2. Across developing nations there is an ongoing debate and emerging
concern about the:
Threat and opportunity in relation to the rise of China
And the consequent intensification of competition in labour intensive
manufactures
The debate is even more pertinent in case of India, as China and India are
not just similar in population size but also with respect to factor
endowments.
It is important therefore,
To explore the structure of comparative advantage of India and China
And the extent to which the two economies compete with each other in the
global market for exports in manufacturing/value added sector
This paper makes an attempt to develop some insights on the subject.
2*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
3. The dynamics of Chinese comparative advantage has been
analyzed in several studies, prominent among these are:
Hinloopen and Marrewijk (2004) study & Albaladejo
(2003):
Aspect of threat/ opportunity in the context of China's
economic relations with South East and East Asia
Lall and Weiss (2004):
Chinese competitive threat to the Latin American economies
No Attempt: Competitiveness that Chinese exports may pose
for Indian manufacturers and exporters in the global
economy.
3*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
4. a. What is the fastest route to economic
development?
b. Why India lagged in performance from China?
c. Can India surpass China?
4*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
5. Assumption:
SME(Small and Medium Enterprises) is a primary indicator
of country’s future economic expansion
As it can effectively disseminate economic benefits to larger
section of society by engaging even low skill laborers
Limitation:
Non-economic factors such as:
a) Human Rights
b) Democratic Empowerment
5*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
6. Highlights:
Comparative Advantage (China):
a) Production specific
b) Macroeconomic factor’s
SWOT Analysis (India)
Methodology:
Time Series Line Graphs & BAR Diagrams (2000-2010)
a) India's & China's export intensity in international markets
b) India’s potential to capture manufacturing export segment
Research Instrument:
Secondary Data Collection: Newspapers, Journals, Working
Papers, Web Data
6*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
7. Part One: Comparative Contributions To GDP of India &
China (Comparative Analysis)
Part Two: Factors for China’s Growth Model
Part Three: Emerging Business Avenues For Indian
Exporters & India’s Forecast
Part Four: Policy Implications & Manufacturing Strategy
for India (SWOT Analysis)
7*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
8. To GDP of India &
China
8*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
10. As per World Bank data indicated in figures 1 & 2:
GDP for China was reported at 5870 USD and for India at
1730 USD in 2010 indicating an almost 70.5% increase for
which:
Exports including merchandise exports and goods exports as
well as manufacturing value addition plays a major role.
Meaning:
Demand for domestic production of China is highly driven
by merchandise and value added exports
10*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
11. Fig 1.1 Fig 1.2
11
3.892
1.612
1.812
5.308
3.368
2.114
12.888
5.318
81.784
0 50 100
Europe & Central…
Middle East &…
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Latin America &…
South Asia
Economies…
Economies Within…
High-Income…
China (% of total merchandise
exports)
Average
2.862
3.642
5.422
10.254
2.62
5.082
24.822
5.078
68.604
0 20 40 60 80
Europe & Central Asia
Middle East &…
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia & Pacific
Latin America & the…
South Asia
Economies Outside…
Economies Within…
High-Income…
India (% of total merchandise exports)
Average
*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
12. Since 2000, India’s market for merchandise exports in high
income economies and Europe and Central Asia remained
unexplored in comparison to China.
Hence, India can think of exploring the markets for its
merchandise exports in Latin America & the Caribbean,
Europe & Central Asia, Developing Economies within Region
and High-Income Economies in the coming future.
12*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
13. Fig 2.1 Fig 2.2
13
71.036
1.388
5.24
10.91
9.642
0 20 40 60 80
Manufactures Exports
Agricultural Raw Materials
Exports
Ores and Metals Exports
Food Exports
Fuel Exports
% of Merchandise Exports of India
average
90.918
0.664
1.886
3.822
2.438
0 50 100
Manufactures
Exports
Agricultural Raw
Materials…
Ores and Metals
Exports
Food Exports
Fuel Exports
% of Merchandise Exports of
China
average
*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
14. The world bank statistics indicates that India has succeeded in
competing with China in other segments of merchandise
exports except the segment of manufactured exports.
In other words, China has gained comparative advantage in
manufacturers exports in comparison to India.
This demonstrates that India needs to find its potential in
labour intensive manufacturing in order to compete in global
markets.
