Business environment

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SubmittedBy :
Rishab Joshi 2k20/UMBA/31
Manish 2k20/UMBA/18
Nishant Sharma 2k20/UMBA/22
Drishti Arora 2k20/UMBA/10
Vivek 2k20/UMBA/49
Hanish 2k20/UMBA/12
INNOVATION PROJECT
OF
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

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Submitted To :
Dr. Pushpendra
Singh (Prof. USME-
DTU)

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S.No. Topic Page no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Abstract
Problem
Statment
Collected
data and
Reviews
Conclusion
Refrences
3
4-6
7-25
26
27

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This paper focuses on despite widespread recognition that
women entrepreneurs play an important role in economic
activity, their developmenthas been substantiallysubdued.
This is because they face many gender-related difficulties in the
competitive business environment with their male
counterparts. The primary goal of the study would be to
identify the obstacles that women entrepreneurs face.The
study concludedthat women entrepreneurs face financial
pressures, contradictionsbetween work and family
commitments, networking difficulties, a lack of experience, and
a lack of management skills. The least difficult challenge for
female entrepreneurs was sourcing raw material markets.

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Problem Statement
A close inspection of the business world shows that it is dominated by
men. Despite accounting for 52 percent of the country's workforce,
women face a number of business challenges. Woman entrepreneurs
have not been able to realise their full potential in a male-dominated
business society due to the many obstacles they encounter in
developing successful business ventures.The majority of women
entrepreneurs mostly engage in cross-border trading, though some
engage in informal trade as well. It is hoped that the findings of this
study would shed light on the barriers to the development of female-
owned companies, attracting international interest and aiding in the
resolution of the issues.
CONSTRAINTSFACEDBY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Literature citesavarietyof barriersthat womenencounterwhile tryingtostartand grow their
businesses,andthese obstaclesare invariablygender-related.
I. CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS
Women'sabilitytodobusinessefficientlyishamperedbycultural limitations.Mostcountries'
traditional valuesdictatethatthe manor husbandisthe breadwinner.A womanexhibiting
entrepreneurialexcellence isassumedtowanttotake on a husband'sleadership
position.Accordingtoasurveyon female entrepreneurs,womenface additional disadvantages
as a resultof prevailingsocioeconomicandcultural genderdifferencesandprejudices.While
womenhave made considerable progressinsexual equalityin fieldssuchaseducationandthe
workplace,theirpositionasthe familymainstayintermsof childcare andhomemakinghas
remainedlargelyunchanged.
II. LACKOF CAPITAL
The difficultiesthatwomenentrepreneursface inobtainingcreditfromformal institutionsare
compoundedbytheirinadequate accesstoformal schooling,propertyownership,andsocial
mobility.Accordingtoa survey,the mostcommonchallengesencounteredbywoman
entrepreneursare financial problems,withinadequate financingrankedfirst.Accordingto
reports,womenare far more likelytoquittheirbusinessesdue tofinancialconstraintsrather
than businessloss.

