EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON CELL BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY AND ON THIS BASIS INVESTIGATION OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF DISEASES

1. Traditional Review:
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITYONCELL BIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGYAND ONTHIS
BASIS INVESTIGATIONOF THEPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF
DISEASES
SIMDI E 1, OZCAN K 2
UludagUniversity Medical Faculty 1
İstanbul University Electric Electronic Faculty 2
Contact adress:ertuncsimdi@gmail.com
ARTICLE KEYWORDS: Electric,Frequency, Cell,Hemolysis,Fusion,Resonance, Low grade cancer
treatment, Electrical Hemolisis,Electromangetic Hypersentivity
Abstract
The content of this study examines the behavior of cells,tissuesunder lowmedium and high
frequency electric fields with a comprehensive literaturesearch.For this review, 300 articles related
to the subjectwere scanned and 32 of them were used. The purpose of this compilation isto provi de
a basis for future research.
Introduction
The content of this work is generally on the lowest frequency electrical - butthe most emphasis is on
the Extremely Low Frequency - electrical and magnetic fields (ELF, MF, HF, EMF) to medium and high
frequencies, tissue,and organs.Purpose of the study; basingour hypotheses on our scientific beliefs
and making a literaturereview to ensure that our research in the comingperiod is based on
physiological changes in thebiological effects of electricity on the cell in general and autism,major
depression,atherosclerosis,iron deficiency anemia,especially cancer in pathological events,
therapeutic roleand potential therapeutic effects. We aimto prevent the killingof chemically
damaged, uncontrolled tumors by electrical resonance,or the division of the river into pieces.In
physics,the resonanceis known as the infiniteamplitudeof the amplitude.If you excite an oscillator
in the same phasewith a frequency equal to the operating frequency, you will caus eresonanceto
occur.The most obvious example of is the Tacoma Narrows bridge. The bridge resonated and soon
became a place. When excited, each material has a resonancefrequency. If the frequency is adjusted
by the same orally and increased by an external force, each item can be divided into its parts.This
principleisthe principlethatNikola Tesla uses when trying to make an earthquake machinein his

2. time. We scanned more than a hundred articles,confirmingthatthe cancerous cells weredamaged
under low frequency electric field and that their structure was deteriorated.
Figure 1: Narrows Bridge and its resonancedisintegration
Discussion
An electric field is generated by the charged particles.Electric fields arediscussed in two branches:
physics,electrostaticsand electrodynamics.Electrostaticrelateto unchangingelectric fields,and
electrodynamics relates to changes in electric fields.In addition,electronic fields havean effect on
the magnetic flux. Electric currents can be used to create a magnetic field and magnetic fields can be
used to generate an electric current. The electric field equation E = F / q, E where the electric field is
the energy, F is the power of the particle,and q is the chargeof the particle.The strength of an
electric field is the units named for Newton and Charles-Augustin in honor of Coulomb. Danish
physicistand chemistHans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851) firstnoticed the electric fields that affected
magnetism when he taught at the University of Copenhagen. When he passed an electric wire
through a magnetic compass,he noticed that the compass needle moved. Later, experiments were
conducted to verify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, which indicates thatelectric
fields aremagnetic. Electric fields and magnetic fields areintertwined. Faraday's work was expanded
by the Scottish mathematician James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79),who elaborated on the relationship
between electricity and magnetism. The Maxwell equations builton the Faraday's law clearly indicate
the relationship between magnetism and electricity and showhow magnetism and electricity interact
with each other. Maxwell's equations arethe cornerstone of electromagnetic theory. (1)
Figure 2: A simpledescription of the electromagnetic theory, the interaction of negative and positive
charges with each other

