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HSC 517 Template for Developing Your White Paper – Module
3 Review of the Evidence
Review of the Evidence (Use APA Heading 1)
Introductory Paragraph (Use APA Heading 2)

Add your text – introduce your topic and issue.
Background and Importance
Add your text.
Demographics
Add your text.
Analysis of Current State

Add your text.
Stakeholders
Add your text.
Needs Assessment/Service Gaps
Add your text.
Summary of Findings

Add a 1 paragraph summary that synthesizes what you have
learned from your literature search/best practices.
References (Use APA Heading 1)
Insert a page break and insert your references using APA
current edition.
Your Checklist
- Be sure that you have done the following prior to submitting
your review of the evidence base:
Used formal writing – third person, highly professional writing.

Kept your review objective and fact/evidence-based.
Integrated 4 peer-reviewed academic sources from the Excelsior
Library (with permalinks).
Integrated at least 2 credible professional sources.
Integrated at least 2 governmental sources.
Used the headings above in your submission.

Reviewed your Turnitin report and made any needed changes to
improve your score.
Copy edited your work before uploading your finalized
submission.
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Social Change Milestone Three
Overview
In this milestone, you will explore the concept of advocacy in
relation to psychology and how it relates to performance in the
workplace.
Prompt
For this assignment, respond to the following criteria in 3 to 5
sentences each, citing your sources in APA style:
· Describe how you would apply a specific theory of
social psychology to advance your advocacy agenda.
· Describe how you would apply a specific theory of
cognitive psychology to advance your advocacy agenda.
· Describe a
psychological concept that could be used to heighten
awareness of the need for social change.
· Describe how
assessment tools can be used to measure social change.
· Describe critical
first steps in developing an intervention for effecting
social change in the workplace.
All sources and ideas requiring attribution must be cited
according to APA style.
Running Head: COVID-19 AND MENTAL HEALTH
1
The Impact of Corona Virus (COVID 19) on Mental Health

[Student Name Redacted]
HSC 517 Contemporary Issues in Health Care Delivery Systems
[Instructor Name Redacted]
[Date Redacted]
COVID AND MENTAL HEALTH 2
Abstract
The global Corona Virus (COVID-19) pandemic declared
in 2020, has resulted in 3.1
million deaths as of April 24, 2021, and has drastically
impacted the daily lives of people
around the world. The pandemic has had a profound impact on
the mental health of the
general population increasing overall anxiety, distress, drug and
alcohol use, and suicidal
ideation.
Mental health is underfunded and unprepared to meet the global

demand for mental health
services. The development of public health policy further
advancing a global mental health
infrastructure and reducing mental health illness-related stigma,
prevention, and
management, through awareness and public health media
campaigns, will improve mental
health outcomes and the quality of life of those experiencing
mental health illness.
Introduction
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the
Corona Virus (COVID 19)
disease, a global pandemic resulting in a multitude of impacts
on the global population
(Shamblaw, Runas & Best, 2021). According to the World
Health Organization Executive Board
Report, (2021), mental health is defined as the state of mental
well-being in which people cope
well with the numerous stresses experienced in life, realize their
potential, possess the ability
to function productively, and fruitfully and contribute to their
communities. Mental health
problems can occur throughout the life course and a continuum
from mild time-limited

distress to severe mental health conditions associated with
psychosocial disabilities (World
Health Organization Executive Board Report, 2021). One
particular detrimental impact of
COVID 19 is on the mental health and quality of life of various
global populations. The
exacerbation of unprecedented levels of anxiety, depression,
self-harm, and suicidal ideation,
resulting from the global pandemic, increased the demand for
mental health services,
healthcare workforce, and resources from an already
compromised capacity of the healthcare
system (Shamblaw, Runas & Best, 2021).
Background
According to the World Health Organization Executive Board
Report, (2021), the most
neglected segment of health is mental health. In 2017, a mere
median cost of US $2.50 per
capita, was expended on mental health and 75% of people
experiencing mental health

