocardial injury
and cardiomyopathy
Cardiogenic shock has a mortality rate ranging from 50% to
75%
18. Pathophysiology
• RV dysfunction → inadequate blood to lungs → low filling volume of
left heart → decreased LV output.
• LV dysfunction → low stroke volume → low cardiac output.
• Engorged pulmonary vasculature in LVD due to normal RV output,
• Cardiac compressive shock – heart is compressed enough to ↓CO.
19. Clinical Features of Cardiogenic
Shock
Early – pale & cool skin, low urine
output.
Tachycardia, low BP.
RVD – increased JVP,
hepatomegaly.
LVD – bronchial crackles, S3
heard.
Cardiomegaly gradually builds up.
21. Reference
Das, S. (2019). A Manual on Clinical Surgery (15th ed.). Dr. S. Das.
Bhat M, S. (2019). SRB's Manual of Surgery (6th ed.). Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
Shenoy, K. R., & Shenoy, A. (2014). Manipal Manual of Surgery (4th
ed.). CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
Williams, N. S., O' Connell, P. R., & McCaskie, A. W. (Eds.). (2018).
Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery (27th ed.). CRC Press Taylor
& Francis Group.
Editor's Notes
Bp – diastolic pressure is the main indication of the degree of vasoconstriction, monitor pulse pressure
Respi- hyperventilation is normal response of early shock. Not hyperventilating, probably suffering from respi and CNS damage, persistent tachypnea indicates improper treatment of shock
U/o – good index of adequacy of replacement therapy
ECG – signs of MI with depression ST segments
Swan-ganz – flow in the CVS, sampling of blood from the pulmonary artery to give accurate measurements of blood gases in mixed venous blood, filling pressure of both right and left sides of the heart
Technique of measuring CVP
A standard length of 20cm IV catheter is passed through right Internal Jugular Vein.
The catheter tip is gradually pushed into be positioned
PPV only applied when its necessary, it may compress the superior and inferior vena cava and impair right atrial filling causing decrease in right stroke volume
If passive leg raising results in an increase in BP or CO, fluid resuscitation is indicated
Combination of sedative agents and PPV will lead to hemodynamic collapse
To avoid, initiate volume resuscitation and vasoactive agents before intubation and PPV
Cardiogenic shock - if unstable tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmias, initiate ACLS protocol and cardioversion.
Judicious use of IV fluids in the absence of pulmonary edema.
Consider inotropes (NE + dobutamine is the most commonly used agent