3. Basic Cell Structure and Electrical Properties
Galvanic was proven by showingthe muscularisation asa resultof the sciatic nervefrog that is
electrically charged in livingthings as well.However, it was an electrical potential in the membranes
of all livingcells,and had to wait until the 1940s to prove that some cells (excitablecellssuch as
nerves and muscles) changed in such a potentially shorttime, creatingan action potential.The reason
for this was that the cells studied had very narrowdiameters (20 μ), but the tip diameters of the
electrodes connected to electronic devices were much wider. (2)
As a resultof longinvestigations,a largenerve cell was found in the ink.Hodgkin and Huxley first
prove the existence of the membrane potential in the cell membrane by insertingan electrode into
the giantnerve fiber of this fish (about1000 μ diameter). Accordingto this measure, there was a
potential difference of about -70 mV between the insideand the outside of a nerve cell even at
rest.(3)
The passageof matter through the cell membrane, which is a barrier separatingthecell from the
outside, is by diffusion.The membrane present in all cellsisbetween 60 and 90 mV in excitablecells
such as potent nerve and muscle.To balancethe negative chargein the cell,the K + ions that can
easily passthrough the cell membrane fill theinsideof the cell.However, sincethe permeability of
the cell membrane to Na + ions is not high,Na + ions can not enter the cell.The membrane
(membrane) found in all livingcells can betransformed into potential for action in a very short period
of time in some potential cells.(4,5,6,7)
Pathophysiological and physiological effects of the electric field on pathological and normal cells
Significantslowingdown of electrical field tumor growth by 100-300 KHZ Comprehensive destruction
of tumor cells within 3-6 days Firsteffect on the mitotic cycleSecond effect on the cell is a sudden
breakdown, It occurs 24 hours a day.The animal has been tested in malignanttumors and cell
cultures.(8)
Figure 3: Explanation of the wave lengths of the electrical frequency ranges and explanation of the
definitions correspondingto the frequency range
In contrastto the magnetic field,the electric field has been investigated to determine if itcan cause
cancer in terms of cancer.But there is not enough evidence. (9) When applied to a chronic 60 hertz
electric field (30 days,20 hours a day), the pineal gland reduces or even reduces the production of
melatonin. Due to this,estrogen production increases (melatonin suppresses estrogen production)
and thus the mass or cancer that develops in the breastgrows. (10) An oscillatingexternal electric
field imposes an oscillatingforceon each of the free ions on both sides of all plasma membranes,
which can move through the membrane through the membrane transition proteins.This external

4. oscillatory forcecauses a forced oscillation of each free ion. When the forced vibrations of ions
exceed their amplitude critical values,thevibratingions may give an incorrectsignal to turn on and
off the voltage-gated (or even mechanically-closed) channels,thereby impairingthe electrochemical
stability of the plasma membrane and consequently ending the entire cell function.(11) Moderate
frequency, (12) Loss of PKC activity in cytosol was observed in cells exposed to EF without PMA
(100-1,000 mV / cm), but no concomitant increasein particlePKC activity was observed.In the
presence of PMA, EFs (33-330 mV / cm) also reduced the expected PKC activity fromcytosol and
contributed to the increasein PKC activity in the particlefraction.PMA = Phorbol 12-Myristate
13-Acetate (PMA) In this experiment, cells were incubated in the presence or absence of 2 μM
phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate (PMA) at 37 ° C for 60 hours Hertz AC sinusoidal EFs (1.5-1.000 mV /
cm pp) were applied.(13)
Figure 4: Specific behavior of endothelial cells under electric field (14)
Figure 5: Regeneration of damaged neuronal cells under electric field exposure
Recently, it has been shown that lowdensity, intermediate frequency, electric fields inhibitcancer cell
growth by an in vitro anti-microtubuleaction mechanism.Usingimplanteelectrodes, it was shown
that these areas prevent the growth of dermal tumors in mice. This study extends these findings to

5. additional cell lines [human breastcarcinoma;MDA-MB-231 and human non-small cell lung
carcinoma (H1299)] and animal tumor models (intradermal B16F1 melanoma and intracranial F-98
glioma) usingexternally sealed electrodes.These findings led to the initiation of a pilotclinical study
of the effects of TTFields in 10 patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). The median time to
progression of the diseasein these patients was 26.1 weeks and median overall survival was 62.2
weeks. In terms of diseaseprogression,this timeis twiceas much as the lifeexpectancy normally
expected. The only sideeffect was a mild contactdermatitis.(TTfields = tumor threating fields) (15)
Figure 6: A graph shows that 72 hours in 60 kV / cm electric field under reduced mitotic index of cells
and 72 hours later showingenhanced (16)Interestingly,unlikethe metastatic ratprostate cancer cell
line,a weak metastatic cell linedid notrespond to similar EF forces.(17) This electrical model for
biological cellsallows us to predictthat the probability of electric field interaction with intracellular
structures increases when the outer membrane is shorter than the chargingtime (chargingtime).
Experimental studies of shortperiods such as 10 ns confirmed that human cells were exposed to
pulsed electric fields up to 300 nV / cm wide confirmed this hypothesis.Observed effects are
disruption of intracellular granulemembranes without permanent damage to the cell membrane,
abrupt increases in intracellularfreecalciumlevels,and increased expression of genes. In the
increasingelectric fields,application of micronucleus seconds envelopes induces apoptosis
(programmed cell death) in biological cells,which has been shown to reduce the growth of tumors.
Possibleeffects of intracellular electro-effect are to regulate cell functions and inducetumors to
regulate cell function (causingcell immobilization) by improvinggene transfer in the nucleus.(18) PEF
(Pulsed electric fields) causecell and organellebreakdown in many cells.(19) Cells were exposed to
exogenous electric fields with physiological force(0.1-4.0 V cm-1), their reactions recorded by light
microscopy and analyzed by a quantitativemonitoringmethod. Voltage-gated Na + channel activity
was pharmacologically modulated usinga specificchannel blocker (tetrodotoxin) or opener
(veratridin) concentrations.The results showed that MAT-LyLu cells with high metastatic (Na-K
channel open or higher) migrated to the catheter and reacted too much to the application of the
electric field.On the contrary,weak metastatic At-2 cells (thosewith closed NA-K channels) did not
respond to this.(20) Galvanotactic and electro (pato) physiological traits may beuseful for diagnosis.
The properties of electrical tissues arelikely to change in malignancies(Jossinet,1998;Toso et al.,
2000).Supposingthat endogenous TEPs facilitategalvanotaxis,itmay be possibleto suppress cell
migration in vivo.Treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma can bedone by electrotherapy. (21) It is
based on a 7-day comparison between rats treated with a combination of 50 Hz EF with a density of
17.5 kV / m for 15 minutes per day. This data shows that the ELF EF used in this study reduces the
oxidativestress-induced ratlipid peroxidelevel.(22) The sensorimotor system, includingthetonic
motor control cerebellar areas,includesoscillatory activation synchronization with lowfrequency
(5-30 Hz). (23)