conditions in 7 low and middle-income countries surveyed,
lacked receiving mental
healthcare. Additionally, those with severe mental health
illnesses died up to 20 years sooner
than the general population (World Health Organization
Executive Board Report, 2021).
According to Czeisler, et al., (2020), the COVID-19 pandemic
is linked to mental health
challenges associated with the many aspects of the pandemic,
including but not limited to,
morbidity, mortality, physical distancing, and lockdown orders
requiring people to
stay-at-home increasing anxiety disorders, depressive disorders,
substance abuse, and suicidal
ideation. The respondents to the Czeisler, et al., (2020),
research study reflected the increase in
mental health conditions disproportionately affected vulnerable
populations specifically, the
black population, caregivers, essential workers, Hispanic
population, and young adults.
According to Ellis, Wynter & Light, (2020), mental health
service providers and healthcare

organizations sounded the alarm about the harmful effects the
COVID-19 pandemic had on
mental health. Their warning included the exacerbation of
anxiety due to the lockdown aspect
of the pandemic and the impact on employment, family,
finances, health, and the added
difficulty in access to mental health care services. Additionally,
the overwhelming boredom
and frustration from the seclusion and inability to spend in-
person time with loved ones. Ellis,
Wynter & Light, (2020), further detail the importance of the
mental health consequence of the
pandemic together with the importance of global preparation in
response to the toll the
pandemic will have on mental health. Furthermore, their
growing concern and stance in
medical circles of the potential for lasting neuropsychiatric
impact, resulting from the
economic, medical, physical, psychological, and social interplay
highlighting mental health
problems as both a consequence and symptom of the COVID-19
virus. The global consideration
for identifying those vulnerable populations and the preparation
and intervention to

effectively combat the hidden aspect of the pandemic, mental
health, and wellbeing, should be
at the forefront to mitigate the potential for long-standing
impact on mental health.
Demographics
According to Henderson, Schmus, McDonald & Iriving, (2020),
the COVID-19 pandemic
has substantiated a global impact on a multitude of diverse
demographic populations
affecting all areas of daily living. Analysis of the current
research has concluded minimal
demographic information has been provided based on the far-
reaching global impact on all
populations including the impact on the increase in mental
health problems within the
general public. Further supporting the research plight
necessitating intervention due to the
substantial impact the COVID-19 pandemic has on mental
health. A few examples of minimal
demographic information are as follow; Henderson, Schmus,
McDonald & Iriving, (2020),

contend children ad vulnerable and at an increased risk for
mental and behavioral health
problems. Firorenzato, Zabberoni, Costa & Cona, (2021), based
on their research of the Italian
population in Italy, contend the vulnerable groups include
women, the underemployed, and
young adults under 45 years of age. According to Ruval, (2020),
based on their research study,
the women of India had a higher increased risk of developing
mental illness as a result of the
impacts of COVID-19.
Analysis of Current State & Stakeholders
According to Nielsen & Levkovich, (2020), the inequitable
investment in access,
infrastructure, and payment investment in mental health
compared to medical care remains a
significant issue resulting in the marginalization and stigma of
persons with mental illness.
Moreover, Nielsen & Levkovich, (2020), contend the system
providing mental health services

to those with mental health needs, have historically been
perceived as being for “them” and
not for “us,” however, the COVID-19 pandemic, is altering the
perception substantiated by a
survey conducted in June 2020. Nielsen & Levkovich, (2020),
share the researchers of the study
reported 40.9% reported at least one behavioral or mental health
condition, 30.9% reported
symptoms of the trauma-stressor related disorder (TSRD) and
26.3% started or increased
substance use to cope with emotional stress related to the
COVID-19 pandemic highlighting the
realization all people are vulnerable to mental health conditions.
They further contend a
substantial portion of the general public has experienced the
psychosocial impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic.
According to Zavlis, et al, (2021), the global emergency
resulting from the COVID 19
pandemic has necessitated the urgency to assess the impact on
the mental health of the
population. Adverse mental health outcomes have resulted from
the viral exposure and

economic impact of the pandemic. The general population has
incurred an unprecedented
modern-day burden on mental health as a result of the economic
and social restrictions
necessitated controlling the spread of the COVID-19 virus.
Zavis, et al, (2021), further contend,
mitigating the mental health impact on the general population
requires identifying the
contributing factors and overall magnitude of the impact on
mental health and wellness.
Contributing factors of anxiety, depression, and traumatic stress
were found to evolve as a
result of economic worries, lost income, financial hardship, risk
of contracting the COVID-19
virus, and the overall anxiety of a global pandemic.
According to Firorenzato, Zabberoni, Costa & Cona, (2021),
across Italy they found a
higher prevalence upward of 36% increase of severe anxiety,
abnormal sleep patterns, change
in appetite, depression, hypochondria, and reduced libido
resulting from the psychological

