ANALYSIS OF DURIAN (Durio spp

By :
Elisa Nur Halimah
125040200111161
Supervised By :
Dr. Ir. Damanhuri, MS.
THE ANALYSIS OF DURIAN (Durio spp.) RELATIONSHIP BASED ON
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN BANYUWANGI, EAST JAVA

INTRODUCTION
What is durian?
How about durian in
Banyuwangi?
What have to do?

INTRODUCTION
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) Included in the family Bombacaceae
which is known as tropical fruit from South east Asia, especially
Indonesia. Durian included climateric fruit, enclosed seed
(Angiospermae) and seedlings usually with two seed leaves or
cotyledons.
What is durian?

INTRODUCTION
Banyuwangi has some kind of local durian, one of which is Banyuwangi red
durian. Banyuwangi red durian is horticultural plant which is quite rare, endemic
and exotic. In addition to the red durian, Banyuwangi also has durian with white
and yellow flesh colour. The high diversity of durian Banyuwangi can be used as a
base asset in the plant breeding such as selection and crossbreeding.
How about durian in
Banyuwangi?

INTRODUCTION
Supporting these activities, should be characterized to determine the relationship
between the types of durian (Durio spp.). The closer relationship between the types
of durian can improve crossbreeding succes in the breeding program. Genetic
relationship between genotypes in the durian population can be measured by the
same number of characters with assumption is different characters between the
types of durian shows different genotype.
What have to do?

PURPOSES AND HYPOTHESES
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
diversity of Banyuwangi durian and knowing the
coefficient of genetic similarity and also
relationship based on their morphology
characters.

PURPOSES AND HYPOTHESES
There is difference in characteristic and
genetic relationship between the types of
Banyuwangi durian.

KALIPURO SUBDISTRICT
• Sample 9 latitude/longitude: 8006’11.70” S and 114016’39.42” E, elevation :
1080 m above the sea level, rainfall : 7,08 mm3
• Sample 10 latitude/longitude: 8009’30.71” S and 114019’32.41” E, elevation
: 1080 m above the sea level, rainfall : 7,08 mm3

KALIPURO SUBDISTRICT

GIRI SUBDISTRICT

GLAGAH SUBDISTRICT

LICIN SUBDISTRICT

SONGGON SUBDISTRICT
238 m above the sea level, and rainfall : 23,25 mm3
238 m above the sea level, and rainfall : 23,25 mm3

RESEARCH TIME
Research conducted in November 2015 up
to March 2016.

MATERIALS AND TOOLS
CAMERA
SQUANT
DESCRIPTOR BOOK
QUESTIONNAIRE
STATIONARY
YELLOW DURIAN
RED DURIAN
WHITE DURIAN

METHODS, VARIABEL, AND ANALYSIS
1
4
3
2

RESEARCH METHODS
3
The method used is a exploration, it search
about durian plants location in the 5 research
subdistricts and interview is method of collecting data
through structured question to each durian farmer, then
all of the answers obtained is recorded, processed, and
analyzed Identification is also conducted to directly
observe durian trees using durian descriptors guide
books from Bioversity International.
Identification using qualitative and quantitative
descriptive methods. Identification on the vegetative and
generative organs of plants, based on the morphology
character is observed both qualitatively and
quantitatively then elaborated descriptively.
4
1

VARIABEL OBSERVATION
4
• Growth descriptor (trunk surface, crown shape, tree
growth habit, branching density)
• Leaf descriptor (leaf upper and lower surface colour,
leaf attitude, leaf blade shape, leaf apex shape, leaf
base shape, leaf blade margin, leaf texture, leaf upper
and lower surface glossiness)
• Fruit descriptor (fruit shape, shape of fruit apex,
shape of fruit base, fruit spine shape, fruit spine
density, aril texture, flesh colour )
• Seed descriptor ( seed shape, seed coat colour, seed
coat colour intensity)
1
2

VARIABEL OBSERVATION
1
2
3
Leaf blade length, fruit stalk
length, and number of carpels per
fruit.

DATAANALYSIS
2
Qualitative and quantitative characters are
transformed into binary data. Qualitative and
quantitative data are assessed numerically that illustrates
the differences.
Data from the observations that have been
transformed, arranged into table form using Microsoft
Excel, then analyzed the matrix similarity with
SIMQUAL procedure (Similarity for qualitative data)
and continued analysis of grouping using SAHN
(Sequential Agglomerative Hierarchycal Nested Cluster
Analysis) procedure in NTSYS program version 2.02
3
4

GENERAL CONDITION OF DURIAN HABITAT

KALIPURO
Village Planting Areas Topography
Type of Durio
Discovered
Kelir
Yard Flat 1 red durio
Yard Flat 1 yellow durio
Field Flat 1 red durio
Gombengsari
Yard Flat 1 white durio
Telemong
Field Flat 1 white durio
Yard Flat 1 white durio
Bulu Sari Yard Flat 1 white durio

GIRI
Type of Durio
Discovered
Grogol Field Flat 1 white durio

GLAGAH
Type of Durio
Discovered
Paspan Field Flat 1 yellow durio
Kenja Field Flat 1 white durio
Kemiren Yard Flat 1 red durio
Kampung AnyarYard, near stream Slope 1 yellow durio
Tamansuruh Yard Flat 1 white durio
Olehsari
Paddy, near
stream
Flat 1 red durio
Field Flat 1 white durio