6. Figure 7: Oscillation of cerebellar golgi cells under electrically low-frequency exposure
Exposure of human erythrocytes under a few kV / cm high voltage pulseunder isotonic conditions
leads to complete hemolysis of red cells.Experiments made here show that hemolysis is caused by
the effect of the electric field.(24)
Voltage vibra- tion of the erythrocyte suspension can createa transmembrane potential alongthe cell
membrane and open pores in the red cells ata critical point.Reduce the pore size of erythrocytes in
the isotonic saline.They allowthe passageof potassiumand sodiumions butdo not allowthe
passageof sucroseand hemoglobin molecules.Pores arelarger under low ionic conditionsand allow
sucrosemolecules to pass,but under no circumstances can thehemoglobin pass directly as a
consequence of the voltage pulse.Kinetic measurements show that the hemolysis of erythrocytes
follows a step-by-step mechanism: the leakage of ions leads to an osmotic imbalance,which causes a
colloidal hemolysisof red cells.(24)
Figure 8: Electrical hemolysis:Hemolysis of cells under electric field (24)

7. Figure 9: A simplediagramof activecell proliferation and cellular arrest
When we compare cardiac arrestto arrest of a cell,there is an electrical difference.In cell arrest,
electricity may play a role as an initiator,notas a rescuer role. However, cardiac arrestplaysa role.
However, in a healthy heart, for example, in a study where dogs were given chest alternativeflowof
60 CPS, the risk of ventricular fibrillation was increased.This risk is greater in ventricular tachycardia.
(25)
EMF and ELF have been shown to have directeffects on the cell membrane level. It has been
shown to induce redistribution of membrane receptors for transferrin and low-density lipoprotein.
(Cho et al,1994)
The resultis that each hair cell containsits own electrical resonancemechanism,which is the
majority of the frequency selection of the receptor potential. All cells also showevidenceof a large
band-pass filter;the high frequency part can be produced by the middleear movement. (26) The
connection oscillationsin hisbrain arerelated to different behavioral situations.The internal
resonanceproperties of neurons form the basis of these vibrations.Hypocampus CA1 pyramidal
neurons resonate at the theta (θ) frequencies (2-7 Hz). To investigatethe mechanisms underlying
tetra resonance,full-cell assayswere performed on CA1 pyramidal cells(n = 73) in rat hippocampal
slices.Currents oscillatingatdifferent frequencies (ZAP protocol) showed a net resonance with peak
impedance at ≈33 ° C at 2-5 Hz (≈7 Hz at ≈38 ° C). (27)
Figure 10: Brain waves and electrical frequencies
One study examined plasma lipid peroxidelevels in Sprague-Dawley rats and the effects of exposure
to extremely low frequency electric fields (ELF EFs) on antioxidantactivity (AOA). The test is based on
a 7-day comparison between the oxidativeagent 2,2'-azobis (2-aminopropane) dihydrochloride
(AAPH) and the rats treated with a combination of 50 Hz EF with a concentration of 17.5 kV / m for 15

