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‫کتون‬ ‫و‬ ‫آلدهید‬
1
2
‫نامگذاری‬
CHO
CO2H
OH
(R)2CO
‫آلده‬
‫ید‬
‫کتو‬
‫ن‬
‫اسید‬
‫کربوکسیلیک‬
‫الکل‬
3
‫آلدهید‬ ‫کلسیک‬ ‫نامگذاری‬
‫ها‬
HCHO
CH3CHO
CHO
CHO
CHO
Prefix
form
acet
propion
butyr
valer
CHO
α
β
γ
δ
ε
‫نکته‬
‫فرمیل‬
‫استیل‬
‫اکسو‬
‫کربونیل‬ ‫یک‬ ‫حضور‬ ‫در‬ ‫کتونی‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫نشانه‬5
H3C
O
AC
H3C
O
O
OAC or ACO
H H
O
6
‫الکلها‬ ‫اکسایش‬
 ‫الکل‬ ‫آلدهید‬ ‫کربوکسیلیک‬ ‫اسید‬
‫اول‬ ‫نوع‬
‫اکسای‬
‫ش‬
‫اکسای‬
‫ش‬
X
X
‫وینیل‬ ‫آلیل‬ 7
OH
PCC, CH2Cl2
O
H
H2O
OH
O
OH
PCC, CH2Cl2
O
OH
MnO2 , CHCl3
O
N
H
Cr
O
O
ClO
PCC:
Pyridinium Chloro Chromate
8
‫کاهش‬ ‫و‬ ‫اکسایش‬ ‫تعاریف‬
9
Oxidation/Reduction:
Carbon oxidation numbers:
oxidation
-4 -2 0 +2 +4
CH4 CH3OH H2C=O HCO2H CO2
alkane alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid
reduction
11
‫ازونولیز‬
12
DMS: Dimethyl sulfide
‫مثال‬
13
14
‫آلکینها‬ ‫هیدراسیون‬
Oxymercuration Hydration
Markovnikov
Hydroboration Hydration
Anti-Markovnikov
15
Oxymercuration Hydration
Markovnikov
CH3CH2C CH
HgSO4, H2SO4
H2O
CH3CH2C=CH2
OH
an enol
CH3CH2CCH3
O
a ketone
16
Mechanism of Oxymercuration
Hydration
Markovnikov
17
‫مثال‬
18
H3C(H2C)3C CCH3
H2SO4, H2O
HgSO4
H2SO4, H2O
HgSO4
‫جوابها‬
‫پیوند‬ ‫)آنهاییککه‬ ‫درونکی‬ ‫آلکینهای‬ ‫چون‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫واکنکش‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬3
‫نشان‬ ‫کمتری‬ ‫گزینی‬ ‫ناحیکه‬ ( ‫دارد‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫مولکول‬ ‫وسکط‬ ‫در‬ ‫گانکه‬
‫محصول‬ ‫دو‬ ‫هکر‬ ‫مارکونیکوف‬ ‫محصکول‬ ‫یکک‬ ‫جای‬ ‫بکه‬ ‫دهنکد‬ ‫مکی‬
‫بینیم‬ ‫می‬ ‫را‬ ‫مارکونیکف‬ ‫آنتی‬ ‫و‬ ‫مارکونیکوف‬
19
HO O
H3C(H2C)3C CH2CH3
O
H3C(H2C)3C CCH3
O
Hydroboration Hydration
Anti-Markovnikov
20
‫کرافتس‬ - ‫فریدل‬ ‫آسیلسیون‬
‫است‬ ‫الکترون‬ ‫دهنده‬ ‫گروههای‬ ،‫کننده‬ ‫فعال‬ ‫گروه‬ ‫از‬ ‫منظور‬
21
‫یادآوری‬
‫واکنشهای‬ ‫روی‬ ‫آنها‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫و‬ ‫استخلفات‬ ‫)انواع‬
‫آروماتیک‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫الکتروفیلی‬ ‫)جانشینی‬
NH2
OH
CH3OCH3 F
Cl
Br
I
C OH
O
C CH3
O
C H
O
NH C CH3
O
SO3H NO2
N
+
R3C N
COCH3
OH
Reactivity Reactivity
o- and p-
directing
activators
o- and p-
directing
deactivators
deactivators
m-directing
22
‫کتونها‬ ‫و‬ ‫آلدهید‬ ‫واکنشهای‬
‫به‬ ‫آن‬ ‫مشتقات‬ ‫و‬ ‫آمونیاک‬ ‫نوکلئوفیلی‬ ‫افزایش‬ ‫واکنشهای‬
