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Does the economy have an impact on crime Introduce This paper will research the economic projects, which examine the effect of median income in crime. Therefore, this paper will look into the literature review, the model part and the empirical results. Another part of the report shall analysis the data to be used in the sample study Finally, the paper will consider the empirical results, which include, regression results for at least one given model. Consequently, the paper will provide interpretation and discussion of the results obtained from the regression models. The project assumes that the economy can affect the crime rate. In other words, the paper will test to see if the economic situation can affect the crime rate for citizens. Therefore, there are several variables that will be evaluated in the model to determine the position of the above hypothesis. The variables include, economic (median income), unemployment rate, race, and age. The types of crimes that are violent crimes and property crimes. Literature Review there is the evaluation of the past studies that have been done and they are apparently similar or related to the current study. According to Goulas and Zervoyianni, (Zervoyianni, 2013) they argue that where is increased crime rates there’s an asymmetrical impact on the development in the economy. As seen, the report looks at the other angle of crime affecting economics and hence provides insights on the counterargument that can be developed in the research. The other paper that we can refer to the argument by Randi and Lance (Lochner, 2012), that propose that the education levels are far more impactful on the crime than ever considered. They argue that the initial policies to eradicate crime focus on the punishment and retribution instead of embarking on education policies that can be more efficient in the determination of lower crime levels. They conclude that there is very close correlation of the crime and the education levels of a particular set of population statistics. The other research paper that is relevant in the study is the discussion by Benjamin, Manish and Nair (Benjamin Powell, 2010). This is a similar paper to the analysis we had in the first paper. The counterargument that the crime is the variable that relates to the economy. They are of opinion that certain crimes such as corruption can both increase or decrease economic growth. However, the comparison between the different nations was difficult, owing to the fact that it is difficult to ascertain what is crime in one nation and what is crime in another nation. This was the biggest challenge in the research. The Regression Model. The use of the model is to enable, generalization of the crime in terms of the variables that are considered to affect it. It allows the calculation of any given crime rate provided the coefficients affecting the impact of the variables in the given model. The model is described below: 1. 2. Variable table De.
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Crime and unemployment
This document provides a research report on the relationship between crime and unemployment. It begins with an introduction discussing how decreasing economic incentives can increase criminal activities. It then reviews previous literature that has found a positive relationship between unemployment and various crime categories. Definitions of crime and unemployment are also provided. The report finds that unemployment can increase criminal behavior through reducing opportunities for legal earnings and increasing incentives to engage in criminal acts for monetary gain. Policies to increase employment can thus help reduce crime rates.
Thesis Final Draft
This thesis examines various variable selection methods for predicting crime rates using a 1990 US crime database. The author applies stepwise selection, lasso, elastic net, principal component regression, best random subset selection, and regression trees to select predictive variables and compare model performance. Variables consistently associated with crime rates include measures of employment, urbanization, income, poverty, ethnicity, and family structure. The best random subset selection method produced the highest out-of-sample R^2 and an unbiased assessment of model fit when applied to test data, performing better than other methods like lasso and elastic net. Predicting crime is difficult but variable selection techniques help identify important predictive factors and evaluate model performance.
Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Internal validity.httpwww.socialres
Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Internal validity.
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intval.php
Please follow link:^^^^^
Social Work Research: Chi Square
Molly, an administrator with a regional organization that advocates for alternatives to long-term prison sentences for nonviolent offenders, asked a team of researchers to conduct an outcome evaluation of a new vocational rehabilitation program for recently paroled prison inmates. The primary goal of the program is to promote full-time employment among its participants.
To evaluate the program, the evaluators decided to use a quasi-experimental research design. The program enrolled 30 individuals to participate in the new program. Additionally, there was a waiting list of 30 other participants who planned to enroll after the first group completed the program. After the first group of 30 participants completed the vocational program (the “intervention” group), the researchers compared those participants’ levels of employment with the 30 on the waiting list (the “comparison” group).
In order to collect data on employment levels, the probation officers for each of the 60 people in the sample (those in both the intervention and comparison groups) completed a short survey on the status of each client in the sample. The survey contained demographic questions that included an item that inquired about the employment level of the client. This was measured through variables identified as none, part-time, or full-time. A hard copy of the survey was mailed to each probation officer and a stamped, self-addressed envelope was provided for return of the survey to the researchers.
After the surveys were returned, the researchers entered the data into an SPSS program for statistical analysis. Because both the independent variable (participation in the vocational rehabilitation program) and dependent variable (employment outcome) used nominal/categorical measurement, the bivariate statistic selected to compare the outcome of the two groups was the Pearson chi-square.
After all of the information was entered into the SPSS program, the following output charts were generated:
TABLE 1. CASE PROCESSING SUMMARY
Cases
Valid
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Program
Participation
*Employment
59
98.3%
1
1.7%
60
100.0%
TABLE 2. PROGRAM PARTICIPATION *EMPLOYMENT CROSS TABULATION
Employment
Total
None
Part-Time
Full-Time
Program
Participation
Intervention
Group
Count % within Program Participation
5
16.7%
7
23.3%
18
60.0%
30
100.0%
Comparison
Group
Count % within Program Participation
16
55.2%
7
24.1%
6
20.7%
29
100.0%
Total
Count % within Program Participation
21
35.6%
14
23.7%
24
40.7%
59
100.0%
TABLE 3. CHI-SQUARE TESTS
Value
df
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
11.748a
2
.003
Likelihood Ratio
12.321
2
.002
Linear-by-Linear Association
11.548
1
.001
N of Valid Cases
59
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.88.
The first table, titled Case ...
Police and crime trends
The document discusses the evidence around police effectiveness in reducing crime trends. In the 1970s-1980s (the "bad"), studies generally found no effect of police strategies on crime rates. In the 1990s-2000s (the "good"), well-designed studies showed positive crime prevention outcomes from focused police strategies, but did not allow inferences about overall crime trends. The problem is that while recent studies show police can reduce crime locally, more research is needed to understand their influence on city- and nationwide crime rates over time. Large multi-city trials are needed to answer the "crime trends question."
January 24, 2014Module 1M1 Research Jour.docx
January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future research on more specific matters ...
07382093
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the employment effects of minimum wage increases using panel data from nine cities in Hubei Province, China from 1995 to 2012. It describes the selection of variables like employment, minimum wage, lagged minimum wage, and GDP as a control. It also discusses the use of fixed effects and random effects models for panel data analysis and describes limitations of prior time series and natural experiment studies on minimum wages. The key findings were that minimum wage increases did not have significant negative effects on current employment but may have effects in the future, suggesting China's labor market follows monopolistic theories more than competitive theories.