8. minutes per day. This data shows that the ELF EF used in this study affects an oxidativestressed rat
lipid peroxidelevel.(22)
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome (EHS)
It is thought that the prevalence of nafta is closeto 10 percent. It occurs with nonspecific symptoms;
redness, tingling,and burning,as well as neurasthenic and vegetative symptoms (fatigue, fatigue,
difficulty concentrating,dizziness,nausea,heartstiffness,and digestivedisturbances).This syndrome
was firstmentioned in 1996 at International Programon Chemical Safety (IPCS).
Three factors have been identified that causegore environmental effects;
1) Chemical factors
2) Immunological factors
3) Electromagnetic factors
The interesting information is thatEMF severity is notrelated to the severity of symptoms. (28)
Electrical Hemolysis
Cells aresomehow hemolyzed by some electrical effects on the cell.Exposure of human erythrocytes
under a few kV / cm high voltage pulseunder isotonic conditionsleadsto complete hemolysis of red
cells.Experiments made here show that hemolysis is caused by the influenceof the electric field.
Voltage vibra- tion of the erythrocyte suspension can create a transmembrane potential alongthe cell
membrane and open pores in the red cells ata critical point.Reduce erythrocyte pores in the isotonic
saline.They allowthe passageof potassiumand sodiumions but do not allowthe passageof sucrose
and hemoglobin molecules.
Pores are larger under low ionic conditionsand allowsucrosemolecules to pass,butunder no
circumstances can hemoglobin pass directly as a consequenceof the voltage pulse. Becauseit's a big
molecule.
(29)
Membrane Fusion Phenomen
One study was performed with cells treated with trypsin or neuroaminidaseand with cells not treated
with anything. After fixed time (pulse) after certain time intervals (pulse) and followingthe
orientation of the doublets in the static electric field.Surprisingly,a high diffusion constantof about3
x 10 cm2 / s was obtained ata surprisingrate,and a delay in diffusion kineticswas observed in cells
treated with neuraminidase,and this fusion may be due to limited growth.The data show that
protease treatment triggers an electric field-induced cell-cell fusion.(30) The DC field provides
dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane to induceonly the cell fusion,whilethe oscillatingelectric
field does not only produce a dielectric breakdown,but also can lead to structural fatigueat the same
time.
On the other hand, the oscillatingelectric field does notonly produce a dielectric breakdown,but it
can also producea sonic motion that can bringstructural fatigueto the membrane. Thus, a
combination of a DC field and a swingingfield is expected to increasethe efficiency of cell poration
and cell fusion.(31) Here, high density, DC-shifted RF (radio frequency) electric field pulses were used
to inducecell density and cell fusion.Fusion experiments were performed on human red blood cells.

9. The porination experiments were performed in a fibroblastcell cultureusinga molecular probe(a
marker gene is chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,a DNA plasmid containingCAT). (32) Cell fusion
plays a very importantrole in modern biotechnology.For example, a key procedure in genetic
engineering is the introduction of exogenous genetic material into a host cell.The insertion of such
genes is carried out by permeabilizingthe cell membrane to permit entry of the genetic material or by
fusingthe host cell with a cell containingthe desired genetic material.(Fusion) (32) Furthermore, cell
fusion can be achieved by continuously dividingcancer cellssuch as myeloma cells (Galfreetal.,
1977; Lo et al., 1984) and the production of monoclonal antibodies which requirethe assembly of
antibody producingcells.In addition,cell fusion can beused as a microinjection techniquewhen
drugs that normally do not enter a cell areadministered.(Schlegel and Lieber, 1987).
Figure 11: Behavior between cells under fusion and cell death under electric field
Membrane Electroporation Fenomeni
The electric field is the change of membrane permeability of cells.Therapeutic models arebeing
developed usingthis phenomenon today. (32)
RESULTS
As a result, we generally transferred the effects of the electric field on the cell with new treatment
methods in the context of a comprehensive review. This information will providesomenew
treatment methods in the future. However, these methods of treatment areas reliableas other
methods and will providenew scientific articles likethis reviewwhich will be done in this regard.
The real reason for doingthis compilation is to providesolid evidencefor our hypotheses. Therefore,
we wanted to includehypotheses that we have created on the basis of compilation beforepassingto
the conclusion.
Oxidativestress lies atthe root of many diseases as isknown.The roleof oxidativestress in a disease,
such as autism,in which the causeis unknown and can not be cured, is now accepted reality.
Reducing the oxidativestress of electrical waves has led to the use of electric waves in the firsttwo
years,which play a rolein the development of autism. Accordingto this hypothesis we have
developed from this compilation,theuse of ELF in the firsttwo years will reducethe symptoms of
autism.Is itpossibleto use ELF, which can affect the brain with mechanisms thatare still notfully
known in the brain for oxidativestress,which is especially noticed in the firsttwo years of autism?
Can the mother's stomach be used for risky individualsand risky individuals? The answer to these

