Product marketing and advertising has been targeting children as consumer as they have been
thinking that children having peers influenceon their buying behaviors. In this study, we are addressing the
problems most of people living in
Marketing in higher education originated in the US in the 1970s and expanded globally with increased competition for students. There are two perspectives on marketing - as a sign of managerialism and marketization, and as its own research field. The 'why' of marketing is increased competition, while the 'what' encompasses communications, image, and relationships. Marketing must consider higher education's public functions and students' unique role. Research analyzes branding, digital marketing, and how marketing is embedded in institutions and carried out by dedicated professionals, though approaches differ between national contexts.
INSTRUCTIONSDiscussion 1 Contextualizing Quantitative Data .docxcarliotwaycave
INSTRUCTIONS
Discussion 1: Contextualizing Quantitative Data in the Workplace- CORPORATE BANK FACILITATOR
What role does quantitative research play in your current (Corporate Bank Facilitator) professional role?
Share 1-2 specific examples of ways in which you have, or might, use quantitative data.
Include projects where you would like to do some analysis (quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods) but have not.
Describe the project and ask your classmates for their feedback!
· Your initial post (approximately 200-250 words) should address each question in the discussion
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5
Topic: “The Effect of Social Media Marketing On Business Growth and Prosperity”
Introduction
Since early 2000s, businesses have seen the need of utilizing social media as a convenient platform to reach and engage their potential customers (Pourkhani et al., 2019). Social media has revolutionized the way businesses connect with consumers for the purpose of growing their brand. Notably, social media offers cheaper and highly accessible tools of marketing used by businesses to advance their promotional activities (Fan & Gordon, 2014). In United States, social media has highly transformed the world of business –allowing firms to innovate and improve their business plans in order to attain maximum growth and prosperity (As' ad & Alhadid, 2014). Therefore, this study explores the impact, benefit, and importance of social media to the growth and performance of businesses.
Purpose of the Study
According to Kane (2015), a researcher should have a tangible reason (s) for undertaking a particular study in any filed. Marketing is very crucial to each and every business. Marketing entails the need for companies to access the target markets and engage their potential customers. This is aimed at understanding customer needs and wants –something that is crucial in developing a product (s) which offer maximum satisfaction to consumers. Until late 90s, businesses relied on traditional mode of marketing which included radio, TV, newspaper, billboards, field-marketing, among others. Notably, these marketing channels were very expensive. However, the introduction of social media platforms in early 2000s availed cheap, accessible, and reliable means of reaching the target audiences. Consequently, there is need to explore the element of social media in order to establish its superiority and contribution in helping organizations to attain maximum growth and performance. Thus, this study seeks to establish the impact and benefit of social media platforms to organizations as far as elements of building brand awareness, increasing sales, and expanding markets are concerned.
Study Rationale
Before conducting a research, a researcher is supposed to explain clearly the importance of the study he or she is carrying out. This involves providing specific, valid, and ideally arguments in support of the research topic. The rationale of th ...
Effect of Education, Experience, and Media on USC Students’ Preferences for D...Vincent Tsao
- The document discusses a study that examined how education, media exposure, and experience influence USC students' preferences for different business differentiation strategies.
- It administered surveys to USC students that assessed their views on various differentiation strategies and factors like cost leadership, product differentiation, and customer focus.
- The results found that students' views did not significantly differ based on their major, year in school, number of entrepreneurship classes, or amount of entrepreneurship media consumed. Their views on new vs. established businesses also did not significantly differ.
32 College Essay Format Templates & Examples - TemplateArchive. Good Titles For College Essay. College Admission Essay Samples Free - 33 DESIGN Ideas You have Never .... Personal Essay for College format Inspirational College Admissions .... Title sequence essay. Good College Essay Titles - How to Title a College Essay.
UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING DIVERSITY IS AT THE HEART OF EVERY MARKETING ACTIVITY – WHETHER THAT'S ON A LOCAL, INTERNATIONAL, OR GLOBAL LEVEL. AS MORE MARKETERS RECEIVE FORMAL TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS, HOW SUCCESSFUL ARE THESE PROVIDERS AT PROVIDING A PLATFORM FOR NURTURING DIVERSE PROFESSIONALS WHO ARE COMPETENT IN THE ART OF IMPLEMENTING DIVERSITY CONCEPTS? IN THIS ARTICLE, THE FOCUS IS ON NATIONAL, ETHNIC, AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY.