ArticleSex Offender Recidivism Revisited Review ofRecen.docx
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
ArticleSex Offender Recidivism Revisited Review ofRecen.docx
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
Recommended
Crime and unemployment
This document provides a research report on the relationship between crime and unemployment. It begins with an introduction discussing how decreasing economic incentives can increase criminal activities. It then reviews previous literature that has found a positive relationship between unemployment and various crime categories. Definitions of crime and unemployment are also provided. The report finds that unemployment can increase criminal behavior through reducing opportunities for legal earnings and increasing incentives to engage in criminal acts for monetary gain. Policies to increase employment can thus help reduce crime rates.
Thesis Final Draft
This thesis examines various variable selection methods for predicting crime rates using a 1990 US crime database. The author applies stepwise selection, lasso, elastic net, principal component regression, best random subset selection, and regression trees to select predictive variables and compare model performance. Variables consistently associated with crime rates include measures of employment, urbanization, income, poverty, ethnicity, and family structure. The best random subset selection method produced the highest out-of-sample R^2 and an unbiased assessment of model fit when applied to test data, performing better than other methods like lasso and elastic net. Predicting crime is difficult but variable selection techniques help identify important predictive factors and evaluate model performance.
Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Internal validity.httpwww.socialres
Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Internal validity.
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intval.php
Please follow link:^^^^^
Social Work Research: Chi Square
Molly, an administrator with a regional organization that advocates for alternatives to long-term prison sentences for nonviolent offenders, asked a team of researchers to conduct an outcome evaluation of a new vocational rehabilitation program for recently paroled prison inmates. The primary goal of the program is to promote full-time employment among its participants.
To evaluate the program, the evaluators decided to use a quasi-experimental research design. The program enrolled 30 individuals to participate in the new program. Additionally, there was a waiting list of 30 other participants who planned to enroll after the first group completed the program. After the first group of 30 participants completed the vocational program (the “intervention” group), the researchers compared those participants’ levels of employment with the 30 on the waiting list (the “comparison” group).
In order to collect data on employment levels, the probation officers for each of the 60 people in the sample (those in both the intervention and comparison groups) completed a short survey on the status of each client in the sample. The survey contained demographic questions that included an item that inquired about the employment level of the client. This was measured through variables identified as none, part-time, or full-time. A hard copy of the survey was mailed to each probation officer and a stamped, self-addressed envelope was provided for return of the survey to the researchers.
After the surveys were returned, the researchers entered the data into an SPSS program for statistical analysis. Because both the independent variable (participation in the vocational rehabilitation program) and dependent variable (employment outcome) used nominal/categorical measurement, the bivariate statistic selected to compare the outcome of the two groups was the Pearson chi-square.
After all of the information was entered into the SPSS program, the following output charts were generated:
TABLE 1. CASE PROCESSING SUMMARY
Cases
Valid
Missing
Total
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Program
Participation
*Employment
59
98.3%
1
1.7%
60
100.0%
TABLE 2. PROGRAM PARTICIPATION *EMPLOYMENT CROSS TABULATION
Employment
Total
None
Part-Time
Full-Time
Program
Participation
Intervention
Group
Count % within Program Participation
5
16.7%
7
23.3%
18
60.0%
30
100.0%
Comparison
Group
Count % within Program Participation
16
55.2%
7
24.1%
6
20.7%
29
100.0%
Total
Count % within Program Participation
21
35.6%
14
23.7%
24
40.7%
59
100.0%
TABLE 3. CHI-SQUARE TESTS
Value
df
Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
11.748a
2
.003
Likelihood Ratio
12.321
2
.002
Linear-by-Linear Association
11.548
1
.001
N of Valid Cases
59
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6.88.
The first table, titled Case ...
Police and crime trends
The document discusses the evidence around police effectiveness in reducing crime trends. In the 1970s-1980s (the "bad"), studies generally found no effect of police strategies on crime rates. In the 1990s-2000s (the "good"), well-designed studies showed positive crime prevention outcomes from focused police strategies, but did not allow inferences about overall crime trends. The problem is that while recent studies show police can reduce crime locally, more research is needed to understand their influence on city- and nationwide crime rates over time. Large multi-city trials are needed to answer the "crime trends question."
January 24, 2014Module 1M1 Research Jour.docx
January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future research on more specific matters ...
07382093
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the employment effects of minimum wage increases using panel data from nine cities in Hubei Province, China from 1995 to 2012. It describes the selection of variables like employment, minimum wage, lagged minimum wage, and GDP as a control. It also discusses the use of fixed effects and random effects models for panel data analysis and describes limitations of prior time series and natural experiment studies on minimum wages. The key findings were that minimum wage increases did not have significant negative effects on current employment but may have effects in the future, suggesting China's labor market follows monopolistic theories more than competitive theories.
ArticleSex Offender Recidivism Revisited Review ofRecen.docx
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
ArticleSex Offender Recidivism Revisited Review ofRecen.docx
Article
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of
Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex
Offender Treatment
Bitna Kim
1
, Peter J. Benekos
2
, and Alida V. Merlo
1
Abstract
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature
reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant
optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to com-
pare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly,
this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of
this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as ‘‘proven’’ or at least ‘‘promising,’’ while age
of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings
include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders,
and outlining future areas of research.
Keywords
offenders, sexual assault, recidivism, intervention
Introduction
The topic of sex offenders generally elicits fear and anxiety
from the public and contributes to punitive policies aimed at
harsh, exclusionary punishments. The perspective that commu-
nities need to be protected from sex offenders through incar-
ceration and surveillance often overshadows the prospects
that treatment can also provide public safety. In their study,
Kernsmith, Craun, and Foster (2009) found that citizen respon-
dents who reported higher levels of fear of sex offenders were
more supportive of registration requirements for sex offenders.
Levenson, Brannon, Fortney, and Baker (2007) also reported
that public perceptions of sex offenders reflect public anxiety
and support for community protection.