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Womenface difficultiessecuringloansdue totheirlackof experience dealingwithbanksand
theirlackof financial confidencetoargue aboutwhat theyare entitledto.Despitereportsthat
womenhave higherloanrepaymentratesthanmen,womencontinue toexperience greater
difficultyinaccessingloans,mostlydue todiscriminatorypractisesof banksandlendingclasses.
Womenindevelopedcountrieshave little accesstofundsandtheyare concentratedinpoor
rural areaswithlittle opportunitiestoborrow money.
Womenentrepreneursoftenface alackof external financingdue totheirfailure tosupply
tangible securities,forcingthemtorelyontheirinvestmentsandloansfromrelativesand
associates.Bankstendtoexaggerate the riskof female entrepreneursdefaultingand,asa
result,impose unrealisticallyhighcollateralconditions,resultingincreditrationing.
III. LACKOF ACCESSTO INFORMATION
The availabilityof businessinformationisalsocritical forthe plantostart a new business.
Accordingto studiesonentrepreneurshipinIndia,eagernessinknowledge seekingisone of the
mainentrepreneurial characteristics.The frequencyatwhicha personcontactsdifferent
sourcesof informationisreferredtoasinformationseeking.Theoutcome of thisactivityisoften
basedon accessto information,eitherthroughindividualactivitiesandhumanresourcesoras
part of a social capital andnetworking.Accesstonew informationiscritical forthe
establishment,sustainability,andexpansionof businesses.
IV. NETWORKING
Many of the issuesthatwomenface tendtobe relatedtotheirlackof exposure tothe business
world.Ithas beenobservedthatwomen'sbusinessnetworksare underdevelopedassocial
assets,despite the factthatsuccessful networkingcanoffermajorbenefitsforfemale
entrepreneursbyassistinginprovidingastrategicedge inbusiness.Womenhave lessconfidence
than menintravellingatall hoursof the dayand night,as well asthroughdiverse areasand
nations.Thisdemonstratesthe womanentrepreneurs'lackof freedomof expressionand
mobility.
Exclusionfrommale-dominatednetworkshasbeencitedasa significantobstacletowomen's
progressincorporate ranks. Femalesavoidmale networksdue toalack of self-confidence,while
otherssay thatsince womenare new to businessownership,theyare onlynow establishing
theirnetworks.
V. WORK- FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
Familymembers'supportforwomeninthe businessprocessandmanagementiscritical totheir
progress.Familymembers'interestsare adeterminingfactorinthe realisationof women's
businessgoals.Accordingtoresearch,familylifehasasignificant effectonthe developmentof
female executiveswithyoungchildren.Manywomen'senergyisdevotedbymultiple demands,
limitingthe amountof time theywillcommittobusiness.Few womenwilldedicate all of their
time andenergyto theirbusinesswhilecaringforchildren,the home,andelderlydependent
familymembers.The biggeststumblingblockforfemalesiswork-homeconflict,whichiscaused
by the dual burdenof managinga businessandmaintainingafamily.Duetopressureson
womentobalance familycommitmentswithanentrepreneurialcareer,women'sbusinesses
were at a commercial disadvantage:failure toachieve anacceptable balance causedhighlevels
of stressandslowedthe enterprise'seconomicdevelopment.

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VI. LIMITED ACCESSTO FORMAL EDUCATION AND TRAININGPROGRAMMES
Entrepreneurshipeducationcreatesself-sufficiententerprisingpeople,competitive business
and marketexecutives,graduateswithincreasedpotentialtobuildcapital,andchampionsof
creativity.Womenentrepreneursinrural areasface a shortage of trainingandadvisory
resourcesthatwouldallowthemtoimprove theirmanagerialandtechnological skillsandsolve
urgentproductionproblems,thusincreasingcompetitivenessandprofitability.Women
businesseshave alackof operational andmanagerial expertise,whichleadstopoorproductivity
and competition.Women,onthe otherhand,are oftenunable toestablishandsustain
successful businessesdue toalack of professional expertise,trust,highindividualinterest,anda
desire totake risks.According toa surveyof female entrepreneurs,manywomen entrepreneurs
believetheylacktalents,experience,andknowledge insuchbusinessmatters.
VII. LOW LEVEL RISKTAKING
Anotherfactorinfluencingwomen'sdecisiontostarta companyis a low risk-takingmindset.
Risktakingisan importantfactor that affectsanentrepreneur'swillingnesstoaccessthe
human,material,financial,andintangiblecapital requiredforfirmdevelopment.Womenwith
lowlevelsof educationhave lowlevelsof trustandself-reliance,makingitdifficultforthemto
engage inindustry,whichrequiresconstantrisktaking.Investingcapital,runningthe company,
and reinvestingprofitsnecessitatesastrongrisk-takingapproach,courage,andtrust.Women
can alsobe more riskaverse andlessconcernedaboutfinancial benefitonaverage.Asaresult,it
isthoughtthat women'scompaniesdonotflourishbecause theyare notrisktakers,anecessary
trait forgood entrepreneurship.