Confirmation bias occurs when individuals seek out only information that agrees with their beliefs
and filter out conflicting information. This typically results in poor decision-making. This study sought to
determine if confirmation bias is related to culture and to determine if higher levels of education will reduce
confirmation bias. Cultural comparisons were drawn from the U.S
The Wisdom of Some Do We Always Need HighConsensus to Shape.docxpelise1
The Wisdom of Some: Do We Always Need High
Consensus to Shape Consumer Behavior?
Michael R. Sciandra, Cait Lamberton, and
Rebecca Walker Reczek
From the Food and Drug Administration’s efforts to prompt healthier eating to the Environmental Protection
Agency’s desire to prompt people to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors, a wide range of policy
makers aim to persuade consumers. To do so, they must decide how and whether to use information about
the behavior of other consumers as part of their persuasive message. In four experimental studies, the
authors demonstrate that the persuasive advantage of high- versus low-consensus information depends
on the target consumer’s trait level of susceptibility to interpersonal influence (SII). Low-SII consumers
differentiate between low- and high-consensus information, such that they are more persuaded by
high-consensus information. In contrast, high-SII consumers find any cue about the behavior of others
persuasive, regardless of whether it is high or low consensus. Importantly, this finding suggests that policy
makers may find success motivating behavioral change even in low-consensus situations. The authors close
by reporting data from two broadscale correlational surveys that identify behavioral, psychographic, and
demographic characteristics related to consumer SII as well as domains in which low consensus currently
exists, so that policy makers can identify and target these individuals and related issues.
Keywords: persuasion, susceptibility to interpersonal influence, social norms marketing, consensus, social proof
P
olicy makers often want to persuade people to change
their thoughts and behaviors. For example, politicians
frequently stump for votes, advocate for change, and seek
support for new policies or legislation. Similarly, state and local
governmental agencies and nonprofit nongovernmental orga-
nizations (NGOs) continually encourage consumers to engage
in a multitude of desirable behaviors, including eating healthy
foods, staying physically active, recycling, and conserving en-
ergy. As such, policy makers frequently employ persuasive
messages designed to encourage specific behaviors. For ex-
ample, in May 2015, New York City launched a campaign de-
signed to reduce consumer waste and generated awareness
through persuasive messages on buses and subways and in
digital communications (Gerlat 2015).
Prior research in psychology and marketing has indicated that
the success of such persuasive messages is largely contingent on
two factors: (1) the credibility of the message source (i.e., the
policy maker or organization; Petty and Briñol 2008) and (2) the
strength or quality of the message argument (i.e., how strong
a case is made for the advocated attitude or behavior; Petty and
Cacioppo 1984). In general, most policy makers are endowed
with source credibility by virtue of political power (in the case of
elected officials), legal authority (e.g., state and local govern-
ment age.
Product marketing and advertising has been targeting children as consumer as they have been
thinking that children having peers influenceon their buying behaviors. In this study, we are addressing the
problems most of people living in
Marketing in higher education originated in the US in the 1970s and expanded globally with increased competition for students. There are two perspectives on marketing - as a sign of managerialism and marketization, and as its own research field. The 'why' of marketing is increased competition, while the 'what' encompasses communications, image, and relationships. Marketing must consider higher education's public functions and students' unique role. Research analyzes branding, digital marketing, and how marketing is embedded in institutions and carried out by dedicated professionals, though approaches differ between national contexts.
INSTRUCTIONSDiscussion 1 Contextualizing Quantitative Data .docxcarliotwaycave
INSTRUCTIONS
Discussion 1: Contextualizing Quantitative Data in the Workplace- CORPORATE BANK FACILITATOR
What role does quantitative research play in your current (Corporate Bank Facilitator) professional role?
Share 1-2 specific examples of ways in which you have, or might, use quantitative data.
Include projects where you would like to do some analysis (quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods) but have not.
Describe the project and ask your classmates for their feedback!
· Your initial post (approximately 200-250 words) should address each question in the discussion
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 5
Topic: “The Effect of Social Media Marketing On Business Growth and Prosperity”
Introduction
Since early 2000s, businesses have seen the need of utilizing social media as a convenient platform to reach and engage their potential customers (Pourkhani et al., 2019). Social media has revolutionized the way businesses connect with consumers for the purpose of growing their brand. Notably, social media offers cheaper and highly accessible tools of marketing used by businesses to advance their promotional activities (Fan & Gordon, 2014). In United States, social media has highly transformed the world of business –allowing firms to innovate and improve their business plans in order to attain maximum growth and prosperity (As' ad & Alhadid, 2014). Therefore, this study explores the impact, benefit, and importance of social media to the growth and performance of businesses.
