INJURY AND ITS HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT

1. INJURY
PRESENTED BY:
DR.NEETU, BHMS,M.D (HOMO

2. INJURY
 It is a damage caused to the biological
organism.

3. STRUCTURE OF SKIN
The skin, or integumentary system, is the largest
organ of the human body. In the average adult, the
skin has a surface area of about 22 square feet.
The skin is divided into different layers. They are
the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers.
Each of these layers contain certain components
which provide a specific function to the overall
wellbeing of the organism.
EPIDERMIS: With in the epidermis are cells called
melanocytes which produce a brown-black pigment
called melanin. Melanin contributes to the coloring
of the skin and helps protect against
solar radiation. The more melanin produced, the
higher the tolerance to exposure to the sun
Dermis
The dermal layer is composed of
dense connective tissue. Collagen and elastin are
the two proteins that give the dermis strength,
elasticity, Small blood vessels such as arterioles,
venules, and capillaries may also be found in
this layer
Subcutaneous Layer
The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is
composed of areolar and adipose (fatty) tissue. It
contains the larger vessels and fat that provide a
base for the dermis. The subcutaneous layer is

4. TYPES OF INJURIES
 WOUND
 BURN
 SPRAIN AND STRAIN
 CONCUSSION
 COMPRESSION
 FRACTURE

5. WOUNDS
 It is a type of injury in which
the skin is torn out, cut or
punctured (an open
wound),or where a blunt force
or trauma causes
contusion(closed wound). An
Open wounds allow blood
and other fluids to be lost
from the body. If the bleeding
is purely internal, the wound
is closed. This is most easily
recognized by bruising, which
indicates damage to blood
vessels just beneath the skin.

6. TYPES OF WOUNDS
CLOSED WOUND OPEN WOUND
 CONTUSSION
 HAEMATOMA
 CRUSH INJURY
 ABRASION
 INCISED
 LACERATED
 PUNTURED AND
PENETRATING
 GUN SHOT

7. OPEN WOUND

8. ABRASION
It is an injury caused by something that rubs or scrapes
against the skin. This is superficial wound in which the top
layers of skin are scraped off, leaving a raw, tender area.
Abrasions are often caused by a sliding fall or a friction
burn. They can contain embedded foreign particles that
may result in infection

9. INCISED WOUND
A clean cut from a sharp edge, such as
broken glass, cause an incision. The blood
vessels at the wound edges are cut straight
across, so there may be profuse bleeding.

10. LACERATED WOUND
Irregular tear like wound caused by blunt trauma.
Crushing or ripping forces result in rough tears or
lacerations. They may bleed less profusely than clean-
cut wounds, but they are also often contaminated and
the risk of infection is high.

11. PUNCTURED AND PENETRATING WOUND
It is caused by puncturing skin with nail or a needle.
Standing on a nail or being stabbed, for example, will
result in a puncture wound with a small entry site, but
a deep track of internal damage. As germs and dirt
can be carried far into the body, the infection risk is
high.

12. GUN SHOT WOUND
It is caused by bullet or similar projectile driving through
the body. A bullet or other missile may drive into or
through the body, causing serious internal injury, and
sucking in contaminants from the air. The entry wound
may be small and neat; any exit wound may be large and
ragged.

13. CLOSED WOUND

14. SPRAIN AND STRAIN
A sprain is an injury to the ligament that is caused by being
stretched beyond their normal capacity and possibly torn. A
muscular tear caused in same manner is referred to as
strain.

15. CONTUSION(BRUISES)
It is caused by blunt force trauma that damages
tissue under the skin. It is a type of closed wound.
A bruise, also called a contusion, is a type of
relatively minor haematoma of tissue in which
capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged
by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the
surrounding extra cellular space . Bruises can
involve capillaries at the level of skin,
subcutaneous tissue muscle or bone.

16. CONCUSSION
A temporary disturbance in the brain function caused by a blow to
head or neck. Concussion - a temporary disturbance of brain
function caused by a blow to the head or neck.
Signs & symptoms
• Partial or complete loss of consciousness, usually of short duration
• Shallow breathing
• Nausea and vomiting when regaining consciousness
• Casualty says she is ‘seeing stars’
• Loss of memory of events immediately preceding and following
the injury .