Although negative attitudes toward sex offenders are not
reflective of all countries, cultural differences and historical
context can account for less punitive public responses. For
example, McAlinden (2012) found that therapeutic interven-
tions for sex offenders were more prevalent in European coun-
tries than in England and Wales. She attributes this to a more
scientific and medical approach to sex offending across Europe
and less emphasis on ‘‘sexual abuse as a moral, legal, and social
problem’’ (p. 170). Nevertheless, the sex offender problem has
become more serious across Europe and policies reflect a shift
toward more punitive attitudes and sanctions (McAlinden,
2012). Not only in European countries but also in the United
States, one of the misgivings about how to respond to sex
offenders concerns the effectiveness of treatment.
In this article, the authors address the treatment issue by
updat.
ArticleSex Offender Recidivism Revisited Review ofRecen.docx
This document summarizes a study that reviewed 11 meta-analyses on the effects of sex offender treatment programs. The main findings are:
1) Sex offender treatments that utilize cognitive behavioral therapy and relapse prevention, such as with multisystemic therapy, can be considered "proven" or "promising" in reducing recidivism according to the criteria used.
2) Younger sex offenders may be more responsive to treatment, as cognitive behavioral approaches were found to be most effective for juvenile sex offenders in reducing recidivism.
3) While hormonal treatments can reduce recidivism, cognitive behavioral therapy tends to have higher completion rates and may be more advantageous as a treatment approach.
An Experimental Study of Crime Investigation using Machine Learning
Crime Investigation process suffers from various problems. One of the biggest problems is finding crime
offense and suspect. Taking into consideration that the knowledge about crime event may not only enough for
investigator to deduce the crimes, he may check on the crime cases solved previously that have similar ground than that
of current one, finding the generalized information to solve the current case problem. Using this new information would
leads to many deductions including the crime offense and even the murderer. This could possibly make the work of the
investigator much easier in solving the crime case. This paper provides an overview of the system that deploys a
machine learning algorithm which would help in investigating crime scenes. The algorithm would take case evidences,
witnesses and forensic reports as inputs, draws some of the inferences on crime offense and give output. The algorithm
also provides Bayesian network for more clear understanding of the findings.
Review Journal 1A simplified mathematical-computational model of .docx
Review Journal 1
A simplified mathematical-computational model of the immune response to the yellow fever vaccine
1. This model can be improved in a way if there are more test subjects and more variables and parameters with test data is added. Plus the mathematical process is always improvable so if there is an equation which is more better for this experiments then it’s can improve the model and experiment with development. Another try is to improve the qualitative results obtained from our model. Additional computational experiments, such as the effects of a) a booster dose and b) a reduction in the population of TCD8+ naive. Also, a sensitivity analysis will be performed to identify sensitive parameters and to identify connections between change in parameters values and computational results.
2. if more cases or more experiments were added then it could be more expanded research and could improve the research more but the similar results are achieved by the shorter experiments so we can say this number of experiments were enough. But there is always a room left for improvements. The second difference between the two models is that this work reduces the amount of equations from 19 to 10. The reduced model described in this work considers only the main populations of cells and molecules involved in the response to the vaccine, and abstracts some details that are not crucial to represent the behavior of the immune response. For example, the distinct compartments are not represented here. Also, some populations were not considered because no experimental data is available to validate the simulations, such as the CD4+ T cells. In future, more cell or molecule can be included in the model again, if its role is important to explain or represent some behavior that the reduced model presented in this section could not represent. That was something in the first paper journal which was not satisfactory for me.
3. This model can be applied to the numerous medical applications like cancer immunity and other immune vaccinations for the diseases or viruses in the open environment which are lethal and are possible to cure in the future. The virus cannot proliferate itself, it needs to infect a cell and use it as a factory for new viruses. This is implicitly considered in the term πvV , which represents the multiplication of the virus in the body, with a production rate πv. The term cv1V cv2+V denotes a non-specific viral clearance made by the innate immune system
4. The main problem which was to solve is that the author needs something authentic calculations to perform the experiment to show the results of that experiment as negative and for that only programming and developing an algorithm or a program is not enough. It needs the proper calculations of the human body and cells about each and every details in depth. So that’s why it was necessary to include the calculations in the immune system development. Previously the author wasn’t including proper cal.
Crime Analysis based on Historical and Transportation Data
Contains experimental results based on real crime data from an urban city. Our set of statistics reveals seasonality in crime patterns to accompany predictive machine learning models assessing the risks of crime. Moreover, this work provides a discussion on implementation, design for a prototype of cloud based crime analytics dashboard.
r The Impact of Social Policy Pranab Chatterjee an.docx
r
The Impact of
Social Policy
Pranab Chatterjee and Diwakar Vadapalli
'"I·-\ere is increasing recognition today that social policies and programs
should be carefully evaluated to determine whether they do, in fact,
meet their stated objectives. Althongh it has often been assumed that social
policies have a positive impact, this assumption has been called into question
by many critics of government social programs. This chapter discusses the
ways in which the impact of social policies can be assessed. It describes the
principles and techniques used in different types of evaluation. Although
evaluation research has become increasingly sophisticated, values and ideolo
gies continue to play an important role in deciding which policy approaches
work best.
___________ The logic of Bmpact Analysis
Rossi and Freeman (1985, 1993) and Rossi, Lipsey, and Freeman (2004)
observe that there are four phases of social policy evaluation. These are
needs assessment, selection of a program to respond to needs, impact evalu
ation, and cost-benefit analysis. Upon outlining the four phases of evalua
tion, they discuss many experimental, quasi-experimental, and time-series
designs that can be used for program evaluation. Mohr (1995) singled out
the idea of impact evaluation and called it an attempt to isolate the direct
effects of a policy (or, more precisely, a program derived from a policy) apart
from any confounding environmental effects. Earlier, Suchman (1967) sng
gested tbat a program is a form of social experiment, and any evaluation of
it leads to the conclusion tbat the program does or does not produce given
social ends. Following Suchrnan's ideas, Riecken and Baruch (1974) listed
ways of evaluating the impact of social experiments, many of which can be
construed as preludes to new forms of social policy. Schalock (2001), using
83
84
I
THE NATURE OF SOCIAL POLICY
T
these contributions, defined outcome-based evaluation as evaluation that
uses valued and objective person- and organization-referenced outcon1es to
analyze a program's effectiveness, impact, or efficiency. Snchman (1967), in
his earlier work, had stated that, if any one program does not produce given
social ends, one should conclude that it is a case of program failure.
However, if it seems that a substantial number of programs, all similar
in nature, do not produce given ends, then it indicates a case of theory fail
ure. In other words, the theory that generated the programs (as interven
tions to bring about a change) has been developed on faulty premises.