Purpose of the Study
According to Kane (2015), a researcher should have a tangible reason (s) for undertaking a particular study in any filed. Marketing is very crucial to each and every business. Marketing entails the need for companies to access the target markets and engage their potential customers. This is aimed at understanding customer needs and wants –something that is crucial in developing a product (s) which offer maximum satisfaction to consumers. Until late 90s, businesses relied on traditional mode of marketing which included radio, TV, newspaper, billboards, field-marketing, among others. Notably, these marketing channels were very expensive. However, the introduction of social media platforms in early 2000s availed cheap, accessible, and reliable means of reaching the target audiences. Consequently, there is need to explore the element of social media in order to establish its superiority and contribution in helping organizations to attain maximum growth and performance. Thus, this study seeks to establish the impact and benefit of social media platforms to organizations as far as elements of building brand awareness, increasing sales, and expanding markets are concerned.
Study Rationale
Before conducting a research, a researcher is supposed to explain clearly the importance of the study he or she is carrying out. This involves providing specific, valid, and ideally arguments in support of the research topic. The rationale of th ...
Effect of Education, Experience, and Media on USC Students’ Preferences for D...Vincent Tsao
- The document discusses a study that examined how education, media exposure, and experience influence USC students' preferences for different business differentiation strategies.
- It administered surveys to USC students that assessed their views on various differentiation strategies and factors like cost leadership, product differentiation, and customer focus.
- The results found that students' views did not significantly differ based on their major, year in school, number of entrepreneurship classes, or amount of entrepreneurship media consumed. Their views on new vs. established businesses also did not significantly differ.
32 College Essay Format Templates & Examples - TemplateArchive. Good Titles For College Essay. College Admission Essay Samples Free - 33 DESIGN Ideas You have Never .... Personal Essay for College format Inspirational College Admissions .... Title sequence essay. Good College Essay Titles - How to Title a College Essay.
UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING DIVERSITY IS AT THE HEART OF EVERY MARKETING ACTIVITY – WHETHER THAT'S ON A LOCAL, INTERNATIONAL, OR GLOBAL LEVEL. AS MORE MARKETERS RECEIVE FORMAL TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS, HOW SUCCESSFUL ARE THESE PROVIDERS AT PROVIDING A PLATFORM FOR NURTURING DIVERSE PROFESSIONALS WHO ARE COMPETENT IN THE ART OF IMPLEMENTING DIVERSITY CONCEPTS? IN THIS ARTICLE, THE FOCUS IS ON NATIONAL, ETHNIC, AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY.
Confirmation bias occurs when individuals seek out only information that agrees with their beliefs
and filter out conflicting information. This typically results in poor decision-making. This study sought to
determine if confirmation bias is related to culture and to determine if higher levels of education will reduce
confirmation bias. Cultural comparisons were drawn from the U.S
The Wisdom of Some Do We Always Need HighConsensus to Shape.docxpelise1
The Wisdom of Some: Do We Always Need High
Consensus to Shape Consumer Behavior?
Michael R. Sciandra, Cait Lamberton, and
Rebecca Walker Reczek
From the Food and Drug Administration’s efforts to prompt healthier eating to the Environmental Protection
Agency’s desire to prompt people to engage in environmentally friendly behaviors, a wide range of policy
makers aim to persuade consumers. To do so, they must decide how and whether to use information about
the behavior of other consumers as part of their persuasive message. In four experimental studies, the
authors demonstrate that the persuasive advantage of high- versus low-consensus information depends
on the target consumer’s trait level of susceptibility to interpersonal influence (SII). Low-SII consumers
differentiate between low- and high-consensus information, such that they are more persuaded by
high-consensus information. In contrast, high-SII consumers find any cue about the behavior of others
persuasive, regardless of whether it is high or low consensus. Importantly, this finding suggests that policy
makers may find success motivating behavioral change even in low-consensus situations. The authors close
by reporting data from two broadscale correlational surveys that identify behavioral, psychographic, and
demographic characteristics related to consumer SII as well as domains in which low consensus currently
exists, so that policy makers can identify and target these individuals and related issues.