and social impact of the lockdown restrictions. According to
Raval, (2020), the unprecedented
historical lockdown in India took place for more than 75 days,
substantially increasing the
impact on the psychological wellbeing of the population in
India. The silent epidemic of
suicide, a leading cause of death within India, increased
approximately 47% due to the fear of
contracting COVID 19, 20% due to depression and loneliness,
and 11% due to the perceived
stigma of the COVID-19 virus. Raval, (2020), further contends
mental health conditions
loneliness, family disputes, financial concerns, and overall
anxiety and frustration over the
ongoing pandemic.
According to Henderson, Schmus, McDonald & Iriving,
(2020), social isolation,
parental stress, job loss, childcare, financial instability, food
insecurity, and housing insecurity
have all collectively impacted the mental health and well-being
of children as a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic. According to Shaukat, Mansoor-Ali &
Razzak, (2021), 198 countries
globally have been impacted by the Coronavirus (COVID-19)

pandemic rendering a substantial
risk of infection and death for frontline healthcare workers
impacting their mental health. In
their study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
healthcare workers, approximately
23% of those who responded to the study had psychosocial
problems, including medical staff,
females made up (90%) of those compared to males (9%) and
(81%) of those participants were
nurses compared to physicians (18%). Shaukat, Mansoor-Ali &
Razzak, (2021), further contend,
healthcare workers experienced the following mental health
conditions; overall anxiety
(44%), severe anxiety (5%), mild anxiety (16%), stress disorder,
(27-71%), depression 50%, and
insomnia (34%). Frontline healthcare workers experienced
higher risks (95%) for anxiety,
depression, distress, and insomnia.
Needs/Gap in Healthcare Services
According to Fish & Mittal, (2021), while the majority of the
attention during the

COVID-19 pandemic has concentrated on the mental health and
wellbeing of the frontline
medical workers, the pandemic has increasingly compromised
an already vulnerable mental
health provider workforce responsible for confronting the
emergent challenge of the
mounting global mental health crisis. The mental health
provider participants in the Fish &
Mittal, (2021), research study surveyed concluded 82% shared
the COVID-19 pandemic
negatively impacted their ability to provide mental health care
to their clients, further
concluding the substantial negative impact on their mental
health citing burn-out and being
overwhelmed. Numerous respondents described increased
anxiety, stress, and fatigue
associated with conducting telehealth and questioning the
effectiveness of their work due to
technology glitches and decreased efficacy. Fish & Mittal,
(2021) further contend due to the
increased demand for mental health care services and providers

from an already
compromised workforce, the development of digital mental
health care delivery
infrastructure inclusive of adaptations for the various
populations and areas of practice to
optimize mental health and wellbeing outcomes for all those
with mental health problems.
According to the World Health Organization (2020), substantial
investment is critical to
further increasing the global mental health crisis exacerbated by
the COVID-19 pandemic.
Reorganization is essential on a global front to develop a mental
health system to serve and
sustain the future inclusive of ensuring health insurance
packages include coverage for
mental health conditions and the establishment of a human
workforce capacity to deliver
quality, evidence-based mental health and social care to those in
need.
Efforts to Improve Mental Health
During Pandemic
According to a World Health Organization, (2020), news
release, 130 countries were
surveyed across the six regions evaluating the interruption in

services during the pandemic. A
staggering 60% reported disruptions in mental health services to
vulnerable populations.
Additionally, 67% identified disruptions to counseling and
psychotherapies and 65%
disruptions to critical harm reduction services. Approximately
70% of the countries surveyed
adopted teletherapy to mitigate the disruptions to previous
services conducted in person
(World Health Organization, 2020). In response to the results,
the WHO provided a global
recommendation for countries to apportion resources, including
funding, to mental health as
a critical and essential response and intervention to the COVID-
19 impact on mental health
imploring countries to closely monitor changes in mental health
and disruptions in
psychosocial support. The global pandemic has provided the
opportunity to highlight the need
to increase funding for mental health on a national and
international level to expand mental