17. COMPRESSION
Compression – excess pressure on some part of the brain
causes by a buildup of fluids inside the skull.
Signs & symptoms
• Decreasing level of consciousness
• Unconsciousness from the time of injury, may be deeply
unconscious
• Nausea and vomiting
• Unequal size of pupils
• One or both pupils don’t respond to light

18. MANAGEMENT
Place an unconscious casualty in the
recovery position. Monitor and record
breathing, pulse and level of response every
ten minutes.If casualty is unconscious after
three minutes, suspect a more serious injury.
If the casualty regains consciousness within
three minutes,watch closely for any
deterioration in the level of response, even
after an apparent full recovery.
Advise the casualty to report back if
headache, sickness, or tiredness occur after
injury.

19. HAEMATOMA(BLOOD TUMOUR)
It is caused by the damage of blood vessel
that in turn causes blood to collect under
the skin.

20. CRUSED INJURY
It is caused by a great force applied over
for a long period of time

21. MANAGEMENT

22. PRIRORITIES IN MANAGING A
WOUND
 Control blood loss by applying pressure
over the wound and raising the injured
part.
 Take steps to minimize shock, which
can result from severe blood loss.
Cover any open wound with a dressing,
to protect it from infection and promote
natural healing.
 Pay scrupulous attention to hygiene, so
that there is no spread of infection
between the casualty and yourself.

23. SEVERE EXTERNAL BLEEDING
 Remove or cut clothing to expose the wound. Watch out
for sharp objects, such as glass, that may injure you.
 Apply direct pressure over the wound with your fingers
or palm, preferably over a sterile dressing or clean pad
– but do not waste time hunting for a dressing.
 Raise and support an injured limb above the level of the
casualty’s heart. Handle the limb very gently if the injury
involves a fracture.
 Lay the casualty down. This will reduce blood flow to
the site of injury, and minimize shock.
 Leaving any original pad in place, apply a sterile
dressing. Bandage it in place firmly, but not so tightly as
to impede the circulation. If bleeding seeps through the
dressing, bandage another firmly over the top.
 Secure and support the injured part with bandaging.

24. BURNS
 It is a wound in which there is a
coagulative necrosis of tissues. A burn is
a type of skin injury caused by heat,
electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or
friction. Most burns only affect the skin
(epidermal tissue and dermis). Rarely
deeper tissues, such as muscle, bone,
and blood vessel can also be injured.
Burns are important because they are
common, painful and can result in
disfiguring and disabling scarring

25. TYPES OF BURNS
.

26. ACCORDING TO CAUSE
 ORDINARY
 SCALD
 ELECTRIC BURN
 CHEMICAL BURN
 RADIATION BURN
 COLD BURN: CHILBLAIN AND
FROSBITE

27. ORDINARY
A burn caused by dry heat like fire ,open flame
etc.

28. SCALD
A burn caused by wet heat (e.g hot
liquids)

29. ELECTRIC BURN
A burn caused by high voltage current
passing through the body rapidly.

30. CHEMICAL BURN
A burn caused by strong acid or base(e.g
of a burn caused by sodium hydroxide

31. RADIATION BURN
A burn caused by radiation like x-ray or
radium.

32. COLD BURN

33. CHILBLAIN
 It is a tissue injury
that occur when a
predisposed
individual is
exposed to cold
and humidity

34. FROSBITE
 where damage
(localized ) caused
to skin and other
tissue freezing
happen in body
part farthest from
heart

35. ACCORDING TO EXTENT
FIRST DEGREE BURN
SECOND DEGREE BURN
THIRD DEGREE BURN
FOURTH DEGREE BURN

36. FIRST DEGREE BURN
It involves the epidermis and skin is red
dry and painful.
Epidermis involvement
Erythema, significant pain, lack of
blisters

37. SECOND DEGREE BURN
It extent into superficial dermis, texture of
skin is moist, appearance is red with clear
blister and its painful. Superficial (papillary)
dermis is involved.
Blisters, clear fluid, and pain

38. THIRD DEGREE BURN
It extent to entire dermis, and skin is dry leathery
and painless.Deep (reticular) dermis is also
involved
Whiter appearance or fixed red staining (no
blanching), reduced sensation

39. FOURTH DEGREE BURN
 It extend through the skin, subcutaneous tissues and into
underlying muscle and bone, its painful. Epidermis,
Dermis, and complete destruction to subcutaneous fat,
eschar formation and minimal pain, requires skin grafts
 Charred or leathery, thrombosed blood vessels, insensate.