Keywords: persuasion, susceptibility to interpersonal influence, social norms marketing, consensus, social proof
P
olicy makers often want to persuade people to change
their thoughts and behaviors. For example, politicians
frequently stump for votes, advocate for change, and seek
support for new policies or legislation. Similarly, state and local
governmental agencies and nonprofit nongovernmental orga-
nizations (NGOs) continually encourage consumers to engage
in a multitude of desirable behaviors, including eating healthy
foods, staying physically active, recycling, and conserving en-
ergy. As such, policy makers frequently employ persuasive
messages designed to encourage specific behaviors. For ex-
ample, in May 2015, New York City launched a campaign de-
signed to reduce consumer waste and generated awareness
through persuasive messages on buses and subways and in
digital communications (Gerlat 2015).
Prior research in psychology and marketing has indicated that
the success of such persuasive messages is largely contingent on
two factors: (1) the credibility of the message source (i.e., the
policy maker or organization; Petty and Briñol 2008) and (2) the
strength or quality of the message argument (i.e., how strong
a case is made for the advocated attitude or behavior; Petty and
Cacioppo 1984). In general, most policy makers are endowed
with source credibility by virtue of political power (in the case of
elected officials), legal authority (e.g., state and local govern-
ment age.
Understanding And Addressing Diversity Is At The Heart Of Every Marketing Activity – Whether That’s On A Local, International, Or Global Level. As More Marketers Receive Formal Training And Qualifications, How Successful Are These Providers At Providing A Platform For Nurturing Diverse Professionals Who Are Competent In The Art Of Implementing Diversity Concepts? In This Article, I Will Be Focussing On National, Ethnic, And Cultural Diversity.
Academic quality, league tables, and public policyA cross.docxdaniahendric
Academic quality, league tables, and public policy:
A cross-national analysis of university ranking systems*
DAVID D. DILL & MAARJA SOO
Research Program on Public Policy for Academic Quality (PPAQ), Department of
Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Abernethy Hall, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599-3435, USA (Phone: +1-(919) 962 - 6848; Fax: +1-(919) 962 - 5824; E-mail:
[email protected], [email protected]unc.edu)
Abstract. The global expansion of access to higher education has increased demand for
information on academic quality and has led to the development of university ranking
systems or league tables in many countries of the world. A recent UNESCO/CEPES
conference on higher education indicators concluded that cross-national research on
these ranking systems could make an important contribution to improving the inter-
national market for higher education. The comparison and analysis of national uni-
versity ranking systems can help address a number of important policy questions. First,
is there an emerging international consensus on the measurement of academic quality as
reflected in these ranking systems? Second, what impact are the different ranking sys-
tems having on university and academic behavior in their respective countries? Finally,
are there important public interests that are thus far not reflected in these rankings? If
so, is there a needed and appropriate role for public policy in the development and
distribution of university ranking systems and what might that role be? This paper
explores these questions through a comparative analysis of university rankings in
Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US.
Keywords: academic quality, higher education policy, league tables, organizational re-
port cards, university rankings
Introduction
The world-wide expansion of access to higher education has also created
an increasing national and global demand for consumer information on
academic quality. Because a college education is a rare purchase and an
increasingly important as well as expensive decision in one’s life, stu-
dents and their families are seeking information that will help them
make informed choices in the selection of a university and/or an aca-
demic program. Demand for consumer information on academic
quality has led to the development of university rankings in many
countries of the world. A UNESCO/CEPES invitational roundtable on
rankings and league table methodologies in higher education, for
Higher Education (2005) 49: 495–533 � Springer 2005
DOI 10.1007/s10734-004-1746-8
example, reviewed the development of university rankings in Germany,
Japan, Poland, Russia, the UK and the US.
1
The rankings are often heavily criticized: because of their statistical
inaccuracy, because of the measures chosen to represent academic
quality, or because of their expected negative impact on the overall
performance of universities (Bowden 2000). But recent research suggests
that well designed organizational ...
International marketing research involves collecting and analyzing data from multiple countries to inform business decisions across borders. It can be conducted for academic or commercial purposes. Academically, it aims to further understand consumer behavior and test theories internationally, while commercial research helps companies make strategic decisions about international markets. Effective international marketing research requires considering differences in cultures, languages, environments, and data availability across countries. The research process typically involves preliminary exploratory research followed by in-depth qualitative and quantitative studies to establish comparability and address complex multi-country decision problems. International marketing research helps companies identify opportunities and threats, understand diverse markets, select appropriate distribution and product strategies, and avoid costly mistakes when expanding globally.