14*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
15. Fig 3.1 Fig 3.2
15
2.24
4.05
2.5
92.425
17.68333
333
0 50 100
Textiles and
Clothing
Food; Beverages
and Tobacco
Machinery &
Transport…
Other
Manufacturing
Chemicals
% of Value Added in Manufacturing in
China
average
9.736666
667
10.9
19.82666
667
41.6
17.66666
667
0 10 20 30 40 50
Textiles and Clothing
Food; Beverages and
Tobacco
Machinery & Transport
Equipment
Other Manufacturing
Chemicals
% of value added in Manufacturing in
India
average
*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
16. Value added contribution of China in GDP beats India
towards industries belonging to other manufacturing
Leaving other industries belonging to chemicals,
machinery, food and textiles in which India has attained a
much better position.
That means there’s an opportunity for Indians to explore
new areas of manufacturing such as value added segments
(food processing), indigenous production (handicrafts),
engineering goods, biotechnology, organic farming, auto
parts etc.
16*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
18. The GDP per capita; PPP (US
dollar) in China was last reported at
7535.50 in 2010, released in 2011.
In 2008, the same was reported at
5970.81 in China in comparison to
India at 2946 USD
This indicates China’s growth of 60
percent which was almost the
double of India’s growth rate at 30
percent.
18
2300
2800
3500
4700
5970
7535
1500
1670
2000
2500
2946
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
GDP Per Capita, PPP (US $)
China
India
*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
19. Macro Economic Factors:
1. Political Influence of China.
2. Liberalization of the Market.
3. Foreign Direct Investment.
4. Export Competitiveness.
5. Cross- Currency Valuation.
6. Logistics Performance Index.
7. Manipulation of Intellectual
Property rights.
8. Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
7. Infrastructure Development.
8. Technological Developments.
9. Govt. Incentives to
Manufacturing Sectors.
10. Capital Markets.
11. Special Support to State
Owned Enterprises.
12. Industrial Production.
13. Strategic Locations.
19*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
20. Production Specific Factors:
1. Vendor Base Development.
2. Low Cost Business Environment:-
Labor Productivity & Input Costs.
Capital & Borrowing Cost.
3. Company Management Capabilities.
20*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
23. June 2010 Deloitte's study ranked top five countries in
manufacturing competitiveness as: China, India, Korea, the
U.S. and Brazil
BRIC concept: Russia and Brazil will be the major exporter
of raw materials while China and India with their low costs
and other numerous advantages will export the manufactured
goods and services.
The drive behind India’s higher growth rates will be three
things called as DRG factors:
1) Demographics.
2) Reforms.
3) Globalization.
23*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
24. Global trend to manufacture and source products in low-cost countries
(LCCs).
India can — and should — aspire to become one of the three largest
exporters of manufactured goods among LCCs by 2015.
For this, India has to increase its share in world manufacturing trade from
0.8% to 3.5% by 2015 in order to increase its :
GDP growth rate.
Jobs in different segments of manufacturing sector such as:
1. Apparel.
2. Auto components.
3. Specialty chemicals.
4. Electrical and electronic products etc.
24*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
26. STRENGTHS
English Proficiency
Government Support
Cost Advantages
Strong Tertiary Education
Process Quality Focus
Skilled Workforce / Demography
Entrepreneurship
Reasonable Technical Innovations
Reverse Brain Drain
Existing Long Term Relationship
WEAKNESSES
Positioning & Brand Management
Infrastructure
Cultural Differences
Sales & Marketing
Legal System Bureaucracy
Poor Globalization Skill
26*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
27. OPPURTUNITIES
Creation of global brands
Resource Based Sectors
Chinese domestic & export
market
Leverage relationship in
Middle East markets
Indian Domestic Market
Growth
Exploring New Segments of
Manufacturing
THREATS
Internal Competition for
Resources
Over promise / Under
Delivery
Regional Geo-Political
Uncertainty
Rising Labor Cost
Competition from Other
Countries
Corruption / Piracy / Trust
27*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
28. 1. Infrastructure development.
2. Increase in domestic savings & investments.
3. Prioritizing labor law reforms.
4. Overcome from internal security threat.
5. Focus on primary & secondary education.
THE GOVERNMENT NEEDS TO REMOVE FOUR BARRIERS
TO EXPORT-LED GROWTH:
1. Stimulate domestic demand by reducing indirect taxes and import duties
2. De bottleneck ports and accelerate power reforms
3. Encourage the development of several manufacturing clusters
4. Accelerate labor reforms and facilitate skill development
28*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
29. The dumping of “one hour technology” inferior products(fans, toys,
watches, mobile etc) has become threat to Indian industry and is the one of
the main cause of dampening labour intensive export market.