40. MANAGEMENT OF BURNS

41. MINOR BURNS AND SCALDS
 Small, superficial burns are often caused by
domestic accidents. Most will heal naturally.
 Flood the injured part with cold water for at least
ten minutes to stop the burning and relieve the
pain. If water is not available, any cold, harmless
liquid, such as milk or canned drinks, will do.
 On small minor burns, wet dough (used for
making chapattis) can be applied to relieve
burning.
 Gently remove any jewellery, watches, belts, or
constricting clothing from the injured area before
it begins to swell. loosely in place.
 Cover the area with a sterile dressing, or any
clean, non-fluffy material, and bandage

42. SEVERE BURNS
 Great care must be taken when treating
burns that are deep or extend over a large
area. The longer the burning continues, the
more severe the injury will be. If the
casualty has been burned in a fire, it should
be assumed that smoke or hot air has also
affected the respiratory system.
The two essential priorities are:
 To initiate rapid cooling of the burn
 To check the casualty’s breathing.

43. Follow the ABC of resuscitation if necessary. A
casualty with a severe burn or scald injury will
almost certainly be affected by shock and may
require first aid.
Lay the casualty down. Protect the burned
area from contact with the ground, if possible.
 Douse the burn with plenty of cold liquid.
Thorough cooling may take at least ten
minutes, but must not delay the casualty’s
removal to hospital.
While cooling the burn, watch for signs of
difficulty in breathing, and be ready to
resuscitate if necessary.

44. Gently remove any rings, watches, belts,
shoes, or smouldering clothing from the
injured area, before it begins to swell.
Carefully remove burned clothing, unless it is
sticking to the burn.
Cover the injury with a sterile dressing or
some other suitable material to protect it from
germs and infection.
Gather and record details of the casualty’s
injuries, circumstances, and potential hazards
such as gas inhalation.
While waiting for help, reassure the casualty
and treat for shock. Monitor and record
breathing and pulse rate, and be prepared to
resuscitate if necessary.

45. BURNS REQUIRING IMMMEDIATE
REFERAL:
 Burns involving large area: Typically, a burn that covers
more than 10% of the total body surface area (TBSA) of
a child is considered to be a critical burn, except for first
degree burns. A quick way to estimate the percentage
of surface area of a burn is to estimate how large the
burn is as compared to the palm of a child’s hand
(which represents about 1% of TBSA) and for this don’t
include the fingers.
 Most serious burns, including second degree burns
that cover more than 10% of the total body surface area
(TBSA) of a child, third degree burns that involve more
than 5% of TBSA, or burns that involve the face,
genitals, hands feet or thyat cross a joint or totally
encircle an extremity, should be referred to a secondary
or tertiary referral centre or a specialized burn center.

46. Burns requiring cleaning and debridement,
which involves removing devitalizes tissues
around the wound, but this should only be done
in surgical settings with complete asepsis.
If a burn does not heal within two weeks or if it
becomes infected, developing redness and a
purulent discharge.
 Serious burns often require hospitalization and
may require surgery and skin grafting.

47. FRACTURE
 It is a separation of bone/object into
two or more pieces under the action of
stress.

48. SIGN AND SYMPTOM
Bone fracture is very painful for several
reasons:
Breaking in the continuity of the
periosteum, with or without similar
discontinuity in endosteum, as both
contain multiple nociceptors.
Oedema of nearby soft tissues caused
by bleeding of torn periosteal blood
vessels evokes pressure pain.
Muscle spasms trying to hold bone
fragments in place

49. CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURE
All fractures can be broadly described as:
 Closed (simple) fractures are those in which the skin
is intact, while open (compound) fractures involve
wounds that communicate with the fracture, or where
fracture hematoma is exposed, and may thus expose
bone to contamination. Open injuries carry a higher risk
of infection; they require antibiotic treatment and usually
urgent surgical treatment (debridement). This involves
removal of all dirt, contamination, and dead tissue.
 Multi-fragmentary fractures, known as comminuted
fractures, involve the bone splitting into multiple pieces.
A simple, closed fracture is much easier to treat and
has a much better prognosis than an open, comminuted
fracture.

50. COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURE

51. MANAGEMENT
PAIN MANAGEMENT
IMMOBILISATION

52. PAIN MANAGEMENT
 Pain is reduced by giving medication.

53. IMMOBILISATION
Since bone healing is a natural process
which will most often occur, fracture
treatment aims to ensure the best possible
function of the injured part after healing.
Bone fractures are typically treated by
restoring the fractured pieces of bone to
their natural positions (if necessary), and
maintaining those positions while the bone
heals. Often, aligning the bone, called
reduction in good position and verify the
improved alignment with an X-ray is all that
is needed. This process is extremely painful
without anesthesia, about as painful as
breaking the bone itself.