Mapping the E Mindset AABAA Poster v 52PeterHackbert
The document summarizes a study conducted at Berea College that mapped students' entrepreneurial mindset using Gallup's BP10 assessment. Key findings include:
1) The top 3 most prevalent talent themes among student cohorts were Relationship, Determination, and Independence, suggesting students are motivated, tenacious, and able to build relationships.
2) Differences existed between males and females, with males reporting higher confidence and profitability talents.
3) Mapping talents provides insights to help students strengthen abilities like innovative thinking and understanding business models.
4) The BP10 assessment can help develop activities to move students from novice to expert entrepreneurial mindsets tailored for liberal arts graduates.
This document outlines an agenda for a multicultural marketing class session. It includes discussions on cross-cultural consumer behavior, globalization of consumption, marketing research challenges, and a group assignment comparing word-of-mouth communication across cultures. A quiz on dating customs around the world is also included. The session will cover convergence of marketing environments and legal/ethical issues in cross-cultural research.
Final ExamRSCH 300 – September – December 2014 Name Instr.docxmydrynan
Final Exam
RSCH 300 –
September – December 2014
Name:
Instructions:
There are seven questions in the exam. Five questions are worth 5 points and two questions are worth 2.5 points.
Read each question and follow the guidelines.
Submit your exam using the Turnitin link. Deadline is: 9 am on December 11 (Thursday).
Attend class at 9 am on Thursday and hand in a hard copy of your Exam.
Question 1, 2 & 3 refer to the article
LeBlanc, G & Nguyen, N (1999). Listening to the customer’s voice: examining perceived service value among business college students, The International Journal of Educational Management, 13(4), 187-198.
Q1: (5 points) What methodologies are used in the study published by LeBlanc and Nguyen (1999)? (5 points)
List them. Identify the procedure that was followed for sample selection as well as the sample size. Do not copy-paste the answer from the article, summarize it and present it in your own words. There is no word limit for this answer but 80 to 100 words should be enough.
Q2. (2.5 points) Considering the types of literature review discussed in class: What type of Literature Review is used in the project by LeBlanc and Nguyen (1999)?
Q3: (5points) Read the literature review again and identify one sentence that use an evaluation verb, another sentence that uses a positive stance and a sentence that uses a reporting verb. Use quotation marks and page number, if you are using a print-out of the article use the page number in the printed version. See the example of a reporting sentence:
“Epistemic Value is defined by Sheth, et al (1991) as the ability of a product/service to provided novelty and/or satisfy a desire for knowledge” (LeBlanc and Nguyen 1999, p. 3).
Q4. (5 points)
Identify the types of internet research that do not require ethics assessment Provide a summary in a maximum of 250 words.
Q5. (5 points) Is the following alternative hypothesis set for a two-tailed or a one-tailed test? What would be the null hypotheses?
H1:There is a difference in the GPA of male and female students
Q6: (5 points) Mention five primary data collection methods and describe three of them.
Q7. (2.5 points) Mention two sources of secondary data in Canada. Include links to the websites, if you need help you can visit the Library.
1
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Report Information from ProQuest
06 December 2014 15:41
_______________________________________________________________
06 December 2014 ProQuest
Table of contents
1. Listening to the customer's voice: examining perceived service value among business college students.. 1
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................... 14
06 December 2014 ii ProQuest
Document 1 of 1
Listening to the customer's voice: examining perceived service ...
Project Individual Reflection Paper And Project GroupKate Loge
This document discusses challenges with completing a project group for an assessment course. It describes gaining knowledge and assessment practice through the project. Several challenges were identified, including applying rigorous assessment to encourage student involvement. The document discusses collaborating to assess programs and ensuring assessments are documented with evidence. It indicates the project was aligned with the university's strategic plan initiatives.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of packaging factors on consumer behavior for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) in Hyderabad, India. The study examined how product-related packaging factors like product safety, eco-friendly packaging, and quality packaging influence consumer purchasing behavior. An online survey of 825 respondents was conducted and analyzed using statistical methods. The results showed that packaging factors have a statistically significant impact on consumer elements and purchasing behavior. Specifically, education level and income were found to have a strong correlation with packaging factors, and product safety, eco-friendly, and quality packaging had a strong relationship with consumer purchasing behavior.