health programs (World Health Organization, 2020). According
to the World Health
Organization, (2020), mental health receives below a trifling
1% of aid allocated for health.
Prior to COVID-19, the United States of America, (U.S.A.)
revealed an estimated annual $1
trillion US dollars are lost each year in economic productivity
as a direct result of anxiety and
depression, and per the WHO, studies have substantiated for
each US dollar spent on
evidenced-based care and interventions for mental health
realizes a return of US$5 (World
Health Organization, 2020).
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
provided additional examples of
efforts to reduce and improve the COVID-19 impact on mental
health through a multitude of
online resources to assist the general public with coping with
stress. A variety of resources are
categorized respective to everyone, families, and children, high-
risk individuals, first
responders, and healthcare workers. Resources provided educate
recognizing stress-related
disorders, compassion fatigue, burnout, symptoms of stress to

assist with identifying the cause
and signs of stress and anxiety and health ways to cope with
stress and increase resilience.
Examples include; exercise, plenty of sleep, avoid excessive
alcohol and substance use, stretch,
meditate, practice breathing, healthy well-balanced meals, and
communication with others.
Additional resources include telephone numbers to the Child
Abuse Hotline, Disaster Distress
Helpline, The Eldercare Locator, National Sexual Assault
Hotline, National Suicide Prevention
Lifeline, Online Lifeline Crisis Chat, National Domestic
Violence Hotline, and the Veterans
Crisis Line (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021).
Analysis of the Successes and Failings of
Efforts
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused an
unprecedented ongoing modern-day
global pandemic for just over one year. The cumulative total
global impact on a multitude of
current and long-term impending aspects from the pandemic is

yet to be known, studied,
researched, and published, perhaps rendering analysis of
successes and failings premature.
The acknowledgment and attention are given to the impact of
the COVID-19 pandemic on
mental health to date, both on a national and international level
is a foundation for the
success of any proceeding response, and efforts established to
mitigate the impact are a
success. A society approach to identify the need, the
development and implementation of
interventions, and resources to provide mental health care and
psychotherapy to those
affected and improve outcomes is a success (Nielsen &
Levkovich, (2020). The preceding
efforts presented herein; providing education, resources, and
teletherapy are considered
successes. One documented absolute failure prior to and during
the COVID-19 pandemic is
mental health is the most neglected area of health and mental
healthcare globally (World

Health Organization, 2021). The lack of funding earmarked for
mental health respectively on a
global level is critically inadequate to meet the demand of
mental health needs of the general
population, subsequently, impacting those most vulnerable in
society (World Health
Organization, 2020).
Recommended
Solution
s
According to the World Health Organization, (2021), a
recommended response to the
COVID-19 pandemic impact on mental health is investing in
mental health interventions
through awareness and communication from public health
campaigns. One example is a call
to leaders to establish a public policy to invest in establishing a
campaign specific to mental

health, focusing on destigmatizing trepidation and educating the
general public about the
signs and symptoms of the multitude of mental health impacts,
from COVID-19. Educating the
general population on identifying and reducing anxiety,
depression, and overall distress
during the pandemic, providing resources, and fostering self-
care, will improve mental health
outcomes and reduce impact.
According to Tubadji, Webber & Boy, (2020), direct
COVID-19 pandemic related
public health policy responses, such as a lockdown policy,
impact the population’s
psychological wellbeing, supporting, a public health policy to
establish a COVID-19 mental
health awareness media campaign to further focus on

interventions of the impact on the
psychological well-being of the population. Monitoring of the
policy’s response to mental
health can be attained through social media and intranet
collected data responses. Public
policymaker strategies include accountability and responsibility
for the effects the established
policies have on the general public's mental health (Tubadji,
Webber & Boy, 2020).
According to Eckert, et al, (2018), engaging in social
media public health campaigns
during a public health crisis, especially utilizing the global
platforms, Facebook and Twitter,
provide the opportunity to share accurate, timely, and

transparent information fostering
situational awareness and for monitoring of feedback and
assessment. According to Li, (2018),
public health emergencies significantly impact society, and
media coverage interventions
affect the attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of the public. Li,
(2018), further substantiates
the COVID-19 pandemic is a public health emergency, requiring
an evidenced-based best
practice, such as a public health campaign. The campaign will
address mental health during
the pandemic as an appropriate and essential measure to reduce
the negative impact on
public health through the establishment of a mental health
campaign to reduce stigma,
identify mental health illnesses, educate signs and symptoms,
self-care, and provide available