LICIN
Type of Durio
Discovered
Banjar
Field Flat 1 yellow durio
Licin

SONGGON
Village Planting Areas
Topograp
hy
Type of Durio
Discovered
Balak Field, near stream Flat
1 yellow durio, 1
white durio, dan 2
red durio
Songgon Yard, near stream Flat 1 yellow durio
Bayu
Forest with stand of coffe, vanilla,
and mangosteen
Flat
1 red durio dan 1
white durio

CULTIVATION TECHNICAL
PROPAGATION METHODS
Most of the farmers were in
Kalipuro, Songgon, Licin, and
Giri used seeds in their
propagation methods. It was
different from Glagah farmer
whom used grafting technique
in propagation methods (about
85,71%) and the other also
used seeds (about 14,29%) in
durian propagation
2
3 4

IRRIGATION
All farmers were in Kalipuro,
Licin, and Giri used rainfed
irrigation to irrigate durian
plants, whereas Songgon and
Glagah farmers, about 20%,
combined with pump
irrigation. Pump irrigation
was only done when drought,
it utilized river as water
sources (some durian habitats
were near the stream)
1
3 4

FERTILIZATION
All of the farmers were in
Licin, Glagah, and Giri used
goat manure to supplay
durian nutrition, whereas
farmers were in Kalipuro and
Songgon used manure and
urea for their durian plants
(about 27,27% in the Kalipuro
and 14,29% in the Songgon).
In the Kalipuro Subdistrict,
giving urea was intended to
coffe plant, yet durian plants
also given because of near with
coffe plant
1 2
4

PLANTING LOCATION
In the Kalipuro subdistrict, durian
plant is planted as much as 54,55% in
the yard and 45,45% in the small land
(< 5 ha). In the Songgon subdistrict,
durian plant is planted as much as
14,29% in the yard and 85,71% in the
small land (< 5 ha). In the Glagah
subdistrict, durian plant is planted as
much as 42,86% in the yard and
57,14% in the small land (< 5 ha). In
the Licin subdistrict, durian plant is
planted as much as 75% in the yard
and 25% in the small land (< 5 ha). In
the Giri subdistrict, durian plant is
planted as much as 100% in the small
land (< 5 ha) (research only done in 1
farmer).
1 2
3

MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERS OF WHITE DURIAN

MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERS OF RED DURIAN

MORPHOLOGY CHARACTERS OF YELLOW DURIAN

PARTICULAR MARKER
Based on 28 characters observed in each of white, red, and yellow durian, only flesh
colour character that can be created as particular marker or differentiator between
the three types of durian. Other characters, also had by three types of durian so
between of red, white, and yellow durian hardly distinguished, especially in the
vegetative phase.

THE COLOUR DIFFERENCE OF FLESH
Flesh colour characters in Banyuwangi
durians divided into three groups which
are red, white, and yellow colour. Flesh
colours of red durians divided into three
groups, which are blocking red, reddish
orange, and pink-orange. Flesh colours
of yellow durians divided into three
groups, which are yellow, lemon yellow,
and yellowish orange whereas flesh
colour of white durians, only have one
colour is creamy white.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS
Range coefficients of cluster analysis on
Banyuwangi durian, located between 0,79-
0,86. Cahyarini, Yunus, and Purwanto
(2004) reported relationship between plants
had a similarity coefficient range ≥0,6
relatively close, whereas similarity
coefficient range <0,6 farthest.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS
The closest relationship there between
white durian of Songgon (2 P.S) with
white durian of Kalipuro (28 P.K) and
also between white durian of Glagah
(14 P.G) with yellow durian of Glagah
(20 K.G) on the coefficient 0.86

CLUSTER ANALYSIS
The farthest relationship there
between yellow durian of Licin (23
K.L) with twenty-nine other
durians on the coefficient 0,79. This
is because 23 K.L sample has a
elliptical crown shape

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YELLOW-YELLOW DURIAN
0,835

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHITE-WHITE DURIAN

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RED-RED DURIAN
0,8350,805

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RED-WHITE DURIAN
0,805

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RED-YELLOW DURIAN
0,835

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHITE-YELLOW DURIAN

CONCLUSION
• Grouping of durian types in Banyuwangi based on
flesh colours, besides white, yellow, and red durian
have many similarity morphology so hardly
distinguished as vegetative phase
• The closest relationship there between white durian of
Songgon (2 P.S) with white durian of Kalipuro (28 P.K)
and also between white durian of Glagah (14 P.G) with
yellow durian of Glagah (20 K.G) on the coefficient
0.86. The farthest relationship there between yellow
durian of Licin (23 K.L) with twenty-nine other
durians on the coefficient 0,79.
• Relationship in every durian types shows the farthest
relationship to closest, respectively : 1) yellow-yellow
durians; 2) red-red durians; 3) white-white durians.
Relationship transtypes of durian shows the farthest
relationship to closest, respectively: 1) red-yellow
durians; 2) yellow-white durians; 3) red-white durians

ANALYSIS OF DURIAN (Durio spp

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