The groundwork of Rossi and Suchman on impact analysis (both of
social programs and of the parent policies or theories on which they rest) is
based on the assumption that quantitative analysis and multivariate design
will produce knowledge about the impact of social policies and programs.
Ask a typical policy analyst, academic, or program-administrator about the
impact of social ...
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Effectiveness of Crime Control Measures in Nigeria
This document summarizes a research study on the effectiveness of crime control measures in Nigeria. The study assessed the role of citizens in crime prevention and identified the causes and impacts of crime. A descriptive survey design was used and questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents. The findings showed that citizens play active roles in crime control, but more still needs to be done. It is recommended that the government better equip formal security agencies for effective crime prevention and that informal and formal sectors collaborate more closely to improve crime prevention and control efforts.
Running head RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY 1RETRIBUTIVE JUSTIC.docx
Running head: RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY
1
RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY
2
Retributive Justice Theory
Columbia Southern University
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
February 25, 2020
Retributive Justice Theory
Overview
The retributive justice theory places emphasis on the punishment for a crime committed rather than the rehabilitation of criminals. This theory ascertains that offenders should be punished according to the magnitude of their crimes (Cavadino, & Dignan, 1997). It also ascertains that the threat of punishment to the offenders is the basis for deterrence of crimes. Offenders or potential offenders get to understand the magnitude of their punishment that awaits then hence shy away from committing a crime. The focus of the theory is the applications of the rule of law to ensure that all the perpetrators of a crime get punished in accordance with the harm they caused in their commissions of a crime (Vermeer, 2014). The criminal justice system is designed to implement this theory as the focus on rehabilitations has offended been deemed inefficient in discouraging crime. The criminal justice system has the mandate to implement the law and entails the law enforcement agencies, the court of law, and the department of prisons where the criminal is incarcerated to serve their sentences.
Although incarcerations have recently been regarded as rehabilitation centers, the severity of the life in prison makes the inmates more prone to violence than before. This implies that the fear of such consequences prevents other people from committing a crime (Hermann, 2017). Several other versions of the same theory ascertain that rational choice and deterrence are choices at hand before the commission of a crime. These choices include abiding by the rules of society or violating the same rules. Most of those who commit crimes take pleasure in it despite the consequences (Nozick, 1981). The retributive theory, therefore, ascertains that the punishment needs to be way more unpleasant than the pleasure of committing a crime, therefore, discouraging them from committing crimes. The principles of deterrence, therefore, stipulate that is the punishment for a crime is too severe; people will weigh the cost and the benefits of the crime and shy away from it altogether.
Source analysis
The article from the criminal justice website provides a comprehensive understanding of the three theories of criminal justice. The focus, however, is on the retributive justice theory, an aspect that has been discussed in detail in the article. The article is very resourceful full and has in-depth information about the topic under discussion, which is the criminal justice theory (Cavadino & Dignan, 1997).
Justice with a Vengeance – Retributive Desire in Popular Imagination provides insight into the implications of retributive justice theory and how the punishment rendered is expected to be of equal measure to the harm committed by the perpetrator. The a ...
Running head RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY 1RETRIBUTIVE JUSTIC.docx
This document provides an overview of retributive justice theory. The key points are:
1) Retributive justice theory focuses on punishing offenders according to the severity of their crimes rather than rehabilitating criminals. It is based on the principle that the threat of punishment deters criminal behavior.
2) The criminal justice system is designed to implement this theory through law enforcement agencies, courts, and prisons that incarcerate criminals to serve their sentences.
3) Proponents of retributive justice argue that punishment must be unpleasant enough to outweigh any pleasure gained from committing the crime in order to effectively deter criminal behavior.
crime reports by address
Discover population demographics, real estate value, and lifestyle segmentation with Census maps. Get insights into your target market for better decision-making
Dr. Obumneke Amadi Transcripts June_ P2_2017
The document discusses frequency measures used in epidemiology, including ratios, proportions, and rates. Ratios compare the occurrence of a variable between two groups, proportions express the size of one group compared to a larger group it belongs to as a percentage, and rates measure the occurrence of an event in a population over a period of time. These measures are calculated in the same way and used to describe disease occurrence and mortality in infectious disease epidemiology. The document also outlines some strengths and limitations of epidemiological study designs, such as bias, misclassification, confounding, and effect modification.
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014Module 1.docx
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future r ...
FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER 2015-37 December 21, 2015 Th.docx
FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER
2015-37 December 21, 2015
The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment
BY DAVID NEUMARK
The minimum wage has gained momentum among policymakers as a way to alleviate rising
wage and income inequality. Much of the debate over this policy centers on whether raising the
minimum wage causes job loss, as well as the potential magnitude of those losses. Recent
research shows conflicting evidence on both sides of the issue. In general, the evidence
suggests that it is appropriate to weigh the cost of potential job losses from a higher minimum
wage against the benefits of wage increases for other workers.
It is easy to be confused about what effects minimum wages have on jobs for low-skilled workers.
Researchers offer conflicting evidence on whether or not raising the minimum wage means fewer jobs for
these workers. Some recent studies even suggest overall employment could be harmed. This Letter sheds
light on the range of estimates and the different approaches in the research that might explain some of the
conflicting results. It also presents some midrange estimates of the aggregate employment effects from
recent minimum wage increases based on the research literature.
The controversy begins with the theory
The standard model of competitive labor markets predicts that a higher minimum wage will lead to job
loss among low-skilled workers. The simplest scenario considers a competitive labor market for a single
type of labor. A “binding” minimum wage that is set higher than the competitive equilibrium wage reduces
employment for two reasons. First, employers will substitute away from the low-skilled labor that is now
more expensive towards other inputs, such as equipment or other capital. Second, the higher wage and
new input mix implies higher prices, in turn reducing product and labor demand.
Of course, the labor market is more complicated. Most important, workers have varying skill levels, and a
higher minimum wage will lead employers to hire fewer low-skilled workers and more high-skilled
workers. This “labor-labor” substitution may not show up as job losses unless researchers focus on the
least-skilled workers whose wages are directly pushed up by the minimum wage. Moreover, fewer jobs for
the least-skilled are most important from a policy perspective, since they are the ones the minimum wage
is intended to help.