10. questions can be found in the future. UsingELF in high-risk individualsmay prevent the development
of autism.Depression pathophysiology has been a curiosity for many years and is notfully
enlightened. Several hypotheses have been put forward. In our current knowledge, the
pathophysiology hypothesis of depression is oneof the most accepted hypotheses. Here, prefrontal
cortex neurons explain dementia of atrophy in behavioral signs of depression such as slowingmood
changes. If we think that every neuron in the neurons' dendritic atrophy brain is makinghundreds of
thousands of synapses,and the synapses arecreatinga certain electric field,the prefrontal cortex will
be an electric field loss.Reconstitutingthis electric field with ELF can amelioratethe symptoms of
depression caused by prefrontal cortex. In most cancers itis difficultto get a chemotherapeutic drug
into cancer cells.If electroporation with an oscillatingelectric field,or perhaps electrofusion,can be
provided, chemotherapeutic drugs can be introduced into the cancer cells.In other diseases,other
drugs may be introduced into the cell.We recommend the useof RF field and AC electric field
together to create electrophoresis (and / or electrofusion).
Could we say that the reduction of prefrontal cortex electric field in depressed people further
increases the dentritic atrophy, and that the reason for the progression of depression and lack of
responsiveness,particularly in unfavorablepeople? Can the ELF be passed to the depressivedisorder
to reduce the electric field in the prefrontal cortex? Can ELF increasedendritic branching? These
questions can be given as a result of the compilation wehave made. Let us firstsay the presentation.
Normally,nerve cells do not break apartif they have a general look. But there are two exceptions.
There are two parts of the cell division.Dentat girus and hippocampus.But even in these, the division
is atthe lower levels.In the pathophysiologic hypothesis wehave justdescribed in depression,the
gore hippocampus cell division slows down and even stops.This,in turn, makes thinkingand focus
difficult,increasingforgetfulness.This focus on depression explains theproblem of forgetfulness,
slowingthought. 50% of the world population in the 2020s will besufferingfrom depression and
depression will riseto the firstplacein the morbid.After that, the depression models will need
more.LF and other frekans in the electric waves due to the influenceof the cell metabolismthat we
mentioned in the previous slides,firstly stop the cell division of the hippocampus,Can we
experimentally create the reminiscenceeffects, and perhaps providean experimental depression
model?
We intend to prevent the subsequent killingof chemically damaged,uncontrolled dividingtumors by
electrical resonancein our future studies,or otherwise preventing them from being cleaved. In
physics,the resonanceis known as the infiniteamplitudeof the amplitude.If you make an excitation
at the same phasewith a frequency equal to the operating frequency, you will causeresonanceto
occur.The most obvious example of this is the Tacoma Narrows bridge. The bridgeresonated and
soon became a place.When excited, each material has a resonancefrequency. If the frequency is
adjusted by the same orally and increased by an external force, each item can be divided into its
parts.This principleis the principlethatNikola Tesla uses when trying to make an earthquake
machinein his time. We will usethe same principlefor livingorganisms and cells.In the direction of
the sourcescans we make, we are aimingto stimulatethe cell from the outside by usingsound,
electricity,electric field and by usingthis stimulus to resonate the cell or tissue.After we scanned
dozens of articles,we confirmed that the cancerous cells were damaged under low-frequency electric
field and that their structure was deteriorated. Our next work will be to design the cells so that they
can find the frequencies of operation and warn them from the outsidethat they areleastlikely to
harm healthy cells in the environment. With the help of electrical resonance,the tumors to provide
the resonanceof the cells;organ,tissue,cell,and molecular levels.
As we discussed in thediscussion,ELF decreases proteinaseC activity and increases protein kinaseA
activity.Protein kinasehas adverseeffects on C atherosclerosisand proteininaseplaysa protective
rolefor atherosclerosis.In this situation,ELF may play a rolein the treatment of atherosclerosis.

11. Anxiety disorders in theanxiety disorder and almostthe samesymptoms as the anxiety disorder in
the anxiety disorder (anxiety disorders,12%).he led this thought.
In anxiety disorders,the progressivechangein electrical frequencies may be at the basis of the vicious
cycle,which is the most stressful and the causeof inability to withdraw. We will notforget that the
brain is oneof the most affected organs from both EMF and ELF. This led us to think about it.
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