‫دار‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫ترکیبات‬
‫مانیخ‬ ‫واکنش‬
‫کیشنر‬ – ‫ولف‬ ‫واکنش‬
‫برابر‬ ‫در‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫حفاظت‬ ‫منظور‬ ‫)به‬ ‫استالها‬ ‫با‬ ‫واکنش‬
(‫ناخواسته‬ ‫نوکلئوفیلی‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حمله‬
‫تیواستالها‬ ‫با‬ ‫واکنش‬
‫دار‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫احیا‬
‫ویتیگ‬ ‫واکنش‬
‫ویلیگر‬ - ‫بایر‬ ‫اکسایش‬23
‫کتون‬ ‫و‬ ‫آلدهید‬ ‫پذیری‬ ‫واکنش‬
24
H2C
O
H
E+
Nu
base
‫الکتروفیل‬ ‫گروه‬ ‫یکک‬ ‫اتصکال‬
‫افزایش‬ ‫به‬ ‫منجر‬ ‫اکسیژن‬ ‫به‬
‫از‬ ‫اکسیژن‬ ‫کشندگی‬ ‫الکترون‬
‫در‬ ‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫دوگانکه‬ ‫پیونکد‬
‫تر‬ ‫مثبت‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫کربن‬ ‫نتیجه‬
‫نوکلئوفیل‬ ‫حمله‬ ‫برای‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬
‫اساس‬ ‫این‬ ‫شود‬ ‫می‬ ‫فعالتر‬
‫کاتالیستهای‬ ‫از‬ ‫بسکیاری‬ ‫کار‬
‫واکنشهای‬ ‫در‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫مورد‬
‫است‬ ‫دار‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫ترکیبات‬
‫قویتری‬ ‫بازی‬ ‫خصلت‬ ‫که‬ ‫آنهایی‬ ‫منتها‬ ‫دارند‬ ‫بازی‬ ‫خصلت‬ ‫هم‬ ‫نوکلئوفیلها‬
‫که‬ ‫آنهایکی‬ ‫و‬ ‫بگیرنکد‬ ‫را‬ ‫آلفکا‬ ‫اسکیدی‬ ‫هیدروژکن‬ ‫دهنکد‬ ‫مکی‬ ‫ترجیکح‬ ‫دارنکد‬
‫گروه‬ ‫کربن‬ ‫بکه‬ ‫نوکلئوفیکل‬ ‫عنوان‬ ‫بکه‬ ‫دارنکد‬ ‫ضعیفتری‬ ‫بازی‬ ‫خصکلت‬
‫کنند‬ ‫می‬ ‫حمله‬ ‫کربونیل‬
E+
: H+
, Lewis acid, etc
‫فعالیت‬ ‫ترتیب‬ ‫به‬ ‫دار‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫ترکیبات‬
‫نوکلئوفیلی‬ ‫حمله‬ ‫برابر‬ ‫در‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫گروه‬
25
C
O
HH R H
O
C
R R'
O
C
R OR
O
C
> > >
decreasing rate of reaction with nucleophile
δ
+
δ
−
‫مانیخ‬ ‫واکنش‬
26
‫مانیخ‬ ‫واکنش‬ ‫مکانیسم‬
‫اول‬ ‫مرحله‬
‫مانیخ‬ ‫گونه‬ ‫تهیه‬
27
‫مانیخ‬ ‫واکنش‬ ‫ادامه‬
‫مانیخ‬ ‫گونه‬ ‫به‬ ‫نوکلئوفیلی‬ ‫حمله‬ ‫دوم‬ ‫مرحله‬
28
‫و‬ ‫آمونیاک‬ ‫نوکلئوفیلی‬ ‫افزایش‬ ‫واکنشهای‬
‫دار‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫به‬ ‫آن‬ ‫مشتقات‬
29
O
R CH3
N R
R
H3C
N OH
R
H3C
N NH2
R
H3C
N
H2C R
NR
CH3
H
N O
NH2
RNH2
NH
NH2NH2
(Hydrazine)
O
NH2N
H
H2N
(Semicarbazone)
NH2OH
(Oxime)
(Enamine)
(Hydrazone)
(Imine)
R: H or Alkyle
30
‫کیشنر‬ - ‫ولف‬ ‫واکنش‬
O
NH2NH2, KOH
N
NH2
a hydrazone
HH
DMSO
+ N2
31
‫کربوکسیل‬ ‫)جهت‬ ‫کیشنر‬ – ‫ولف‬ ‫واکنش‬ ‫مکانیسم‬
‫)زدایی‬
32
‫)جهت‬ ‫استالها‬ ‫با‬ ‫واکنش‬ ‫مکانیسم‬
‫حمله‬ ‫برابر‬ ‫در‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫گروه‬ ‫محافظت‬
‫ناخواسته‬ ‫نوکلئوفیلی‬ ‫های‬