In some alternative labor market models, worker mobility is limited and individual employers therefore
have some discretion in setting wages. In such “monopsony” models, the effect of increasing the minimum
wage becomes ambiguous. However, such models may be less applicable to labor markets for unskilled
workers most affected by the minimum wage; these markets typically have many similar employers in
close proximity to each other (think of a shopping mall) and high worker turnover. Nonetheless, the
ultimate test is not theoretical conjecture, but ...
Final-Masters-Thesis-3
This paper empirically examines the impact of Virginia's 1995 abolition of parole on criminal activity using time series analysis. Descriptive statistics show that most crime rates declined slightly after 1995, except for assault, robbery, and auto theft rates. Regression models with seasonal effects find the policy intervention was not a statistically significant predictor of any crime rate. Adding unemployment and consumer price index variables did not change these insignificant results. While the models found an initial drop in crime rates at the time of intervention, rates quickly rebounded and remained largely stable and unaffected by the stricter sentencing policy. The findings do not support the hypothesis that increasing sentencing costs deters criminal behavior.
Crime Data Analysis and Prediction for city of Los Angeles
This document analyzes crime data from Los Angeles from 2010-2020 to identify trends, predict future crime rates, and make recommendations to law enforcement. Key findings include:
- Crime rates have generally declined over the past decade but dropped significantly in 2020 due to the pandemic.
- Robbery, burglary, and vandalism are the most common crimes.
- Areas with lower median household incomes tend to have higher crime rates.
- Females are consistently the most impacted victims of crime over the past 10 years.
- Southwest LA and other areas have been identified as "hot spots" for criminal activity.
Predictive analysis indicates crime rates will continue increasing post-lockdown in
Assignment ContentTo learn how to apply SPCM to a process,.docx
This document provides instructions for a week 2 assignment to continue a flow chart started in week 1 and identify variances within a process by using data from week 1, then complete the week 2 Statistical Process Control Methods worksheet.
Assignment ContentTo prepare for the Week 2 Assessment, .docx
Assignment Content
To prepare for the Week 2 Assessment,
consider
a past or current professional experience where a culture change was needed.
Using the
Organizational Change Chart
,
outline
information about the experience and organization following Kotter’s 8-Step to Change Model as a guiding line.
Kotter's 8-Step Change Model
Step One: Create Urgency.
Step Two: Form a Powerful Coalition.
Step Three: Create a Vision for Change.
Step Four: Communicate the Vision.
Step Five: Remove Obstacles.
Step Six: Create Short-Term Wins.
Step Seven: Build on the Change.
Step Eight: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture.
.
Assignment ContentThroughout this course you will study the di.docx
Assignment Content
Throughout this course you will study the different roles that contribute to an organization's information security and assurance.
Part A:
Select
an organization you wish to explore and use throughout the course.
As you make your selection, keep in mind that you will explore the following roles in the organization: Cyber Security Threat Analyst, Penetration Tester, Cyber Security Engineer, Risk Management Analyst, and Software Engineer. You need sufficient knowledge of the organization you select to complete these security assignments.
Part B:
A Cyber Security Threat Analyst conducts analysis, digital forensics, and targeting to identify, monitor, assess, and counter cyber-attack threats against information systems, critical infrastructure, and cyber-related interests.
Take on the role of a Cyber Security Threat Analyst for the organization you select. Use the
Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerability Assessment Template
to
create
a 3- to 4-page assessment document.
Research
and
include
the following:
Tangible assets:
Include an assessment scope. The scope must include virtualization, cloud, database, network, mobile, and information system.
Asset descriptions:
Include a system model, A diagram and descriptions of each asset included in the assessment scope, and existing countermeasures already in place. (Microsoft® Visio® or Lucidhart®)
Threat agents and possible attacks
Exploitable vulnerabilities
Threat history
Evaluation of threats or impact of threats on the business
A prioritized list of identified risks
Countermeasures to reduce threat
Note:
The page assignment length requirement applies to the content of the assignment. Start the assignment with an APA formatted title page and add a reference section with at least two professional references. Use the references in the text of the assignment. For assignments that require use of the template, insert the completed template into the APA document. Delete the assignment instructions from the document. This will improve the originality score from Safe Assign. Make sure to check the SafeAssign originality score.
.
Assignment ContentThroughout this course, you have been using .docx
assignment Content
Throughout this course, you have been using different analysis strategies to determine best practices for developing your business plan. It’s time to develop a strategic plan that will help you determine where your business is now, where you want to take it, and how you will get there. Your strategic plan will help you implement and manage the strategic direction of your company. In addition, you will communicate the direction of your company to stakeholders.
Develop
a strategic plan for the company that you selected at the beginning of your MBA program and share your plan with stakeholders.
Create
a 13- to 15-slide presentation for key stakeholders to solicit their approval of your strategic plan. Address the following in your presentation:
An introduction with mission and vision statements
Core values, ethics, and social responsibility principles
Analysis of the company’s:
Internal environment (e.g. strengths and weaknesses related to resources, trademarks, patents, copyrights, or current processes)
External environment (e.g. opportunities and threats related to market trends, economic trends, demographics, or regulations)
An evaluation of internal and external environment’s impact on achieving the company strategy
Create a strategic objective for the company.
Create short- and long-term goals for achieving the company’s strategic plan.
Determine methods for collecting data and measuring success of the strategic plan.
Include
APA-formatted in-text citations and a reference page.
Cite
at least 3 peer-reviewed documents.
Note
: You may include your textbook as 1 of the sources.
Submit
your assignment.
.
Assignment ContentThis week’s readings and activities focu.docx
Assignment Content
This week’s readings and activities focused on how reason, emotion, and communication may influence critical thinking. In this assignment, you will identify the concepts of reason, emotion, and communication in your everyday critical thinking practices.
Complete
the
Reason, Emotion, and Communication in Critical Thinking Worksheet
.
Submit
your assignment.
Resources
Center for Writing Excellence
Reference and Citation Generator
Grammar and Writing Guides
.
Assignment ContentThis week you will continue your work on the.docx
Assignment Content
This week you will continue your work on the project to evaluate higher education student aid data. You will evaluate your data warehouse data to ensure it can provide consistent, accurate query data, and provide an update to the project sponsors.
Define
and
execute
a process to evaluate your data warehouse data for incompleteness, nulls, and the ability to provide consistent query data.
Create
a summary for your project sponsors to inform them of the quality of data they can expect from the new data warehouse.
Include
the following information in your summary:
Your data evaluation strategy
Specific data evaluation queries
Sample results per query
Summary of findings
Document
your summary as either:
A 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with detailed speaker notes
A 2- to 3-page Microsoft® Word document
.