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COLLECTED
DATA
&
REVIEWS

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Demographics of respondents in Zimbabwe case study
Variable Class Frequency Percentage
Age below 25 5 10
26-40 20 40
41-55 15 30
above 55 10 20
Marital status Single 4 8
Married 17 34
Divorced 18 36
Widowed 11 22
Number of
dependents
1 to 3 9 18
4 to 6 31 62
more than 6 10 20
Level of
Education
No O' levels 15 30
O' level 21 42
A' level 6 12
Diploma 4 8
Graduate 3 6
Post Graduate 1 2

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State wise distribution of women ownership in small scale industrial sector
No. Name of state/ Union Territory No. of women enterprises (%)
1 Jammuand Kashmir 5,742 0.54
2 Himachal Pradesh 3,722 0.35
3 Punjab 29,068 2.73
4 Chandighar 2,243 0.21
5 Uttaranchal 8,804 0.83
6 Haryana 9,620 0.9
7 Delhi 14,383 1.35
8 Rajasthan 36,371 3.42
9 Uttar Pradesh 72,667 6.83
10 Bihar 49,443 4.65
11 Sikkim 98 0.01
12 Arunachal Pradesh 150 0.01
13 Nagaland 179 0.02
14 Manipur 10,745 1.01
15 Mizoram 3,700 0.35
16 Tripura 863 0.08
17 Meghalaya 3,580 0.34
18 Assam 11,757 1.11
19 WestBengal 69,625 6.55
20 Jharkhand 7,865 0.74
21 Orissa 8,233 3.59
22 Chhatitisgarh 10,034 0.94
23 Madhya Pradesh 68,823 6.47
24 Gujarat 53,703 5.05
25 Dman and Diuand Nagar Haveli 213 0.02
26 Maharashtra 1,00,670 9.46
27 AndhraPradesh 77,166 7.25
28 Karnataka 1,03,169 9.7
29 Goa 810 0.08
30 Lakshadweep 67 0.01
31 Kerala 1,39,225 13.09
32 Tamil Nadu 1,29,808 12.2
33 Pondicherry 1,065 0.1
34 AndamanandNicobar 110 0.01
all India 10,63,721 100
DevelopmentCommissionerofthe Ministryof Micro, Small and MediumEnterprises

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SUMMARY OF
“Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs: A case study of
Mashonaland Central Province”
By
International Journal of Development and Sustainability
1. This research show gender related challenges they face in the competitive
business world with their male counterparts. The main objective of this research
was to show the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Mashonaland
Central Province of Zimbabwe.
2. They choose randomly 70 women entrepreneurs age between 22-55 for data
collection as first stage.
3. In second stage they call them for in-depth interview out of 70 only 50 give
response of 71.4% response rate .
4. Of the 50 respondents, 10% were below 25 years of age, 40% were between 26
and 40 whilst 30% were aged between 41 and 55. Respondents above the age of
55 were 20%.Of the total respondents 34% were married, 36% were divorced
whilst 22% were widows and 8% of the respondents were single. Findings also
revealed that 62% of the respondents had 4-6 dependents whilst 20% of the
respondents had more than 6 dependents, and 18% had 1-3 dependents. 30% did
not have Ordinary level passes, 42% had Ordinary levels, 12% had Advanced
levels, 8% had diplomas and the remaining 6% and 2% were graduates and post
graduates respectively.
5. most women entrepreneurs were involved in professions such as hairdressing
(20%), Retailing (16%), Catering, Livestock and Poultry, Cross boarder (10%) and
Transport (6%). Of the respondents 68% had been in business for less than 3
years, 24% between 3 and 5 years whilst 8% had been in business for 6 to 10
years.
6. The research concluded that women entrepreneurs face constraints related to
access to finance, conflicts between work and family responsibilities, networking
challenges, lack of education and management skills.