This document summarizes a research article from the Journal of Marketing Education that examines the current state of stand-alone marketing ethics courses. The researchers analyzed syllabi from 28 marketing ethics courses at universities around the world. They found a variety of approaches being used, with most courses focusing on normative and descriptive frameworks for ethical decision-making. Common topics included ethics in different marketing functions, sales, corporate decisions, consumers, and international marketing. The courses used cases, readings and videos in addition to textbooks. The article concludes by recommending further development and refinement of marketing curricula to incorporate ethics.
FREE 8+ Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. College Essay: Graduate school essay sample. 001 High School Graduation Essay Example High20school ~ Thatsnotus.
The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of real estate sales representative’s cultural
intelligence on customer satisfaction in Malaysia. A sample size of 535 respondents as customers who have
experienced in interacting real estate sales representative was used to collect the relevant data through
convenience
The changing perception and buying behaviour of women consumer in Urban IndiaIOSR Journals
The working women segment has significantly influenced the modern marketing concept. The objective of this paper is to identify the changing perception and comparison of buying behaviour for working and non-working women in Urban India. It suggests that women due to their multiple roles influence their own and of their family members’ buying behaviour. The study also reveals that working women are price, quality and brand conscious and highly influenced by the others in shopping.
Executive Program Practical Connection AssignmentISOL532 Cloud C.docxrhetttrevannion
Executive Program Practical Connection Assignment
ISOL532 Cloud Computing (Due Friday Evening by 11:59 PM)
At UC, it is a priority that students are provided with strong educational programs and courses that allow them to be servant-leaders in their disciplines and communities, linking research with practice and knowledge with ethical decision-making. This assignment is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and put into practice within their own career.
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word (or 2 pages double spaced) minimum reflection.
Use proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
Demonstrate a connection to your current work environment. If you are not employed, demonstrate a connection to your desired work environment.
You should NOT provide an overview of the assignments assigned in the course. The assignment is to reflect how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
Personal Connection paper should have a maximum of 20% similarity score.
Hospitality Education Quality Improvement in Oversea
Abstract
The advanced education of student has turned out to be progressively internationalized, with a congesting extent of student starting from abroad. In any case, research to date proposes that abroad student are frequently less happy with their courses than different understudies. Thus, there is a prospering requirement for colleges to comprehend what student an incentive they would say. This paper gives an account of an investigation that sets up and tests measurements for estimating administration quality in advanced education, concentrating on full-fee paying postgraduate student from non-EU nations at one foundation in the UK.The establishment concerned has a specific notoriety in tourism and neighbourliness and a critical
Extent of the respondents were examining these subjects. The results of the research highlighted four factors of service quality: recognition; quality of instruction and interaction with faculty; sufficiency of resources; and aspects of physical quality. Arguably, the most significant finding here is the importance that these students attach to their institution’s reputation.
Keywords: Administration quality; higher training; International Students.
Introduction
The training of full-expense payin.
Executive Program Practical Connection AssignmentISOL532 Cloud C.docxelbanglis
Executive Program Practical Connection Assignment
ISOL532 Cloud Computing (Due Friday Evening by 11:59 PM)
At UC, it is a priority that students are provided with strong educational programs and courses that allow them to be servant-leaders in their disciplines and communities, linking research with practice and knowledge with ethical decision-making. This assignment is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and put into practice within their own career.
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word (or 2 pages double spaced) minimum reflection.
Use proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
Demonstrate a connection to your current work environment. If you are not employed, demonstrate a connection to your desired work environment.
You should NOT provide an overview of the assignments assigned in the course. The assignment is to reflect how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
Personal Connection paper should have a maximum of 20% similarity score.
Hospitality Education Quality Improvement in Oversea
Abstract
The advanced education of student has turned out to be progressively internationalized, with a congesting extent of student starting from abroad. In any case, research to date proposes that abroad student are frequently less happy with their courses than different understudies. Thus, there is a prospering requirement for colleges to comprehend what student an incentive they would say. This paper gives an account of an investigation that sets up and tests measurements for estimating administration quality in advanced education, concentrating on full-fee paying postgraduate student from non-EU nations at one foundation in the UK.The establishment concerned has a specific notoriety in tourism and neighbourliness and a critical
Extent of the respondents were examining these subjects. The results of the research highlighted four factors of service quality: recognition; quality of instruction and interaction with faculty; sufficiency of resources; and aspects of physical quality. Arguably, the most significant finding here is the importance that these students attach to their institution’s reputation.