Assignment ContentThis week, you will continue building th.docx
Assignment Content
This week, you will continue building the components of your business requirements document for Hollywood Organic Co-op. In the previous weeks, you have identified the types of data, standards, and policies required for a new EDMS. This week, you determine how to electronically move data around in an EDMS and determine the physical and environmental security requirements.
Write
a 2- to 4-page evaluation of the implementation of physical and environmental controls for the new EDMS. Include the following:
How to control access to a document at each stage of its life cycle
How to move documents within the organization as team members contribute to document creation, review, approval, publication, and disposition
Physical and environmental security controls that must be implemented to protect the data and systems for Hollywood Organic Co-op's five locations, including for the identification, authentication, and restriction of users to authorized functions and data
Format
citations according to APA guidelines.
.
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An Experimental Study of Crime Investigation using Machine Learning
Crime Investigation process suffers from various problems. One of the biggest problems is finding crime
offense and suspect. Taking into consideration that the knowledge about crime event may not only enough for
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Review Journal 1A simplified mathematical-computational model of .docx
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1. This model can be improved in a way if there are more test subjects and more variables and parameters with test data is added. Plus the mathematical process is always improvable so if there is an equation which is more better for this experiments then it’s can improve the model and experiment with development. Another try is to improve the qualitative results obtained from our model. Additional computational experiments, such as the effects of a) a booster dose and b) a reduction in the population of TCD8+ naive. Also, a sensitivity analysis will be performed to identify sensitive parameters and to identify connections between change in parameters values and computational results.
2. if more cases or more experiments were added then it could be more expanded research and could improve the research more but the similar results are achieved by the shorter experiments so we can say this number of experiments were enough. But there is always a room left for improvements. The second difference between the two models is that this work reduces the amount of equations from 19 to 10. The reduced model described in this work considers only the main populations of cells and molecules involved in the response to the vaccine, and abstracts some details that are not crucial to represent the behavior of the immune response. For example, the distinct compartments are not represented here. Also, some populations were not considered because no experimental data is available to validate the simulations, such as the CD4+ T cells. In future, more cell or molecule can be included in the model again, if its role is important to explain or represent some behavior that the reduced model presented in this section could not represent. That was something in the first paper journal which was not satisfactory for me.
3. This model can be applied to the numerous medical applications like cancer immunity and other immune vaccinations for the diseases or viruses in the open environment which are lethal and are possible to cure in the future. The virus cannot proliferate itself, it needs to infect a cell and use it as a factory for new viruses. This is implicitly considered in the term πvV , which represents the multiplication of the virus in the body, with a production rate πv. The term cv1V cv2+V denotes a non-specific viral clearance made by the innate immune system
4. The main problem which was to solve is that the author needs something authentic calculations to perform the experiment to show the results of that experiment as negative and for that only programming and developing an algorithm or a program is not enough. It needs the proper calculations of the human body and cells about each and every details in depth. So that’s why it was necessary to include the calculations in the immune system development. Previously the author wasn’t including proper cal.
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r The Impact of Social Policy Pranab Chatterjee an.docx
r
The Impact of
Social Policy
Pranab Chatterjee and Diwakar Vadapalli
'"I·-\ere is increasing recognition today that social policies and programs
should be carefully evaluated to determine whether they do, in fact,
meet their stated objectives. Althongh it has often been assumed that social
policies have a positive impact, this assumption has been called into question
by many critics of government social programs. This chapter discusses the
ways in which the impact of social policies can be assessed. It describes the
principles and techniques used in different types of evaluation. Although
evaluation research has become increasingly sophisticated, values and ideolo
gies continue to play an important role in deciding which policy approaches
work best.
___________ The logic of Bmpact Analysis
Rossi and Freeman (1985, 1993) and Rossi, Lipsey, and Freeman (2004)
observe that there are four phases of social policy evaluation. These are
needs assessment, selection of a program to respond to needs, impact evalu
ation, and cost-benefit analysis. Upon outlining the four phases of evalua
tion, they discuss many experimental, quasi-experimental, and time-series
designs that can be used for program evaluation. Mohr (1995) singled out
the idea of impact evaluation and called it an attempt to isolate the direct
effects of a policy (or, more precisely, a program derived from a policy) apart
from any confounding environmental effects. Earlier, Suchman (1967) sng
gested tbat a program is a form of social experiment, and any evaluation of
it leads to the conclusion tbat the program does or does not produce given
social ends. Following Suchrnan's ideas, Riecken and Baruch (1974) listed
ways of evaluating the impact of social experiments, many of which can be
construed as preludes to new forms of social policy. Schalock (2001), using
83
84
I
THE NATURE OF SOCIAL POLICY
T
these contributions, defined outcome-based evaluation as evaluation that
uses valued and objective person- and organization-referenced outcon1es to
analyze a program's effectiveness, impact, or efficiency. Snchman (1967), in
his earlier work, had stated that, if any one program does not produce given
social ends, one should conclude that it is a case of program failure.
However, if it seems that a substantial number of programs, all similar
in nature, do not produce given ends, then it indicates a case of theory fail
ure. In other words, the theory that generated the programs (as interven
tions to bring about a change) has been developed on faulty premises.
The groundwork of Rossi and Suchman on impact analysis (both of
social programs and of the parent policies or theories on which they rest) is
based on the assumption that quantitative analysis and multivariate design
will produce knowledge about the impact of social policies and programs.
Ask a typical policy analyst, academic, or program-administrator about the
impact of social ...
The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology an...
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Running head RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY 1RETRIBUTIVE JUSTIC.docx
Running head: RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY
1
RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY
2
Retributive Justice Theory
Columbia Southern University
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
February 25, 2020
Retributive Justice Theory
Overview
The retributive justice theory places emphasis on the punishment for a crime committed rather than the rehabilitation of criminals. This theory ascertains that offenders should be punished according to the magnitude of their crimes (Cavadino, & Dignan, 1997). It also ascertains that the threat of punishment to the offenders is the basis for deterrence of crimes. Offenders or potential offenders get to understand the magnitude of their punishment that awaits then hence shy away from committing a crime. The focus of the theory is the applications of the rule of law to ensure that all the perpetrators of a crime get punished in accordance with the harm they caused in their commissions of a crime (Vermeer, 2014). The criminal justice system is designed to implement this theory as the focus on rehabilitations has offended been deemed inefficient in discouraging crime. The criminal justice system has the mandate to implement the law and entails the law enforcement agencies, the court of law, and the department of prisons where the criminal is incarcerated to serve their sentences.