33
‫)محافظت‬ ‫استالها‬ ‫تیو‬ ‫با‬ ‫واکنش‬
‫استالها‬ ‫به‬ ‫نسبت‬ ‫قویتر‬ ‫)کننده‬
34
ICH2CH2
C
O
H + HSCH2CH2SH ICH2CH2 C
S
S
H
ZnCl2, -H2O
ICH2CH2
C
O
H
HgCl2, CH3CN
ICH2CH2 C
S
S
H
+ Hg(SCH2CH2S) (s)
‫تیو‬ ‫محافظت‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫برای‬
‫استال‬
‫تیواستالها‬ ‫از‬ ‫سولفورزدایی‬
35
ICH2CH2 C
S
S
H
H2, Raney Ni
ICH2CH2CH3
‫کند‬ ‫می‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫را‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫روش‬ ‫این‬
:‫یادآوری‬‫واکنش‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫جهت‬ ‫روش‬ ‫این‬ ‫بر‬ ‫علوه‬
‫را‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫توانند‬ ‫می‬ ‫هم‬ ‫کیشنر‬ ‫ولف‬ ‫همچنین‬ ‫و‬ ‫کلمانسون‬
‫کنند‬ ‫حذف‬
‫واکنش‬
‫کلمانسون‬
‫مثال‬
36
‫جواب‬
37
O3
O O
HS SH
SS
S S
ZnCl2, Et2O
Raney Ni
H2
P
‫دار‬ ‫کربونیل‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫احیا‬
38
H2C C
H
CHO
LiAlH4, Et2O
H+
, H2O
H2, PtH2
C CHOH3C H2C C
H
CH2OH
39
Reducing agent
LiAlH4
amine alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol amine alcohol
LiAlH2(OCH2CH2OCH3)2 alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol amine alcohol
LiAlH(OBut
)3 aldehyde alcohol alcohol alcohol aldehyde NR
NaBH4 amine alcohol alcohol alcohol NR NR
NaBH3
CN amine alcohol NR NR NR NR
B2
H6 alcohol alcohol NR amine alcohol
AlH3 alcohol alcohol alcohol alcohol amine alcohol
[(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)]2BH alcohol alcohol NR aldehyde NR
[(CH3)2CHCH2]2AlH alcohol alcohol aldehyde aldehyde alcohol
R X
O
R NH2
O
R OR'
O
R R'
O
R H
O
R R'
N
R'' R'''
R O
O
‫ویتیگ‬ ‫واکنش‬
C=O into C=C
40
SN2
(C6H5)3P + CH3Br (C6H5)3P CH3
CH3(C6H5)3P + CH3CH2CH2CH2Li (C6H5)3P CH2
CH2(C6H5)3P
phosphorous ylide
Br
methylene triphenylphosphorane
‫ویتیگ‬ ‫واکنش‬ ‫به‬ ‫مربوط‬ ‫ایلید‬ ‫سنتز‬
41
‫ویتیگ‬ ‫واکنش‬ ‫مکانیسم‬
an oxaphosphetane
methylene triphenylphosphorane
+(C6H5)3PO
CH2=CH
(C6H5)3
C
O
CH2
P
H
(C6H5)3
C
O
CH2
P
H
HC
O
+(C6H5)3P CH2
CH2(C6H5)3P
42
‫این‬ ‫ویتیگ‬ ‫واکنش‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬ ‫با‬
‫کنید‬ ‫سنتز‬ ‫را‬ ‫ماده‬
43
H3C(H2C)HC CH(CH2)4CH3
‫جوابها‬
44
C(CH2)2CH3 C(CH2)4CH3
X PPh3 OHC
C(CH2)2CH3OHC C(CH2)4CH3XPPh3
‫ویلیگر‬ - ‫بایر‬ ‫اکسایش‬
45
‫ویلیگر‬ - ‫بایر‬ ‫اکسایش‬ ‫مکانیسم‬
46
‫مثال‬
47
O
CF3COOH
O
O
O
CH2CH3
O
O
F3C O OH
CH2Cl2
OCH2CH3
O

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