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‫‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ:‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ:‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪ CD‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ:‬ ‫• ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫• ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪XML‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫• ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ٠٨٣١‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫‪Castro, Elizabeth‬‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ، ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ‬ ‫‪] XML‬ﺍﻳﻜﺲ. ﺍﻡ. ﺍﻝ[/ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ؛ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ؛ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ. ــ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ: ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ: ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ، ٠٨٣١.‬ ‫٨٥٢ ﺹ. : ﻣﺼﻮﺭ، ﺟﺪﻭﻝ. ــ )ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﻲ(‬ ‫3-03-3666-469 ‪ISBN‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﻨﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﭙﺎ.‬ ‫.‪XML for the world wide web‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ:‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ.‬ ‫١. ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﭘﺬﻳﺮ. ٢. ﻭﺏ. ﺍﻟﻒ. ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ، ٠٥٣١ - ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ. ﺏ. ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ، ﻋﻠﻲ، ١٥٣١ - ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ.‬ ‫ﺝ. ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ.‬ ‫٢٧/٥٠٠‬ ‫٢ﻙ٥٣ﻑ/٦٧/٦٧‪QA‬‬ ‫٠٨٣١‬ ‫٤٨٨٥١-٠٨ﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ‬ ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ :‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ، ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ:‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ:‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ:‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ:‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﻨﻲ:‬ ‫ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ‪:CD‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﻠﺪ:‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﭖ:‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ:‬ ‫٣-٠٣-٣٦٦٦-٤٦٩‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺑﻚ:‬ ‫ﺁﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺎﻓﻲ:‬ ‫3-03-3666-469‬ ‫‪ISBN‬‬ ‫٠٠٠٣٣ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ:‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﺨﺶ: ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ، ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٠٥٤١‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: ٥٩٥١٠٤٦‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻴﻢ،‬ ‫ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﻳﺶ ﮐﻨﻢ ﺍﻳﺰﺩ ﭘﺎﮎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺼﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﮔﻤﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﺷﺎﻥ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ، ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖﺍﻧﺪ. ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻮ ﺑﮕﺸﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ: ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ، ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ-‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻢ، ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏ ‪ CD‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﻢ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﺩﺳﺖ ﮐﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭ، ﺻﺒﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺣﺮﺍﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺻﻌﺐ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ، ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺟﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ CD‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺫﻭﻗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲﺷﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻲﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ :‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻭﺳﻊ ﺑﮑﻮﺷﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺧﻢ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺴﭙﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺻﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺠﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻴﺰﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭ ﻋﻴﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺷﮑﺎﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ. ﭘﺲ ﻣﻲ-‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻧﮑﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ- ﺥ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ- ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ-‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ۰۵۴۱ - ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﺎﻭﺵ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ‪ k_azimi@bigfoot.com‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ. ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﻢ.‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ – ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ، ﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ،ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ CD‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺷﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭﺍ ،ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ،ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﺭﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ، ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﻧﻬﻴﻢ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ ‪ CD‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ ‪ yoonessi@ams.ac.ir‬ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ، ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ .......................................................................................................................................................... ٤‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ....................................................................................................................................................... ٥‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ .................................................................................................................................................. ٦‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ..................................................................................................................................................................... ١١‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ - ‪١٩ ............................................................................................................. XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ - ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪٢١ ........................................................................................................................................ XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ - ‪DTD‬ﻫﺎ ......................................................................................................... ٣٣‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ - ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ‪٣٥ .................................................................................................................................... DTD‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪٤١ ................................................................................................... DTD‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ - ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪DTD‬ﻫﺎ .................................................................................................... ٥٥‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡ - ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ‪٦٧ ................................................................. XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ - ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ‪٦٩ ...................................................................................................................................... XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ........................................................................................................................... ٥٧‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ........................................................................................................................ ٣٩‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ - ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ‪١١٣ ......................................................................................................... XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ - ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ، ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ............................................................................................................ ١٢١‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ - ‪ XSLT‬ﻭ ‪١٣٣ .................................................................................... XPATH‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻫﻢ - ‪١٣٥ ................................................................................................................................................ XSLT‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻢ - ‪ : XPath‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ................................................................................................................ ٣٥١‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ - ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ................................................................................................................. ٣٦١‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ - ‪١٧٥ ........................................................................ Cascading Style Sheets‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ‪١٧٧ .................................................................................................................................... CSS‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ - ﻃﺮﺡﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪١٨٩ ........................................................................................................ CSS‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﻗﺎﻟﺐﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪٢٠٩ ................................................................................................... CSS‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺸﻢ - ‪XLink‬ﻭ‪٢٢٣ ................................................................................ XPointer‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ : ‪ XLink‬ﻭ ‪٢٢٥ ........................................................................................ XPointer‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻬﺎ .................................................................................................................................. ٧٣٢‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪٢٣٩ ............................................................................................................................................ XHTML - A‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ - B‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‪٢٤٣ ..................................................................................................................................... XML‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ - C‬ﺳﻤﺒﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ .................................................................................................................................... ٧٤٢‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ - D‬ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﮕﺰﺍﺩﺳﻴﻤﺎﻝ................................................................................................................. ١٥٢‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ................................................................................................................................................................... ٥٥٢‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ، ﺷﻴﻤﻲ، ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ‪ XML‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ‪ XML‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ، ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫١‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ XML‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ XML application‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ. ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﺷﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪ XML‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ HTML‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ: ‪ TeachText‬ﻳﺎ ‪ SimpleText‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎﺵ ﻭ ‪ Notepad‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪ WordPad‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ. ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪ XML‬ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲ، ﺻﻔﺤﻪﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ... ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ، ﺑﺎﺯﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ، ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ، ﺁﻥﻫﻢ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .xml‬ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٢٢‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ HTML‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ /‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻦ. ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ‪ name‬ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻭ >‬ ‫‪ Tiger‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١-١. ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻭ >‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٢-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ name‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫‪ Language‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ English‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ‪ English‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫‪ name‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ( ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪ English‬ﻳﺎ ‪ English Tiger‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٢-١(. ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٣-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ animal‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ name‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٣-١(. ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ، ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ . weight‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ animal‬ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ ﻭﺏ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ5‪ IE‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ name‬ﻭ ‪ weight‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪) Mozilla‬ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ6‪ (Netscape‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ name‬ﻭ ‪ weight‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫)ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ HTML‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ(.‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫٣٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﺭ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٤-١ . ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ (endangered_species‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺧﻂ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ )‪(Root element‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٤-١(.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ > ﻳﻚ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١(. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١ . ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ، ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ >‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ A‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ B‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ B‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ A‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻨﺪﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١(.‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ. ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ANIMAL, animal‬ﻭ‪ Animal‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ)ﺷﻜﻞ٦-١(.‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٦-١. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ` ` ﻭ " " ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٧-١(.‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ‪ HTML‬ﺩﺭ‪ XML‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ٥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ١٣( ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٧-١ . ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪ DTD‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ " " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٤٢‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ، ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪ XML‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٨-١ . ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ‪ XML‬ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪:XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫١- ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ <?xml‬ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ "0.1"=‪ version‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ، ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ >? ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ?< ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺎ >?‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪ ، XML‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺳﺒﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٥٧١ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ.‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ )" " ﻳﺎ ' '( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٠٤-٩٣(.‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻛﺘﺮﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ XML‬ﻣﺜﻞ 8-‪ UTF‬ﻳﺎ 61-‪UTF‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫٥٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ:‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٩-١ . ﺩﺭ ‪ HTML‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ‪HTML‬‬ ‫١- ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ <root‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪ root‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ.‬ ‫‪ endangered_species‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫٢- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ )ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ( ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </root‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ >‪ <NAME‬ﺑﺎ >‪ <Name‬ﻭ >‪ <name‬ﻓﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮﻑ،‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ _ ﻳﺎ : ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ، ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ، _ ، - ، . ﻭ : ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ : ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٣١١(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ‪ m ، x‬ﻭ ‪ l‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ W3C‬ﺭﺯﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٤٢ ﻭ ٧٦(.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٦٢‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ /‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٠١-١ . ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻢﺗﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻏﻴﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ:‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ: ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ <name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ name‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫٢- ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ HTML‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١١-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ(.