Although incarcerations have recently been regarded as rehabilitation centers, the severity of the life in prison makes the inmates more prone to violence than before. This implies that the fear of such consequences prevents other people from committing a crime (Hermann, 2017). Several other versions of the same theory ascertain that rational choice and deterrence are choices at hand before the commission of a crime. These choices include abiding by the rules of society or violating the same rules. Most of those who commit crimes take pleasure in it despite the consequences (Nozick, 1981). The retributive theory, therefore, ascertains that the punishment needs to be way more unpleasant than the pleasure of committing a crime, therefore, discouraging them from committing crimes. The principles of deterrence, therefore, stipulate that is the punishment for a crime is too severe; people will weigh the cost and the benefits of the crime and shy away from it altogether.
Source analysis
The article from the criminal justice website provides a comprehensive understanding of the three theories of criminal justice. The focus, however, is on the retributive justice theory, an aspect that has been discussed in detail in the article. The article is very resourceful full and has in-depth information about the topic under discussion, which is the criminal justice theory (Cavadino & Dignan, 1997).
Justice with a Vengeance – Retributive Desire in Popular Imagination provides insight into the implications of retributive justice theory and how the punishment rendered is expected to be of equal measure to the harm committed by the perpetrator. The a ...
Running head RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY 1RETRIBUTIVE JUSTIC.docx
This document provides an overview of retributive justice theory. The key points are:
1) Retributive justice theory focuses on punishing offenders according to the severity of their crimes rather than rehabilitating criminals. It is based on the principle that the threat of punishment deters criminal behavior.
2) The criminal justice system is designed to implement this theory through law enforcement agencies, courts, and prisons that incarcerate criminals to serve their sentences.
3) Proponents of retributive justice argue that punishment must be unpleasant enough to outweigh any pleasure gained from committing the crime in order to effectively deter criminal behavior.
crime reports by address
Discover population demographics, real estate value, and lifestyle segmentation with Census maps. Get insights into your target market for better decision-making
Dr. Obumneke Amadi Transcripts June_ P2_2017
The document discusses frequency measures used in epidemiology, including ratios, proportions, and rates. Ratios compare the occurrence of a variable between two groups, proportions express the size of one group compared to a larger group it belongs to as a percentage, and rates measure the occurrence of an event in a population over a period of time. These measures are calculated in the same way and used to describe disease occurrence and mortality in infectious disease epidemiology. The document also outlines some strengths and limitations of epidemiological study designs, such as bias, misclassification, confounding, and effect modification.
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014Module 1.docx
Vanessa Schoening January 24, 2014
Module 1
M1 Research Journal
Question 1. Research problem
Is there a correlation between the frequency, nature of crimes, and the readiness to report them depending on the average income of neighborhoods in New York?
Question 2.
This statement captures the problem of crime in residential areas and tries to establish whether income is a factor that contributes to it. From the research, suggestions could be made on ways of trying to resolve the problem by solving the root issue.
There is no bias in this statement because once the research is commissioned; data would be collected from several neighborhoods.
The research can be carried out within a reasonable period and a small budget because data on the average incomes can be found at relevant authorities. Information on crimes is readily available from police stations. Law enforcement officers can also give useful information on the topic through interviews and questionnaires. The research would also involve collecting data from residents through questionnaires that is a faster and less expensive way of collecting information (Bhattacherjee, 2012).
This research, if conducted could lead to the discovery of new knowledge in the social sciences field. It could reveal on the kind of working relationship that exists between police officers and residents in different field. It would be important to find out the perception of the police in this field. It could also reveal past experiences with the police and their responsiveness depending on the neighborhoods. The research could also reveal whether the geographical areas that police officers work influence their level of job satisfaction. The data collected could tell whether officers view their roles differently when placed in dissimilar stations.
Question 3.
This research is quite feasible and a proposal could be drawn for funding. If conducted, the research could give insight on ways of improving the way police are perceived in different neighborhoods. When the image of police is bettered, people will be more willing to report crimes as soon as they happen in order to improve security in all areas. The research could help gain insight on why the response time in some areas may be less than in others despite the proximity of police stations to scenes of crime. The research findings would be shared with the police and they can read people’s suggestions on improvement of service delivery.
Previous research has focused more on the frequency of crime in different crimes and the conclusions have been that the income level affects the rate of crime (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Areas with high levels of unemployment have generally higher rates of petty crimes and muggings. However, research has not focused on the relationship between the police and citizens. There is an information gap on how exactly the nature of relationship affects service delivery. The research would act as a stepping-stone for future r ...
FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER 2015-37 December 21, 2015 Th.docx
FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER
2015-37 December 21, 2015
The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment
BY DAVID NEUMARK
The minimum wage has gained momentum among policymakers as a way to alleviate rising
wage and income inequality. Much of the debate over this policy centers on whether raising the
minimum wage causes job loss, as well as the potential magnitude of those losses. Recent
research shows conflicting evidence on both sides of the issue. In general, the evidence
suggests that it is appropriate to weigh the cost of potential job losses from a higher minimum
wage against the benefits of wage increases for other workers.
It is easy to be confused about what effects minimum wages have on jobs for low-skilled workers.
Researchers offer conflicting evidence on whether or not raising the minimum wage means fewer jobs for
these workers. Some recent studies even suggest overall employment could be harmed. This Letter sheds
light on the range of estimates and the different approaches in the research that might explain some of the
conflicting results. It also presents some midrange estimates of the aggregate employment effects from
recent minimum wage increases based on the research literature.
The controversy begins with the theory
The standard model of competitive labor markets predicts that a higher minimum wage will lead to job
loss among low-skilled workers. The simplest scenario considers a competitive labor market for a single
type of labor. A “binding” minimum wage that is set higher than the competitive equilibrium wage reduces
employment for two reasons. First, employers will substitute away from the low-skilled labor that is now
more expensive towards other inputs, such as equipment or other capital. Second, the higher wage and
new input mix implies higher prices, in turn reducing product and labor demand.
Of course, the labor market is more complicated. Most important, workers have varying skill levels, and a
higher minimum wage will lead employers to hire fewer low-skilled workers and more high-skilled
workers. This “labor-labor” substitution may not show up as job losses unless researchers focus on the
least-skilled workers whose wages are directly pushed up by the minimum wage. Moreover, fewer jobs for
the least-skilled are most important from a policy perspective, since they are the ones the minimum wage
is intended to help.