As China followed a path of Capitalism through FDI, India also need to
have a solid political foresight and realistic economic strategy to face the
internal challenges and widen its scope of manufacturing base with a view
to make its place in international markets.
Strategy for India:
A Strategy to make India a manufacturing hub in global competitive export
segments through - harnessing the global opportunities and managing the
key economic resources effectively, is prerequisite for economic
development.
29*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
30. India needs to roll out innovative and effective economic plans like:
Agriculture – Be a Food Base for the World
Producing the value added food, medicinal plant, aromatic oils & bio
material for the global market.
Manufacturing – Realizing the existing labor cost advantage & labor
flexibility
Reforming the tax structure and labor laws
Supporting with modern infrastructure
Infocom – Capture huge market potential & natural advantage of huge
talent pool (Technologically Savvy and English- Friendly)
Offering cost benefits of the technology to customers
30*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
31. Water & Energy Resource - Change the landscape of agriculture,
hydroelectric power & alter the economics of the continent.
Effective water management
Exploration of oil and gas
Investing in Physical and Professional infrastructure –
Significant investments in air ports, ports & harbors and roads
Professional resource development like education & research
Attracting the Global savings – To support the global leadership
Encourage FDIs
Harness domestic savings and investing the same in right channels
Creating a new World mind set – In living with continuous uncertainty
in the new scenario
Adapting to knowledge explosion
Rediscover the hidden potential to innovate, create and collaborate.
31*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
33. An FDI driven Approach
Development of Homegrown Entrepreneurship
Efficient Banking & Transparent Capital Markets
Stronger Infrastructure to support Private Enterprise
Fuller Utilization of Resources
Organic Growth
Absorption of New Technologies from Abroad
33*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
34. Uncertainty in the markets
Inappropriate receptors (production organizations) to absorb foreign
technology
Poor quality of the industrial partner having trading orientation instead of
industrial orientation.
Inability to mobilize the resources effectively
Less developed employment-intensive manufacturing
Weaknesses in infrastructure and administration
Labor market rules
Poor regulatory quality and government ineffectiveness
Weak banking system
Commercial banks are still largely state-owned
Political resistance to selling the state banks or allowing foreign banks to
enter the Indian market
34*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
35. As per analysts, India may deliver more sustainable progress
than China’s FDI-driven approach in many ways:
Full utilization of its resources through organic growth
Open-economy model (initiation of major liberalization measures)
Relatively favorable demography
Well-developed private sector
Relatively entrenched legal system
Stable democracy
Potential for policy improvement
Large opportunity to raise the investment rate
35*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
36. Dimaranan Betina, Lanchovichina Elena, and Martinr Will, 2007, “China,
India, and the Future of the World Economy”, Policy Research Working
Paper 4043, The World Bank Development Research Group, August.
Wilson Dominic and Purushothaman Roopa, 2003, “Dreaming with
BRICs: The Path 2050”, Goldman Sachs, Global Economics Paper no:
99, October.
Dooley, Michael, David Folkerts-Landau, Shunming Zhang, “Inequality
Change in China and (Hokou) Labour Mobility Restrictions,” NBER
Working Paper No. W10649, July 2004.
Eichengreen, Barry, Yeongseop Rhee, Hui Tong, “The Impact of China
on The Exports of Other Asian Countries,” NBER Working Paper No.
W10727, September 2004.
Hertel, Thomas and Fan Zhai (2004)."Labour Market Distortions,
Rural-Urban Inequality and the Opening of China's Economy" World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3455, November 2004
36*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
37. The main data sources used in the study are:
The UN Commodity Trade Statistics
WITS, a Trade database of UNCTAD
DGCI & S Trade data
Asian Development Bank Database
India Trade Database of Centre for Monitoring Indian
Economy
WTO Database on Tariff Schedule
PRC General Administration of Customs, China's Custom
Statistics
Reserve Bank of India Data Base
37*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
38. 38
Dr. Manika Singla
(Project Fellow – UGC Major Project)
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*Dr. Manika Singla - Project Fellow