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SUMMARY OF
“An exploratory study in the development of women
entrepreneurships: India cases”
By
Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship
1. This ia case study which an exploratary research which focus on the factor
affecting the women entreprenuership. They do a qualitative research on the 3
women of UP whome are the entreprenuer by tatking the in-depth interview to
know the factors.
2. They also show some data of world entrepreneur ratio of male and female .They
show through graph women entrepreneur is more than men in united state,
asia(developed), mid asia and women are equal to men in europe, men
entreprenuer more in sub-saharan Africa, latin america, asia (developing), israel.
This is the data of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2012.
3. One more survey is shown from Development Commissioner of the Ministry of
MSMEs in which they shows the women entrepreneur deistribution among the
india in which these state show high number of women entrepreneur in india
Tamil Nadu 12%, Kerela 13%, karnatka 9%, Andhra Pradesh 7%, MP 6%, West
Bengal 6% UP 6% etc these are the major cities.
4. So they pick the 3 women from UP and done the qualitative research ecplore the
3 major factors Psychosocial supportive factor , support organisation and
competetiveness .
5. They do indepth interview by analysing these factor in their life and than observe
from the cases.
6. They observe that all the 3 have some abilities and skills for start and growth of
entreprises . these competencies they achive fo trainig and past experience. All
the women are support by the family and friends and become the advantage for
growth .1st
women don’t aware about the promotional schemes, 2nd
get
benefited grom the suportive organisations and 3rd
also know about promotional
scheme and ready to use in future.
7. After this whole analysis they conclude if women get support then women can
handel all entreprenuer activities like leader,innovator,creator or a risktaker.

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SUMMARY OF
“Gender Issue in Entrepreneurship”
By
Maria Minniti
1. In this book the author start with the history of the entrepreneurship and
its issuewhich is start from the 1970 to 1990 and from 1990yo 2009and
than its show the ecidenceof the female entrepreneurship.
2. Than its show the activities and work doneby the female duringthat time .
next stage to determineobjectively measurable variables like age ,
eductaion,work status, income and wealth,
3. In the second levelthey tells about perceptionsand subjective variables :
opportunity recognition , self efficacy and Locusof control, fear of faliur. In
the 3rd level they tells about the social environment: networksand role
models, social capital and ethnicity and migratio status.
4. After that author talk about the female entreprenuersproblemsand lifein
which they talk about the child rearing , marital status, job satisfaction and
quality of life of the women.
5. Than the authnor talk about the gender gap in self employmenthow men
and women ratio differencein self employesection.
6. Than author talk about the women’s venturesin which author talk about
the performance, growth, managementstyle, sectoral distribution.
7. Than author talk about the femal entreprenuership and financethey talk
about the relation between them how they face problem in raising funds
and talk about the external financing, venturecapital,.

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SUMMARY
OF
“Impact of gender in small scale enterprises:
A study of women enterprises in India”
1. This research shows impactof gender in smallscale enterprises. The
objectives of this study is to find out working environmentof women in
women enterprises.
2. The methodology adopted for the study involves analysis of about 1.4
million SSI and SSSBE units across the country. Data was collected on
different aspects of these units including employment, assets, revenueand
profits. These units are those managed by women.
3. The sample consisted of 468,515 areSSSBEunits 1,348,451smallscale
units. 879,936areSSI units.
4. The data is analyzed with respect to various characteristics of the Small
Scale Units such as loans and borrowings, growth of revenue, productivity
of employees, profit margins and value of exports.
5. Author analyses the differences between Women Enterprises and other
enterprises. Ituses a large database of SSIs and SSSBEs to evaluate the
efficiency & effectiveness of the units owned by women and also they
identified areas where women enterprises units performbetter based
on performancecriteria.
6. Itwas found that the average value of revenue as well as the value of
exports is smaller in the Women Enterprises. In general, Women
Enterprises appear to be smaller in sizeas compared to Other Enterprise.
7. The growth of the SSI Women enterprises over the past 3 years is
significantly higher than that of the Other Enterprises.
8. The export values are much higher with respect in SSIs as compared to
SSSBEs. Marketing and advertising appears to be the main problem
area for Women Enterprises.