Keywords: Administration quality; higher training; International Students.
Introduction
The training of full-expense payin ...
This document summarizes a research article that examined consumer vulnerability to perceived product similarity. The study had three main goals: 1) Test the validity of a perceived product similarity scale developed in Germany on UK consumers; 2) Examine how perceived product similarity relates to brand loyalty and word of mouth; 3) Identify if segments of consumers with different levels of perceived product similarity exist. The researchers hypothesized that as perceived product similarity increases, brand loyalty decreases but word of mouth increases or decreases depending on how consumers attribute the cause of their perceived similarity. The study aimed to contribute to understanding consumer cognitive vulnerability.
The cross cultural training for the global workforce andsudeeppanicker
This document discusses managing cross-cultural issues and contains several sections. It begins by outlining the benefits of cross-cultural training for organizations and individuals. It then lists the objectives of understanding the role of cross-cultural training in expatriate adjustment and analyzing personality and situational factors related to success. The document also presents a model incorporating individual, situational, and intercultural competence variables.
Here is a revised version of the proposal letter with minor edits:
September 22, 2003
To: Leslie Bickford
From: Diana Ferry DF
RE: Proposal for Final Project
I am writing to request that you accept my topic for the Writing 465 final project. I believe this project has the potential to help alleviate the current parking problem at Winthrop University. Both Jack Allen from Campus Police and Walter Hardin, Associate Vice President for Facilities Management, have expressed interest in my proposed research.
BACKGROUND
Winthrop University is a small public university with an undergraduate enrollment of approximately 5,065 students in the fall of 2002. While the university has a well-organized parking system, it is no
This document summarizes the key findings of a study on workforce preparedness among millennials commissioned by Bentley University. The study surveyed over 3,100 people from various stakeholder groups. It found both agreement and discrepancies in how preparedness is defined. While most see a college degree as valuable, there are misperceptions about its guarantee of success. Recent college graduates demonstrate self-awareness by grading their own preparedness critically. While stakeholders generally grade recent graduates' preparedness poorly, parents view their own children more positively. The lack of preparedness is seen as a real problem impacting individuals, businesses, and the economy.
Content marketing strategy and implications for higher educational instituti...Md. Moulude Hossain
This document discusses content marketing strategies for higher educational institutions in Bangladesh. It recommends that institutions publish different types of content across various platforms like websites, social media, blogs, articles and videos to provide information to students, parents and other stakeholders. Content should be targeted to address common questions about courses, faculty, research etc. The strategy outlines setting objectives, defining target audiences, developing content, planning distribution across platforms like search engines, social media, email and blogs. The goal is to establish the institution as an expert and thought leader in its fields to attract students and talent.
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the heritages mentioned about and how they affect (positively or negatively) the delivery of health care.
2. Identify sociocultural variables within the Irish, Italian and Puerto Rican heritage and mention some examples.
References must be no older than 5 years. A minimum of 700 words is required.
.
1. Compare and contrast DEmilios Capitalism and Gay Identity .docxcroysierkathey
1. Compare and contrast D'Emilio's
Capitalism and Gay Identity
with the
From Mary to Modern Woman
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Middlesex
? Describe your reaction to the reading and invoke some of the concepts discussed in the
Queer Theory
reading to try to make sense of sexuality when it does not match your own conventions. Compare both readings, but go deeper to explore your own stereotypes and socialization.
**PLEASE READ THE READINGS IN ODER TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT.
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Understanding And Addressing Diversity Is At The Heart Of Every Marketing Activity – Whether That’s On A Local, International, Or Global Level. As More Marketers Receive Formal Training And Qualifications, How Successful Are These Providers At Providing A Platform For Nurturing Diverse Professionals Who Are Competent In The Art Of Implementing Diversity Concepts? In This Article, I Will Be Focussing On National, Ethnic, And Cultural Diversity.