In some alternative labor market models, worker mobility is limited and individual employers therefore
have some discretion in setting wages. In such “monopsony” models, the effect of increasing the minimum
wage becomes ambiguous. However, such models may be less applicable to labor markets for unskilled
workers most affected by the minimum wage; these markets typically have many similar employers in
close proximity to each other (think of a shopping mall) and high worker turnover. Nonetheless, the
ultimate test is not theoretical conjecture, but ...
Final-Masters-Thesis-3
This paper empirically examines the impact of Virginia's 1995 abolition of parole on criminal activity using time series analysis. Descriptive statistics show that most crime rates declined slightly after 1995, except for assault, robbery, and auto theft rates. Regression models with seasonal effects find the policy intervention was not a statistically significant predictor of any crime rate. Adding unemployment and consumer price index variables did not change these insignificant results. While the models found an initial drop in crime rates at the time of intervention, rates quickly rebounded and remained largely stable and unaffected by the stricter sentencing policy. The findings do not support the hypothesis that increasing sentencing costs deters criminal behavior.
Crime Data Analysis and Prediction for city of Los Angeles
This document analyzes crime data from Los Angeles from 2010-2020 to identify trends, predict future crime rates, and make recommendations to law enforcement. Key findings include:
- Crime rates have generally declined over the past decade but dropped significantly in 2020 due to the pandemic.
- Robbery, burglary, and vandalism are the most common crimes.
- Areas with lower median household incomes tend to have higher crime rates.
- Females are consistently the most impacted victims of crime over the past 10 years.
- Southwest LA and other areas have been identified as "hot spots" for criminal activity.
Predictive analysis indicates crime rates will continue increasing post-lockdown in
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Running head RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY 1RETRIBUTIVE JUSTIC.docx
Running head RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE THEORY 1RETRIBUTIVE JUSTIC.docx
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- 7. PCTBLACK -763.3719 421.8195 -1.809712 0.0712 PCTWHITE -3060.234 424.8912 -7.202394 0 R-squared 0.351609 Mean dependent var 2744.686 Adjusted R-squared 0.342185 S.D. dependent var 597.4182 S.E. of regression 484.5409 Akaike info criterion 15.22127 Sum squared resid 80764273 Schwarz criterion 15.28741 Log likelihood -2657.723 Hannan-Quinn criter. 15.2476 F-statistic
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- 11. 0.344819 0.7304 AGE1519 -16464.81 6757.85 -2.436398 0.0154 R-squared 0.478598 Mean dependent var 2744.686 Adjusted R-squared 0.458425 S.D. dependent var 597.4182 S.E. of regression 439.6506 Akaike info criterion 15.04902 Sum squared resid 64946340 Schwarz criterion 15.20333 Log likelihood -2619.578 Hannan-Quinn criter. 15.11044 F-statistic 23.72437 Durbin-Watson stat 0.252747
- 12. Prob(F-statistic) 0 Dependent Variable: VCRIMES Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 12/07/17 Time: 16:06 Sample: 2009 2015 Periods included: 7 Cross-sections included: 50 Total panel (balanced) observations: 350 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic
- 13. Prob. C 505.4943 41.99932 12.03577 0 MEDIANINCOME -0.002844 0.000785 -3.623373 0.0003 R-squared 0.036355 Mean dependent var 355.3351 Adjusted R-squared 0.033586 S.D. dependent var 129.7991 S.E. of regression 127.6008 Akaike info criterion 12.54139 Sum squared resid 5666124 Schwarz criterion
- 14. 12.56343 Log likelihood -2192.743 Hannan-Quinn criter. 12.55016 F-statistic 13.12883 Durbin-Watson stat 0.046511 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000334 Dependent Variable: VCRIMES Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 12/07/17 Time: 16:07 Sample: 2009 2015 Periods included: 7 Cross-sections included: 50 Total panel (balanced) observations: 350
- 16. R-squared 0.037055 Mean dependent var 355.3351 Adjusted R-squared 0.031504 S.D. dependent var 129.7991 S.E. of regression 127.7381 Akaike info criterion 12.54638 Sum squared resid 5662011 Schwarz criterion 12.57944 Log likelihood -2192.616 Hannan-Quinn criter. 12.55954 F-statistic 6.676356 Durbin-Watson stat 0.048 Prob(F-statistic) 0.001429 Dependent Variable: VCRIMES Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 12/07/17 Time: 16:09
- 17. Sample: 2009 2015 Periods included: 7 Cross-sections included: 50 Total panel (balanced) observations: 350 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 987.3317 97.82204 10.09314 0 MEDIANINCOME
- 19. Mean dependent var 355.3351 Adjusted R-squared 0.327594 S.D. dependent var 129.7991 S.E. of regression 106.4357 Akaike info criterion 12.19276 Sum squared resid 3885699 Schwarz criterion 12.26992 Log likelihood -2126.733 Hannan-Quinn criter. 12.22347 F-statistic 29.33863 Durbin-Watson stat 0.087416 Prob(F-statistic) 0 Dependent Variable: VCRIMES Method: Panel Least Squares
- 20. Date: 12/07/17 Time: 16:08 Sample: 2009 2015 Periods included: 7 Cross-sections included: 50 Total panel (balanced) observations: 350 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 338.7859 187.6215 1.805689 0.0719
- 22. -1523.518 1428.622 -1.066425 0.287 AGE1519 -4540.6 1673.039 -2.713983 0.007 R-squared 0.19166 Mean dependent var 355.3351 Adjusted R-squared 0.170262 S.D. dependent var 129.7991 S.E. of regression 118.234 Akaike info criterion 12.41136 Sum squared resid 4752951 Schwarz criterion 12.52159 Log likelihood -2161.989 Hannan-Quinn criter. 12.45524 F-statistic 8.957205
- 23. Durbin-Watson stat 0.128865 Prob(F-statistic) 0 References Benjamin Powell, G. M. (2010). Corruption, Crime and Economic Growth . Benson Print. Lochner, R. H. (2012). The Impact of Education on Crime: International Evidence . Dice Report. Zervoyianni, E. G. (2013). Economic growth and crime: does uncertainty matter? Retrieved from Econ Papers: http://econpapers.repec.org/article/tafapeclt/v_3a20_3ay_3a201 3_3ai_3a5_3ap_3a420-427.htm