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SUMMARY
OF
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Skills Development Program on the
Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Kaduna State, Nigeria
1. the paper investigates and evaluates the impact of ESDPs on the
2. performance of women entrepreneurship and the development of their businesses;
that is
3. how far the programmes have succeeded in achieving their objectives of
empowering and
4. developing women entrepreneurs in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
5. the paper investigates and evaluates the impact of ESDPs on the
6. performance of women entrepreneurship and the development of their businesses;
that is
7. how far the programmes have succeeded in achieving their objectives of
empowering and
8. developing women entrepreneurs in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
1. The paper investigates and evaluates the impact of ESDPs on the
performance of women entrepreneurship and the development of their
businesses; that is how far the programs have succeeded in achieving
their objectives of empowering and developing women entrepreneurs in
Kaduna State, Nigeria.
2. The population for this study is made up of two hundred and eighty
(280) women entrepreneurs, comprising of two hundred and fifty nine
(259) Private Schools proprietors in Kaduna.
3. The paper among other looked at five parameters namely; turnover,
capital, market availability, number of employees and profit before tax
to assessed the pre and pro analysis and evaluates the impact of
the ESDPs on the development and performance of women
entrepreneurs in Kaduna state using the five parameters.Data
collected were analyzed using the student t-test.
4. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that at turnover,
employee number, market availability and profit before tax, there is a
significant difference between the pre and the post experience and
performance of women entrepreneurs. It means that post ESDP’s
program is better than the pre period in all the five variables that were
evaluated.

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5. ESDPs have impacted significantly on women entrepreneurship
development and performance. Results obtained were encouraging
because the women entrepreneurs have improved their skills and
abilities, turnover, market availability and profit before tax.
6. Itis recommended that government should sponsor and encourage
women participation in entrepreneurial skills acquisition at all levels.
7. ESDPs should be redesigned to meet up with changes in the global
business environment. Women entrepreneurs should be taught and
encouraged to develop new entrepreneurial lifestyles and capacities.
Finally, business/industry networks for women should be encourage for
access to information technology, raw materials and markets relevant
to the sustainability, development and expansion of their businesses.
SUMMARY OF
“Factors that influence women to be involved in Entrepreneurship:
A case study in Malaysia”
1. This study aims to find out how the push and pull factors influence women
entrepreneurship in the district of Malaysia. Five successful female entrepreneurs
areinterviewed on the basis of theprerequisites- business owner for three 3 years and
above; married; own a business in Hulu Langat, Selangor; aged between 25 to 55; and
women.
2. Unemployment, redundancy, socioeconomic situation, loss of family financial income,
dissatisfaction with current career, and the desire to satisfy accommodation of work and
home responsibilities are among the push factors identified. Pull factors are family
support, family economic status, self-independence and the desire to own a business.
3. The data from the interviews were analysed using a thematic approach. Cohen's Kappa
was also used to examine the individual variables. The Kappa outcome can be
interpreted as follows: 0 indicates no agreement, 0.01 - 0.20 indicates zero to mild
agreement, 0.21 - 0.40 indicates good agreement, 041 - 0.60 indicates modest
agreement, 0.61 - 0.80 indicates significant agreement, and 0.81 - 1.00 indicates almost
perfect agreement. The kappa coefficient that they got was 0.8. This significance means
that the informants have positive substantial agreement on the pull variables.
4. The main factors which influence women to start their own business are family support,
family level of income and self-independence.

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5. Family support: With their husband's encouragement and support, women will feel
secure in their ability to be a good entrepreneur. In certain families, the father's interest
in business is a huge motivator.
6. Family Level of Income: Many female entrepreneurs feel obligated to change their
lifestyle, increase their income, and improve their quality of living.
7. Self-Independence: Women want to be independent and do not want under anybody.
This is because they are idealistic, imaginative, and want total freedom. Female
entrepreneurs perceive that they do not have equal opportunity at their former
workplace, so they prefer to work for themselves.
8. Conclusion: In shaping women's entrepreneurship, the finding is that push factors are
more important than pull factors. This demonstrates that women, as men, play an
important role in society and provide service to the community. Their participation in
entrepreneur will benefit Malaysia's economy.
SUMMARY OF
“GENDER ISSUES IN ENTREPRENEUR DEVELOPMENT”
1. This paper focuses on the characteristics of women’s behaviour and factors that
affect that characteristics of women entrepreneurial activity.Also, the role of gender
as a development tool and policy approaches to women's entrepreneurial
development will be covered.
2. The portrait painted under the idea of female subordination still shows men as rulers
and women as slaves. Women are often assigned to family positions that they
perceive to be oppressive.In a nutshell, it refers to man's dominance over women.
Women's subordination is, in reality, the prototype of discrimination.
3. Gender issues that need attention:
● Women at risk: Around 80% of transnational trafficking victims are women
and children, with up to 50% being minors.
● Violence against Women: It is estimated that one in every five women might
be a survivor of rape or attempted rape during her lifetime.
● Women and Education: Women account for about two-thirds of the total 776
million people who lack basic literacy skills.
● Poverty: It is estimated that almost 70% of the world's 1.3 billion
impoverished people are women. Their poverty level is higher than men's and
there are clear gender inequalities in education, job opportunities, and
decision-making capacity.
● Economic and Income-generating Activities: The majority of women earn
about one-third of what men do for the same job. In most nations, women
work about twice as much unpaid time as men.