resources.
Conclusions and Implications
My perspective on the topic of the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on mental health
has been solidified based on my experiences as a [redacted]
working in a hospital setting
within administration during the pandemic and having direct
daily knowledge of the census
of our mental health unit, mental health emergency unit, and the
increased amount of
overflow Baker Acted (BA-52) mental health patients in our
emergency center. Additionally,
my perspective has been solidified based on my experience

observing the overall distress,
anxiety, and fear of patients and their families not able to see
their hospitalized family
members or not able to be with their dying hospitalized family
members. The fear, anxiety,
stress, and sadness of the interdisciplinary healthcare workforce
as the number of COVID-19
positive patients increased and were dying, fear they would
contract COVID-19 and make their
families sick, stress over their peers becoming sick with
COVID-19, and the exhaustion they
experienced from the demanding schedules and care this patient
population required. I
observed fear, anxiety, and distress from my family, friends,
and the general public resulting
from the pandemic, some losing their jobs or having to furlough
or let staff go as a result of

the pandemic financially impacting the lives of others.
Moreover, awareness of my anxiety,
distress, fear, and sadness both work-related and personally
resulting from this
unprecedented modern-day global pandemic impacting the lives
and resulting in the deaths of
people around the world. I was compelled by my experiences
and observations to research
the topic of how the pandemic impacted the mental health of the
general population, those
with mental health illnesses, and what, if anything, was being
done to address the mental
health impact of the general populations one-year into the
global pandemic.

A perspective that evolved from the research conducted
in the global neglect of the
mental health segment of health remains from a financial
investment and infrastructure
aspect. The lack of mental healthcare available to those in need,
globally, has resulted in poor
life quality outcomes and even premature death before, and,
increasing during the COVID-19
pandemic. The impact of the pandemic resulted in
unprecedented increases in the general
population experiencing anxiety, depression, self-harm, and
suicidal ideation adding an
increased demand for mental health services from a limited
mental health sector of the
healthcare workforce and resources (World Health Organization
Executive Board Report,

(2021).
Opposition to the recommendation to invest in communication
and awareness through
public health media campaigns by global communities may
result due to the stigma associated
with mental illness (Illingsworth, 2020). Globally, countries
incur major gaps in addressing the
prevention and management of mental disorders, including, but
not limited to, identifying
and measuring mental health disorders and needs, developing
policies and mental health
programs to provide necessary mental health care services to
those in need. Contributing
factors include cultural, political, religious, and societal
influences preventing the
acknowledgment and treatment of mental illness. Mental health
stigma is considered the

principal global challenge to improve the health of global
populations (Illingsworth, 2020).
Addressing the increase in mental health problems as a result of
the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic, together with, the exacerbation of those with mental
health illness, substantiate the
need to further address
de-stigmatization, through the development of a collaborative
global network, to globally
reduce mental health stigma through education and learning
outcomes managing the delivery
and evaluation of impact (Illingsworth, 2020).
Additional future directions for research and the development of

solutions to address
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health include
more robust global research
on the short and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
on mental health and the
identification of the increased need for mental health services,
especially for vulnerable
populations. The data from ongoing research will assist with
identifying the need to improve
and expand the current mental health service infrastructure, it
will provide for a more robust
mental health care system to meet the demand of the impact of
any future global pandemics.
One additional solution includes the development of
public health policy to screen
individuals for mental health problems during vaccination,
utilizing an electronic tablet

device, integrated with the registration software process, to
administer an assessment tool,
such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9
patient depression questionnaire
consists of a 9-symptom question checklist. The resulting score
of the assessment determines
the severity and the appropriate referral, based on the results of
the assessment, to a trained
available mental health counselor on-site at government-
managed vaccination sites for
further assessment and assistance with community resources
(Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams,
(2001).

A call to action acknowledging the impact of the COVID-
19 pandemic on the mental
health of the general population, by investing in the
development of public health policy
establishing mental health public health media campaigns will
improve mental health
outcomes and life quality. Providing awareness and affirmation
to the general public by
acknowledging unprecedented levels of anxiety, depression,
distress, self-harm, and suicidal
ideation exist, will reduce negative stigma associated with
mental health illnesses while
providing resources and education regarding signs, symptoms,
and treatment for mental
health illnesses.

References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2021). COVID-19
coping with stress. Retrieved on
April 11, 2021 from
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping
/managing-stress-anxiety.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2020) COVID-19
healthcare personnel and first
responders: how to cope with stress and build resilience
during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Hawke, L. D., Hayes, E., Darnay, K., & Henderson, J. (2021).

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