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ :‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ‪،x‬‬ ‫‪ m‬ﻭ‪) l‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ، ﭼﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ W3C‬ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٧٦ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫٧٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ:‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ١ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫١-‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٢١-١ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ <inner‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪ inner‬ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫٢-‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ inner‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻳﺪ،‬ ‫٣-‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </inner‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ )‪(inner‬‬ ‫٤-‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ٢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫٥- ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ٢ ﺗﺎ ٤ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٦- ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ٣‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٣١-١ . ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ animal‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ، ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ، ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ، ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ، ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٨٢‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ:‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫١- ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٤١-١ . ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫=‪ attribute‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ‪ attribute‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ " " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ "‪"value‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ value‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ(.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ‪ HTML‬ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ؛" " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﻓﺮﻕ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺟﻔﺖﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٥١-١ . ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺗﻚﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٥(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &lt‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٧٢(.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫٩٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ picture‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٦١-١ . ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ:‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ <name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪name‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >/ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ:‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ <name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ‪ name‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫١-‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫٢-‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣-‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬ ‫٤-‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ name‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٧١-١ . ‪ source‬ﻭ ‪ picture‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ١ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ‪ source‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ picture‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺩﻭﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ‪ ،HTML‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ‪ XML‬ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٠٣‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ، ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٨١-١ . ﻃﺮﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻭ ‪HTML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ:‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ --!< ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >-- ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪<!--this is a‬‬ ‫> - - ‪ comment‬ﻧﻮﺷﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٩١-١ . ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ْ‪ْ Commenting out‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻂﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﻭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ، ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫١٣‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ HTML‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ & ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ; ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪ DTD‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱﻭﻳﮋﻩ:‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ & ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &amp‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫١-‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &lt‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢-‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ;‪&gt‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣-‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ " ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &quot‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٤-‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ' ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &apos‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫٥-‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٠٢-١ . ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ;‪ &Lt‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪ DTD‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٥٥( ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻳﺎ & ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ " ،` ﻳﺎ > ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٢٣ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ;‪ &quot‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫;‪ &apos‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ" ﻭ ` ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ " ﻭ ` ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٢٣‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪CDATA‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ:‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ [‪ <![CDATA‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﻼﻳﻢ >]] ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪CDATA‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١٢-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫٧٨١(.‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ‪ CDATA‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ‪ CDATA‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ CDATA‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻳﺎ & ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ;‪ &lt‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫;‪ &amp‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻳﺎ‬ ‫& ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ‪ CDATA‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >]] ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ CDATA‬ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ;‪ &gt‬ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫‪Internet‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٢٢-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ١٣ ﻭ‬ ‫5 ‪ Explorer‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ٣ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ CDATA‬ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ‪، xml_book‬‬ ‫‪ tags‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ‪ appearance‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ‪DTD‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ، ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫۲‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ، ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ‪ EndML‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ‪ EndML‬ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ‪EndML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ، ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٥٤٢-٤٤٢(.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ: ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪DTD‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ‪ DTD .XML‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺪ ، ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﺳﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪ DTD‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ new-fangled‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪ W3C‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ‪ XML‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ٣ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
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Xml fa

  • 1. ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ:‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ:‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪ CD‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ:‬ ‫• ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫• ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪XML‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫• ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ٠٨٣١‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 2. ‫‪Castro, Elizabeth‬‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ، ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ‬ ‫‪] XML‬ﺍﻳﻜﺲ. ﺍﻡ. ﺍﻝ[/ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ؛ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ؛ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ. ــ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ: ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ: ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ، ٠٨٣١.‬ ‫٨٥٢ ﺹ. : ﻣﺼﻮﺭ، ﺟﺪﻭﻝ. ــ )ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﻲ(‬ ‫3-03-3666-469 ‪ISBN‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﻨﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﭙﺎ.‬ ‫.‪XML for the world wide web‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ:‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ.‬ ‫١. ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﭘﺬﻳﺮ. ٢. ﻭﺏ. ﺍﻟﻒ. ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ، ٠٥٣١ - ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ. ﺏ. ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ، ﻋﻠﻲ، ١٥٣١ - ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ.‬ ‫ﺝ. ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ.‬ ‫٢٧/٥٠٠‬ ‫٢ﻙ٥٣ﻑ/٦٧/٦٧‪QA‬‬ ‫٠٨٣١‬ ‫٤٨٨٥١-٠٨ﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ‬ ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ :‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺮﻧﮓ، ﮔﻠﭙﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ:‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺖ ﻛﺴﺘﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ:‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ، ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ:‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ:‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﻓﻨﻲ:‬ ‫ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ‪:CD‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﻠﺪ:‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﭖ:‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ:‬ ‫٣-٠٣-٣٦٦٦-٤٦٩‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺑﻚ:‬ ‫ﺁﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺎﻓﻲ:‬ ‫3-03-3666-469‬ ‫‪ISBN‬‬ ‫٠٠٠٣٣ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ:‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﺨﺶ: ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ، ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ، ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ٠٥٤١‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: ٥٩٥١٠٤٦‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 3. ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻴﻢ،‬ ‫ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 4. ‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺎﻳﺶ ﮐﻨﻢ ﺍﻳﺰﺩ ﭘﺎﮎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺼﺮ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﮔﻤﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﺷﺎﻥ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ، ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﮑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖﺍﻧﺪ. ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻮ ﺑﮕﺸﺎﻳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻧﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ: ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ، ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ-‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻢ، ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏ ‪ CD‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ؛ ﮐﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻴﻢ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻴﻔﺘﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﺩﺳﺖ ﮐﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭ، ﺻﺒﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺣﺮﺍﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺻﻌﺐ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ، ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺟﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ CD‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺫﻭﻗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲﺷﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻲﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ :‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﮔﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻭﺳﻊ ﺑﮑﻮﺷﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺧﻢ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﮑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺴﭙﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺻﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺠﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻴﺰﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭ ﻋﻴﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺷﮑﺎﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ. ﭘﺲ ﻣﻲ-‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻧﮑﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ- ﺥ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ- ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ-‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ۰۵۴۱ - ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﺎﻭﺵ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ ‪ k_azimi@bigfoot.com‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ. ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻴﻢ.‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ – ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 5. ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻳﺎﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ:‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ، ﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﻴﺮ،ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ CD‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺷﻴﻤﺎ ﺻﺪﺭﺍ ،ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ،ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﺭﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ، ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ.‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ. ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﻧﻬﻴﻢ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ ‪ CD‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ ‪ yoonessi@ams.ac.ir‬ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻲ ، ﺍﻓﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﺎﺷﻒﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 6. ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ .......................................................................................................................................................... ٤‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ....................................................................................................................................................... ٥‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ .................................................................................................................................................. ٦‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ..................................................................................................................................................................... ١١‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ - ‪١٩ ............................................................................................................. XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ - ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪٢١ ........................................................................................................................................ XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ - ‪DTD‬ﻫﺎ ......................................................................................................... ٣٣‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ - ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ‪٣٥ .................................................................................................................................... DTD‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪٤١ ................................................................................................... DTD‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ - ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪DTD‬ﻫﺎ .................................................................................................... ٥٥‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡ - ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ‪٦٧ ................................................................. XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ - ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ‪٦٩ ...................................................................................................................................... XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ........................................................................................................................... ٥٧‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ - ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ........................................................................................................................ ٣٩‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ - ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ‪١١٣ ......................................................................................................... XML‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ - ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ، ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺳﺎﺯﻱ............................................................................................................ ١٢١‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 7. ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ - ‪ XSLT‬ﻭ ‪١٣٣ .................................................................................... XPATH‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻫﻢ - ‪١٣٥ ................................................................................................................................................ XSLT‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻢ - ‪ : XPath‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ................................................................................................................ ٣٥١‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﻢ - ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ................................................................................................................. ٣٦١‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ - ‪١٧٥ ........................................................................ Cascading Style Sheets‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ‪١٧٧ .................................................................................................................................... CSS‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ - ﻃﺮﺡﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪١٨٩ ........................................................................................................ CSS‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﻗﺎﻟﺐﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪٢٠٩ ................................................................................................... CSS‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺸﻢ - ‪XLink‬ﻭ‪٢٢٣ ................................................................................ XPointer‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ - ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ : ‪ XLink‬ﻭ ‪٢٢٥ ........................................................................................ XPointer‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻬﺎ .................................................................................................................................. ٧٣٢‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪٢٣٩ ............................................................................................................................................ XHTML - A‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ - B‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ‪٢٤٣ ..................................................................................................................................... XML‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ - C‬ﺳﻤﺒﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ .................................................................................................................................... ٧٤٢‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ - D‬ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﮕﺰﺍﺩﺳﻴﻤﺎﻝ................................................................................................................. ١٥٢‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻧﺎﻣﻪ ................................................................................................................................................................... ٥٥٢‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 8. ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ، ﺷﻴﻤﻲ، ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ‪ XML‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ‪ XML‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ، ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫١‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ XML‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ XML application‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ. ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﺷﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪ XML‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ HTML‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ: ‪ TeachText‬ﻳﺎ ‪ SimpleText‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎﺵ ﻭ ‪ Notepad‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪ WordPad‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ. ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪ XML‬ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲ، ﺻﻔﺤﻪﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ... ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ، ﺑﺎﺯﻛﺮﺩﻥ، ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ، ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ، ﺁﻥﻫﻢ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .xml‬ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 9. ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٢٢‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ HTML‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ /‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻦ. ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ‪ name‬ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻭ >‬ ‫‪ Tiger‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١-١. ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ، ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻭ >‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٢-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ name‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫‪ Language‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ English‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ‪ English‬ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫‪ name‬ﻧﻴﺴﺖ. ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ( ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫‪ English‬ﻳﺎ ‪ English Tiger‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٢-١(. ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٣-١. ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ animal‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ name‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٣-١(. ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ، ﻓﻀﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ . weight‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ animal‬ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ ﻭﺏ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ5‪ IE‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ name‬ﻭ ‪ weight‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪) Mozilla‬ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺘﺎﻱ6‪ (Netscape‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ name‬ﻭ ‪ weight‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫)ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ HTML‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ(.‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 10. ‫٣٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﺭ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٤-١ . ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ (endangered_species‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺧﻂ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ )‪(Root element‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٤-١(.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ > ﻳﻚ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١(. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١ . ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ، ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ >‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ. ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ A‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ B‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ B‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ A‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﻨﺪﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٥-١(.‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ. ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ANIMAL, animal‬ﻭ‪ Animal‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ)ﺷﻜﻞ٦-١(.‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٦-١. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ` ` ﻭ " " ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ٧-١(.‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ‪ HTML‬ﺩﺭ‪ XML‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ٥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ١٣( ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٧-١ . ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪ DTD‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ " " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 11. ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٤٢‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ، ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪ XML‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٨-١ . ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ‪ XML‬ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪:XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫١- ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ <?xml‬ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ "0.1"=‪ version‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ، ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ >? ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ?< ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺎ >?‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ‪ ، XML‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺳﺒﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٥٧١ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ.‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ )" " ﻳﺎ ' '( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٠٤-٩٣(.‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻛﺘﺮﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ XML‬ﻣﺜﻞ 8-‪ UTF‬ﻳﺎ 61-‪UTF‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 12. ‫٥٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ:‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٩-١ . ﺩﺭ ‪ HTML‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ‪HTML‬‬ ‫١- ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ <root‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪ root‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ.‬ ‫‪ endangered_species‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫٢- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ )ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﺪ( ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </root‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ >‪ <NAME‬ﺑﺎ >‪ <Name‬ﻭ >‪ <name‬ﻓﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮﻑ،‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ _ ﻳﺎ : ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ، ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ، _ ، - ، . ﻭ : ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ : ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٣١١(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ‪ m ، x‬ﻭ ‪ l‬ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ W3C‬ﺭﺯﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٤٢ ﻭ ٧٦(.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 13. ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٦٢‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ /‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٠١-١ . ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻢﺗﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻏﻴﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ:‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ: ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ <name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ name‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ. ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫٢- ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ HTML‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١١-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ(.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ :‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ‪،x‬‬ ‫‪ m‬ﻭ‪) l‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ، ﭼﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ. ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ W3C‬ﺭﺯﺭﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ‪ XML‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٧٦ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 14. ‫٧٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ:‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ١ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫١-‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٢١-١ . ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ <inner‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪ inner‬ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫٢-‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﻫﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ inner‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻳﺪ،‬ ‫٣-‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </inner‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ )‪(inner‬‬ ‫٤-‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ٢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫٥- ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ٢ ﺗﺎ ٤ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٦- ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ٣‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٣١-١ . ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ animal‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ، ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ، ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ، ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ، ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 15. ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٨٢‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ:‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫١- ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٤١-١ . ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫=‪ attribute‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ‪ attribute‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ " " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ "‪"value‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ value‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٦٢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ(.‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ‪ HTML‬ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ؛" " ﻳﺎ ` ` ﻓﺮﻕ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺟﻔﺖﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٥١-١ . ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺗﻚﻛﻮﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫)ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٥(. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &lt‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٧٢(.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 16. ‫٩٢‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ picture‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ / ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٦١-١ . ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ:‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ، ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ <name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪name‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >/ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ:‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ <name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ. ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ‪ name‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫١-‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٨٢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫٢-‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ، ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣-‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ، ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >‪ </name‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬ ‫٤-‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪ name‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٧١-١ . ‪ source‬ﻭ ‪ picture‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ١ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ‪ source‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ picture‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺩﻭﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ‪ ،HTML‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺵﻓﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ‪ XML‬ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 17. ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٠٣‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ، ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٨١-١ . ﻃﺮﺯ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻭ ‪HTML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ:‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ --!< ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >-- ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪<!--this is a‬‬ ‫> - - ‪ comment‬ﻧﻮﺷﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺩﺭﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٩١-١ . ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ، ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ْ‪ْ Commenting out‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻂﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪ XML‬ﻭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ، ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 18. ‫١٣‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ : ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ HTML‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ & ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ; ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ. ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪ DTD‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱﻭﻳﮋﻩ:‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ & ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &amp‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫١-‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &lt‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢-‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ;‪&gt‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣-‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ " ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &quot‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٤-‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ' ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ;‪ &apos‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫٥-‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٠٢-١ . ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ;‪ &Lt‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ‪ DTD‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٥٥( ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻳﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ < ﻳﺎ & ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ. ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ " ،` ﻳﺎ > ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ٢٣ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ;‪ &quot‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫;‪ &apos‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ" ﻭ ` ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎﻱ " ﻭ ` ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬
  • 19. ‫‪XML‬‬ ‫٢٣‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ‪ XML‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ. ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪CDATA‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ:‬ ‫١- ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ [‪ <![CDATA‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٢- ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫٣- ﻋﻼﻳﻢ >]] ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪CDATA‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ‪XML‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺒﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ١٢-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫٧٨١(.‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ‪ CDATA‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ‪ CDATA‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺗﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ CDATA‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻳﺎ & ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ;‪ &lt‬ﻳﺎ‬ ‫;‪ &amp‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ < ﻳﺎ‬ ‫& ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ‪ CDATA‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ >]] ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ CDATA‬ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ > ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ;‪ &gt‬ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ.ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ‬ ‫‪Internet‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ٢٢-١ . ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ١٣ ﻭ‬ ‫5 ‪ Explorer‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ٣ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ‪ CDATA‬ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﻲ ‪، xml_book‬‬ ‫‪ tags‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ‪ appearance‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﮔﺮ ‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.‬
  • 20. ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ‪DTD‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ، ﺩﺭ ‪ XML‬ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ‪ XML‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫۲‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ، ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ‪ EndML‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ‪ EndML‬ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ‪EndML‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ، ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ، ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎﻱ ٥٤٢-٤٤٢(.‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ: ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪DTD‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ‪ DTD .XML‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻨﺪ ، ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﺳﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪ DTD‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ new-fangled‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪ W3C‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ‪ XML‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ٣ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬ ‫‪www.txt.ir‬‬