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● Women roles in the society: Gender inequalities in education, job prospects,
and decision-making authority have limited women's roles in families and
societies to those of breadwinners, unpaid family members, community
support providers, and mothers/caretakers.
4. Women's companies are lower in size than men's businesses, and they operate in a
limited variety of industries, mostly with low capital intensity.Women produce
smaller earnings than men and gain less money from entrepreneurial work.
5. Maintaining and growing a business after it has been established is a significant
challenge for all female entrepreneurs, especially in developing countries. Despite
the fact that the exit rate of new companies is high elsewhere (40 – 50%), the exit
rate of women-owned businesses is even higher.
6. Factors that affect the characteristics of women entrepreneurial activity are access to
financial resources, inadequate training and access to information, work- family
interference, women’s safety and gender-based violence, inadequate of societal
support and legal barriers and procedures.
The important areas that must be given attention for the formulation of policy approaches
to women entrepreneurship development are education and training, counselling, policy
catering for work- family interference and increasing women’s access to finance.
SUMMARY OF
“THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND GENDER EQUALITY”
By
: Journal of Global Entrepreneurial Research
1. This paper focuses on how gender based economic development and female
entrepreneurial activity are related. The relationship between gender related
development indices and different stages of women entrepreneurial activity are
characterized through a correlation analysis.
2. In this respect, correlation analysis would be used to assess the following hypotheses: –
Women's early stage entrepreneurship participation is positively correlated with gender
empowerment.
Women who have developed themselves as entrepreneurs have a positive relationship
with gender equality.
Women's early stage entrepreneurship participation correlates favourably with the
gender-related growth index.
Gender-related growth index is positively correlated with women's established
entrepreneurial activity.

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Women's overall entrepreneurship participation correlates favourably with the gender-
related growth index.
3. women's early-stage entrepreneurship, established entrepreneurial activity, and overall
entrepreneurial activity will be obtained for the 41 GEM member countries.
4. The derived p-value from non-parametric analysis was less than the specified error level
(calculated as p-value = 0.048 0.05 and Kendall correlation coefficient = 0.571).It
denotes a negative relationship between existing female business owners/managers
and GDI.
5. The relationship between various levels of entrepreneurial activity and the Gender
Development Index reveals that there is no major relationship between early-stage
entrepreneurial activity and the Gender Development Index in the high income country
group and the low/middle-income country group.
6. Across these two groups of nations, early-stage entrepreneurship activity continues to
be independent of gender equity. However, as compared to the other two categories,
the effect of gender inequality on early-stage entrepreneurial development in Latin
American and Caribbean low/middle-income countries could be important.
7. Regardless of income level, there seems to be an inverse relationship between the
tendency to establish a business and gender development equality.
SUMMARY OF
“An Investigation of the Challenges Faced by Women
Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries: A Case of King
Williams’ Town, South Africa.”
1. This research examines the challenges that are faced by women
entrepreneursin King Williams Town,South Africa, whichcan be generalized
to developing countries as well.
2. Some purposes of the study wereto determine whether lack of education is
a barrier to the success of women entrepreneurs.
3. Also, whether being unexposed to marketplaces hinder the success of
women entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs are discriminated against
in a male-dominated society among other objectives.
4. In-depth interviews were used to gather primary information from thirty
respondents.

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5. The results indicate that family pressures hinder the success of women
entrepreneurs, lack of education is a barrier to the success of women
entrepreneurs, being unexposed to markets hinders the success of women
entrepreneurs, and women entrepreneurs are discriminated against in a
male-dominated society.
6. The researcher recommends that governments of developing nations must
offer financial supportand mentorship programs to women entrepreneurs.
7. Furthermore, measures to recover access to finance by women
entrepreneurs need to be undertaken, for example, government
intervention in reducing discrimination from the financial institutions and
help them gain access to international markets.