54. To this end, a fractured limb is usually
immobilized with a plaster or
fiberglass castor splint which holds
the bones in position and immobilizes
the joints above and below the
fracture. When the initial post-fracture
edema or swelling goes down, the
fracture may be placed in a
removable brace or orthosis. If being
treated with surgery, surgical nails,
screws, plates and wires are used to
hold the fractured bone together more
directly.

55. THERAPEUTICS

56. OPEN WOUND
 INCISED WOUND
 Arnica,calendula,hamamelis,hypericum.p, sulphuric
acid, staph.
 LACERATED WOUND
 Arnica, calendula,hypericum , ledum,symphytum.
 GUNSHOT WOUND
 Arnica ,hypericum,ruta silicea.
 PUNCTURED WOUND
 Apis ,hypericum,ledum,nitric acid ,carbo veg
 WOUNDS WITH GANGRENOUS TENDENCY
 Calendula, sulphuric acid, arsenic
alb,lachesis,pyrogenium.
 WOUNDS BLEEDING PROFUSELY
 Arnica, crotalus.h, hamamelis, kreosote, lachesis
mellifolium,phosphoric acid, phosp.

57. FREELY BLEEDING WOUNDS SLOW TO HEAL WOUNDS
 Arnica
 Carbo veg
 Kreosote
 Lachesis
 Sulphur
 Hammemilis
 Millifolium
 Crotalus.h
 zincum
 Hepar sulph
 lachesis
 Nitric acid
 Petroleum
 Sillicea
 Staphysagaria
 Graphites

58. CLOSED WOUND
 CONTUSSION: Arnica,Hypericum,Bellis.p
Symphytum,Ruta ,Ledum, Rhus tox, Conium.
 HAEMATOMA:Arnica,Badagia,Sulphur,
Sulphuric acid ,Ruta.G
 CRUSHED INJURY: Arnica.m
 COMPRESSION:Arnica .m Belladona
Cocculus indicus, Badiaga,
Helleborus.nig
Hypericum,Lachesis,Ledum ,Natrum
sulph

59. BRUISES AND CONTUSION
 Arnica-bone and eye.
 Bellis.p-parts rich in nerves and breast.
 Conium.m-breast.
 hamamelis.v-eye.
 Hypericum-parts rich in nerve.
 Ledum .p-eye.
 Ruta –bones.
 Symphytum –bones and eye.
BRUISES WITH PERSISTENCE OF ECHYMOSIS
Arnica ,ledum.p,sulphuric acid.

60. Sprains and strains
 Aconite
 Arnica
 Belladona
 Bellis .P
 Carbo animlais
 Rhust tox
 Ruta .G
 Symphytum
 Cal carb
 Hypericum
 Ledum pal

61. FRACTURE
 Arnica
 Calc phos
 Symphytum
 Ruta.g
 Calendula
 Sillicea

62. INJURY OF:
 Tendon-Anacardium
 Nerve –Hypericum,Phos
 Periosteum-Ruta
 Soft part-Arnica,Conium,Sulphuric
acid,Puls.
 Bones-Ruta,Symphytum,Sulphuric
acid.
 Glands-Arnica, Conium,Iodum,
Phosphorus,Sillicea,Sulphuric acid.

63. BURNS
RECENT BURNS OLD BURNS
 Cantharis
 Calendula
 Carbolic acid
 Picric acid
 Urticaria urens
 Phosphorus
 Acid flour
 Carbolic acid
 Causticum

64. REPERTORY

65. ABRASION
 EYE - ABRASION – Cornea-syph.

66. WOUNDS
 Wounds-laceration-calendula,carbolic acid
Hammemlis hypericum
 Wound –penetrating,punctured-apis ledum,
nitric acid, carbo veg,hypericum
 wound –gunshot-arnica,euphrasia,hypericum,lachesis
,nitric caid,plumbum,sulphuric acid

67. BRUISES
 1.CHEST - INFLAMMATION - Mammae - bruises, from 1
 2BACK - BRUISES on spine (see Injuries) 0
 3. GENERALS - BRUISES (see Injuries) 0
 4. GENERALS - INJURIES (= blows, bruises, falls) 146
 5. GENERALS - INJURIES - deadness in the bruised part;
sensation of 1

