Career Options for Medical Students to follow: Academia
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Theodoros Xanthos MD, Pg Dip (Ed), MSc, MRes (EdD), PhD, FHEA, FAcadMEd, FCP, FERC, ERT, FESC Professor of Medicine European University Cyprus ERC Medical Educator Trainer (Europe) President Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
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Career Options for Medical Students to follow: Academia
- 1. Career Options for Medical Students to follow: Academia Theodoros Xanthos MD, Pg Dip (Ed), MSc, MRes (EdD), PhD, FHEA, FAcadMEd, FCP, FERC, ERT, FESC Professor of Medicine European University Cyprus ERC Medical Educator Trainer (Europe) President Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- 2. The first Step: Doctorate; Necessary? Not always
- 3. The doctorate and its history The first PhD was awarded in Paris in 1150 The modern PhD originated from 19th century Germany The first American PhD was awarded from Yale in 1861 It arrived in Oxford in 1920 and is still named DPhil Harvard awarded an applied Doctorate EdD in Education in 1920 UK awarded its first applied doctorates 70 years later Now, there are Senior Doctorates
- 5. Faculty Non-tenured faculty Lecturer Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor
- 7. Are all Universities the same?
- 8. The dual mission Barnett, R. (2004). The purposes of higher education and the changing face of academia. London Review of Education, 2(1), 61–73.
- 9. The “publish or perish” idea
- 11. Gods of Management Handy, C. 1991.
- 12. The existential culture of the faculty Handy, C. 1991.
- 15. • Academia• Government • Global Human Agency • Local Human Agency Students/ Community International Students KnowledgeRegulation University Trow, M. (2006). Reflections on the transition from elite to mass to universal access: Forms and phases of higher education in modern societies since WWII. In J. J. F. Forest & P.G. Altbach (Eds.), International handbook of higher education (pp. 243–280). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. Marginson, S., & Rhoades, G. (2002). Beyond national states, markets, and systems of higher education: A glonacal agency heuristic. Higher Education, 43(3), 281–309
- 18. If you are an Academic: Different but the same
Editor's Notes
- The degrees of the faculty are shown on the slide. In reality all tenured personnel have the same tasks. Each member of the tenured faculty starts as a Lecturer. Given his/her academic achievements and his/her publication history (impact factor and citations), recognition and acceptance can be promoted to the next degree. Every Election is open to all. The electorate body is formed with faculty from the department, other universities in the country and universities from the European Union. All positions are open to everybody who wants to apply and the are not reserved for the person who seeks a promotion. As a result the tenured positions are not permanent positions.
- Given that no appointment is permanent and all positions are subject to assessment and the election process for the faculty and the appointment for the administrative personnel creates the need for continuous professional development. Normally this is achieved in several ways. Publication record (impact factor and citations), qualifications from universities, International Organizations etc, and participation in International Committees and guideline creation process. However, the emphasis is on the creation of knowledge and not on the dissemination of knowledge and as a result, there are only a handful of the academic personnel who try to become better teachers. Jarvis (1999) defined the role of the university in such a way that it accommodated the needs of people who seek knowledge all their lives. In my Institution this notion is seeded in the personnel, who see themselves as life-long learners. On the other hand, the lack of educational qualifications is causing problems in the delivery of the teaching. Jarvis, P. (1999). Global trends in lifelong learning and the response of the universities. Comparative Education, 35(2), 249–257.
- The University cannot perceive itself as a teaching institution. The aim of the Institution is dual it needs to teach and it needs to research. Knowledge can not only be reproduced, it also needs to be created. This is the reason why the terminology used for the faculty is Didactic and Research Academic Personnel. The University and the central government replicates the meaning of the Greek word for University (Panepitimion), which means to know very well. But for Ancient Greeks, knowledge was not replicated, it was created. So In order to teach, the teacher needs to know how to create knowledge (Barnet, 2004). This distinguishes the academic personnel from the teachers of secondary schools. Barnett, R. (2004). The purposes of higher education and the changing face of academia. London Review of Education, 2(1), 61–73.
- Apollo is the god of order and rules, the god of poetry, music, the eternal adolescent. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens can be understood using Handy’ s model (1991). The institution is divided into hierarchically organized units with particular functions which effectively separate each from the other. It is only the rules and procedures that bind them together. The management structure creates job descriptions, communications and links between departments and makes major decisions within the organization. Handy, C. (1991). Gods of Management: The Changing Work of Organisations. Sydney: Random House.
- Given the great competition for every position for all members of the faculty, the academic personnel in the University of Athens has embraced the existential culture (Handy, 1991). Dionysus represents the existential ideology, symbolizing the idea that the individual is responsible for their own existence in the world. So groups of people work together to do research or implement a new approach to teaching. This way, new ideas and practices are promoted and it is a safe way to promote and enhance academic careers. Handy, C. (1991). Gods of Management: The Changing Work of Organisations. Sydney: Random House.
- In reality the governance of the Hellenic Higher Education System can be perceived as an inverted Triangle (Clark, 1983), where the government and the collegial points are equal and the only point that is away and is unequal is the market. However, this triangle cannot sufficiently explain other aspects of the University. Clark, B.R. (1983). The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective. Los Angeles: University of California Press
- The 3 cycles of the Academia, the faculty (either tenured or not), the administrative personnel and the students are all equal parts of the decisions and each cycle is represented in every council. There is reciprocity between the central governance of the University and the Academia.
- So the National and Kapodistrian University can be perceived as the outside cycle that encompasses both local and global human agencies. The government regulates and the Academic personnel creates and disseminates knowledge. So in this cycle knowledge is dispersed not only nationally, but Internationally. However, this model takes into consideration the fact that the University identifies itself as Hellenic and not as International and even if there are significant collaborations between the University and other Institutions, the University has kept its traditional bonds to the society. Unlike the “glonacal agency hereustic” (Margisnon & Rhoades, 2006) , which see the structure as a crystal, the Athenian University can be described as a perfect cycle with all its components equal. Marginson, S., & Rhoades, G. (2002). Beyond national states, markets, and systems of higher education: A glonacal agency heuristic. Higher Education, 43(3), 281–309
- The Hellenic Higher Education is maybe the best illustrated example of social transformation in education (Crossley, 2003). Greece changed to constitutional democracy 40 years ago following long periods of monarchy and elite reproduction where Universities were private and admission to these was reserved for a very specific elite social class. The last 35 years, with the restitution of democracy, the society forced for a Public HE paradigm that was completely autonomous The Universities were socially transformed. The Universities are public, there are no fees for all undergraduate studies and students enter the universities via a PanHellenic examination which is controlled by the Ministry of Education. Crossley, N. (2003). From Reproduction to Transformation Social Movement Fields and the Radical Habitus. Theory, Culture & Society, 20, 43-68.
- Given its social role the university is not alien to the community. As the aim of the University is to create knowledge it ascertains that this knowledge is dispersed in the community. The University takes lots of Initiatives that may go against governmental will. In addition all academic personnel provide lectures to the lay-people and the several schools take actions related to their area of expertise. As a result the University remains the jewel in the crown of Athens.
- The University has nothing to envy from the other European Universities, has accepted the change but it has maintained a unique approach that fits the society. The Athenian University is the a monument to democracy and to free thinking and its infrastructure reflects just that.