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SUMMARY OF
“Case Studies of Successful Women Entrepreneurs in the
ICT Industry in 21 APEC Economies”
1. This reportprovidestheresultsof a casestudyof womenentrepreneurswho
are actively involved in the ICT business or by actively integrating ICT into
their business. Twenty-four women entrepreneursfrom21 APECEconomies
participated in the research study.
2. The study is part of an APEC-funded project entitled 'Women's Economic
Empowerment and ICT: Employment for Women Entrepreneurs in the
Industrial Revolution' era by Asia Pacific Women's Information Network
Center (APWINC) of Sookmyung Women's University under the auspices of
the Department of Equality Gender and Family of the Republic of Korea.
3. The purposes of the current study are 1) to identify success factors that
contributed to the business success of the women entrepreneurs, 2) to
understand the main challenges or obstacles that these women
businesspersons faced, 3) to highlight policy recommendations that the
successful women entrepreneurs offered as enablers for facilitating
women’s free enterprise, and 4) to identify advice that the women
entrepreneurswouldlike to giveto other womenbusinesspersonsorwomen
who wish to start up their business in the future.
4. 21 researchers fromthe APEC Economies showed their case study of one or
two women entrepreneurs. The researchers composed data through face-
to-face interviews or skype interviews with the selected women
entrepreneurs one to four times.
5. They analysed the data and, based on the analysis results, finished a case
study report. APWINC then conducted cross-case analyses and identified
recurrent and salient themes across cases about the four aspects – success
factors, challenges, policy recommendations, and advice for other women
entrepreneurs.

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6. As regards success factors,thecross-caseanalysis identified multiple factors
including government ICT policies, government initiatives for women
entrepreneurship, support from entrepreneur networks and ecosystem,
active use of ICTs, customer-cantered approach, and passion for
entrepreneurship.
7. The women entrepreneur’saccessibleadvice, including ‘seek for mentoring
and networking opportunities,’ ‘take risks and learn from failures,’ ‘form a
solid team,’ and ‘do not let gender biases overwhelm you.’
8. It is expected that the findings of this research project focused on best
practices of women entrepreneurs in the ICT sector will help to inform
women in the APEC region of key structures of the current ICT business
environments and to promote their economic empowerment.
9. To encourage women entrepreneurs in the ICT industry or to lead more
women entrepreneurs to use ICTs actively in their current business, it is
importantto continueto explorethe bestpractices of women entrepreneurs
in therelevant fields and spreadtheir successstoriesaroundthe APECregion
in the world.

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Summary
“A study of Women Entrepreneurship and its
promotion in Uttarakhand State”
1. The research helps to find out that why does the barrier of gender inequality
exists in entrepreneurship and how to bridge the gap between the male and
female growth and development which is being practiced over the period of
time with our research we will be finding out what are the suggestions about
the best possible ways to promote women's entrepreneurship in the state of
Uttarakhand.
2. To see the facts author covered and provided us the info that Women
entrepreneurs comprise about 10% of the total number of entrepreneurs in
India and it is expected to cross 20% in next 5 years. Moreover, describing a
point that women own about 10% of the total enterprises in the small sector,
the gross output of these units is just 3.5% of the total output of SSI (small
scale industries) sector.
3. The author tries to show that women are much more likely to be driven by
necessity than men when starting a business, In developing countries, the vast
majority of women are engaged in entrepreneurial activity driven by pure
survival - out of necessity rather than opportunity, where 2/3 of women start
a business because they see opportunities or want to be independent.
4. With further study we are able to find out; Women are not only less likely
than men to start a business, apparently their businesses also tend to be
smaller, have fewer staff and less growth expectations. Furthermore, women
generate relatively lower revenues than men, and earn less income from
entrepreneurial activity, maintaining and growing the business beyond startup
is a serious challenge for all women entrepreneurs. The reason for such high
exit rates and low business maintenance rate are:

26. 26 | Page
❖ Access to financial resources
❖ Insufficient training and access to information
❖ Work-family interface
❖ Women’s safety and gender based violence
❖ Lack of societal support
❖ Legal barriers and procedures
5. Author mentioned how the Efforts have been made by the Central
Government and the Government ofUttarakhand to overcome the problem by
introducing various schemes/ programmes declared by the different
departments including all the departments like: Agricultural department,
Department ofrural development, Horticulture department, Dairy department,
Social welfare department, Education department, the department of women
empowerment and children welfare.
6. To further improve and work on the growth, take note to the voice of women
entrepreneurs; Concerned offices could have programme responsibilities such
as providing women’s business centers, organizing information seminars and
meetings and/or providing web based information to women who are already
entrepreneurs and who have important insights into the changes needed to
improve women’s entrepreneurship.
7. In the end, author explains that the efforts of public and private institutions to
promote or develop women's entrepreneurship in Uttarakhand will certainly
continue to benefit individuals, as long as gender discrimination is in a state
where businesses are excluded, their efforts can remain futile and have little
impact on the economy and society.
8. Because like poverty, sexism is inevitable: people have created it, so it can be
overcome, and it is not only the responsibility of government to take action
but to bring about change for all of us.

27. 27 | Page
Summary
“Gender Inequality:Entrepreneurship Development in
the MENA Region”
1. In the present paper, we know by scrutinizing how the country measures
gender inequality in the MENA Region and therefore, shapes the goals of
business and women, which are portrayed in the books as excellent
predictions for the establishment of new businesses. We analyze the direct
outcomes and manage the gender inequalities of key contradictions for
each level of business objective.
2. The study discusses an agreement between business professionals from
countries from the business, economic and development sectors that
improve the status of women entrepreneurs and increase the number of
women-led businesses that play a key role in achieving national
"sustainable development".
3. The authors refer MENA region to an area that includes Algeria, Bahrain,
Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab
Emirates (UAE), West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. Along with the
Palestinian territories, it covers 22 countries, 10 of which border on the
southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
4. Research continues to highlight the fact that in the MENA region,
however, the level of women's entrepreneurship is among the lowest in all
regions ofthe world, with only 4% ofbusiness activities involving women.
In many MENA countries, men have the greatest potential for
entrepreneurship, accounting for two thirds of all women's businesses.
Women-led businesses are more likely to hire one personthan employees.
In addition, women have shown less prominence in terms of the
development and growth of their companies compared to men.

28. 28 | Page
5. Research continues to show that the notions of skills shortages have a
greater impact on women's business behavior than those of men. Women
often value their skills and abilities less than men with sets of similar skills,
and this skeptical view of their skills often leads women to avoid business
activities. Unbelief in their weakness is evident in the early days, when
such consequences are already far greater for girls who develop a future
business objective compared to boys.
6. At the end our research paper concludes with the fact that how gender
inequality appears to be an important obstacle for men as well. It appears
that business activities in the MENA region deviate from pre-existing
masculine norms and the views of traditional breadwinners in the family.
The image from this study is the most difficult climate for business. As a
result, we can say that, in the MENA region, further academic research
needs to considerbusiness development as a multi-level process, including
actors at the global, regional, state, organizational, and individual levels.

29. 29 | Page
Conclusion
So this research concludes that twomen businesses are one of the
fastest growing entrepreneurial populations in the world.They make
significant contributions to employment, innovation and money
creation in all economies.In many countries there has been the
realization that women entrepreneurs contribute significantly towards
GDP and employment. Despite the benefits of women entrepreneurs to
an economy, the full potential of the women entrepreneurs sector has
not been unleashed.growth of women owned businesses have
remained slow for three decades in many economies.Most of them
had low level qualifications and little resources available to them and
the result is that they are more likely to go into industries such as retail
or personality services as the cost of entry and growth potential is
low.women entrepreneurs face problems related to access to money,
conflicts between office work and family responsibilities, lack of
education and management skills, networking challenges. Arranging
raw materials and finding markets places were cited are the challenges
for women entrepreneurs.New incentives and support to women
entrepreneurs has to be given by governments to help them build
capabilities and to stay ahead of competition, both locally and in global
markets.

30. 30 | Page
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