68. SPRAIN
 1. HEAD - PAIN - sprained sensation 1
 2. TEETH - PAIN - sprained, as if 1
 3. EXTERNAL THROAT - PAIN - sprained; sensation as if 1
 4. EXTERNAL THROAT - SPRAINED sensation 2
 5. ABDOMEN - PAIN - sprained, as if 12
 6. CHEST - PAIN - sprain, as from 8
 7. BACK - PAIN - sprained, as if 19
 8. EXTREMITIES - INJURIES - Hand - sprain 5
 9. EXTREMITIES - LAMENESS - Joints - sprain, after 3
 10. EXTREMITIES - LAMENESS - Wrist - sprain, after 2
 11. EXTREMITIES - LAMENESS - Ankles - sprain, after 2
 12. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - drawing - Upper limbs - sprained 1
 13. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - drawing - Wrist - sprained, as if 1
 14. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - drawing - Hand - sprained 1
 15. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - drawing - Thigh - sprained 1

69. 16. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - sprained, as if 14
17. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - stitching - Knee - sprained 2
M., First Aid - Sprains, strains and dislocation 0
18. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - stitching - Toes - sprained 1
19. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - tearing - Toes - sprained 1
20. EXTREMITIES - SPRAINS 9
21. EXTREMITIES - SWELLING - Ankle - chronic, after sprain 1
22. EXTREMITIES - WEAKNESS - Joints - sprain; after 2
23. EXTREMITIES - WEAKNESS - Wrist - sprained, as if 1
24. EXTREMITIES - WEAKNESS - Hand - sprained, as if 1
25. GENERALS - INJURIES - distortion of joints (see sprains) 0
26.GENERALS - INJURIES - sprains (= distortion of joints) 94
27. GENERALS - INJURIES - wrenching of joints (see sprains) 0
28. GENERALS - SPRAINS (see Injuries - sprains) 0

70. COMPRESSION
1. HEAD - COMPRESSION (see Constriction / Pain -
pressing) 0
2. CHEST - PAIN - compression 0
3. BACK - COMPRESSION 0
4. EXTREMITIES - COMPRESSION 2
5. GENERALS - CAP (see Compression) 0
6. GENERALS - COMPRESSION amel. 5
7. GENERALS - CONVULSIONS - compression on spinal
column 1
8. GENERALS - CRUSHING (see Compression / Pain -
crushed) 0

71. FRACTURE
 1.HEAD - FRACTURES 0
 2. HEAD - PAIN - Skull - fractured 2
 3. EXTREMITIES - FRACTURES 12
 4. EXTREMITIES - FRACTURES - open fractures 1
 5. EXTREMITIES - FRACTURES - Leg - Tibia - open fracture 1
 6. EXTREMITIES - INJURIES - Hand - fracture with laceration 1
 7. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - Bones - fractures; in old 2
 8. SLEEP - SLEEPLESSNESS - fracture, after reposition of 1
 9. DREAMS - DISEASE - fracture 0
 10. GENERALS - FRACTURES 0
 11. GENERALS - FRACTURES - Bones; fractures of (see Injuries -
bones) 0
 12. GENERALS - INJURIES - Bones; fractures of 36
 13. GENERALS - INJURIES - Bones; fractures of - compound fracture
19
 14. GENERALS - SHOCK - injury; from - fractures; from 2

72. CHILBLAIN
 1. EAR - CHILBLAINS (see Itching - meatus - burning) 0
 2. EAR - DISCOLORATION - redness - chilblains 1
 3. EAR - ITCHING - Meatus - burning (= chilblains) 30
 4. EXTREMITIES - CHILBLAINS 76
 5. EXTREMITIES - DISCOLORATION - Fingers - redness -
chilblains; like 1
 6. EXTREMITIES - DISCOLORATION - Fingers - Tips -
redness - chilblains; after 1
 7. EXTREMITIES - FREEZING - complaints from freezing
(see Chilblains) 0
 8.EXTREMITIES - ITCHING - Hand - chilblains, as from 4
 9. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - Foot - chilblains, as from 5
 10. EXTREMITIES - PAIN - Toes - Fifth - chilblains, as from 1
 11. SKIN - CHILBLAINS (see EXTREMITIES - Chilblains

73. THANK YOU ALL