Academic quality, league tables, and public policyA cross.docxdaniahendric
Academic quality, league tables, and public policy:
A cross-national analysis of university ranking systems*
DAVID D. DILL & MAARJA SOO
Research Program on Public Policy for Academic Quality (PPAQ), Department of
Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Abernethy Hall, Chapel Hill,
NC 27599-3435, USA (Phone: +1-(919) 962 - 6848; Fax: +1-(919) 962 - 5824; E-mail:
[email protected], [email protected]unc.edu)
Abstract. The global expansion of access to higher education has increased demand for
information on academic quality and has led to the development of university ranking
systems or league tables in many countries of the world. A recent UNESCO/CEPES
conference on higher education indicators concluded that cross-national research on
these ranking systems could make an important contribution to improving the inter-
national market for higher education. The comparison and analysis of national uni-
versity ranking systems can help address a number of important policy questions. First,
is there an emerging international consensus on the measurement of academic quality as
reflected in these ranking systems? Second, what impact are the different ranking sys-
tems having on university and academic behavior in their respective countries? Finally,
are there important public interests that are thus far not reflected in these rankings? If
so, is there a needed and appropriate role for public policy in the development and
distribution of university ranking systems and what might that role be? This paper
explores these questions through a comparative analysis of university rankings in
Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US.
Keywords: academic quality, higher education policy, league tables, organizational re-
port cards, university rankings
Introduction
The world-wide expansion of access to higher education has also created
an increasing national and global demand for consumer information on
academic quality. Because a college education is a rare purchase and an
increasingly important as well as expensive decision in one’s life, stu-
dents and their families are seeking information that will help them
make informed choices in the selection of a university and/or an aca-
demic program. Demand for consumer information on academic
quality has led to the development of university rankings in many
countries of the world. A UNESCO/CEPES invitational roundtable on
rankings and league table methodologies in higher education, for
Higher Education (2005) 49: 495–533 � Springer 2005
DOI 10.1007/s10734-004-1746-8
example, reviewed the development of university rankings in Germany,
Japan, Poland, Russia, the UK and the US.
1
The rankings are often heavily criticized: because of their statistical
inaccuracy, because of the measures chosen to represent academic
quality, or because of their expected negative impact on the overall
performance of universities (Bowden 2000). But recent research suggests
that well designed organizational ...
International marketing research involves collecting and analyzing data from multiple countries to inform business decisions across borders. It can be conducted for academic or commercial purposes. Academically, it aims to further understand consumer behavior and test theories internationally, while commercial research helps companies make strategic decisions about international markets. Effective international marketing research requires considering differences in cultures, languages, environments, and data availability across countries. The research process typically involves preliminary exploratory research followed by in-depth qualitative and quantitative studies to establish comparability and address complex multi-country decision problems. International marketing research helps companies identify opportunities and threats, understand diverse markets, select appropriate distribution and product strategies, and avoid costly mistakes when expanding globally.
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Final Exam
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Name:
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There are seven questions in the exam. Five questions are worth 5 points and two questions are worth 2.5 points.
Read each question and follow the guidelines.
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LeBlanc, G & Nguyen, N (1999). Listening to the customer’s voice: examining perceived service value among business college students, The International Journal of Educational Management, 13(4), 187-198.
Q1: (5 points) What methodologies are used in the study published by LeBlanc and Nguyen (1999)? (5 points)
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Q2. (2.5 points) Considering the types of literature review discussed in class: What type of Literature Review is used in the project by LeBlanc and Nguyen (1999)?
Q3: (5points) Read the literature review again and identify one sentence that use an evaluation verb, another sentence that uses a positive stance and a sentence that uses a reporting verb. Use quotation marks and page number, if you are using a print-out of the article use the page number in the printed version. See the example of a reporting sentence:
“Epistemic Value is defined by Sheth, et al (1991) as the ability of a product/service to provided novelty and/or satisfy a desire for knowledge” (LeBlanc and Nguyen 1999, p. 3).
Q4. (5 points)
Identify the types of internet research that do not require ethics assessment Provide a summary in a maximum of 250 words.
Q5. (5 points) Is the following alternative hypothesis set for a two-tailed or a one-tailed test? What would be the null hypotheses?
H1:There is a difference in the GPA of male and female students
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1
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_______________________________________________________________
Report Information from ProQuest
06 December 2014 15:41
_______________________________________________________________
06 December 2014 ProQuest
Table of contents
1. Listening to the customer's voice: examining perceived service value among business college students.. 1
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................... 14
06 December 2014 ii ProQuest
Document 1 of 1
Listening to the customer's voice: examining perceived service ...
Project Individual Reflection Paper And Project GroupKate Loge
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Executive Program Practical Connection AssignmentISOL532 Cloud C.docxrhetttrevannion
Executive Program Practical Connection Assignment
ISOL532 Cloud Computing (Due Friday Evening by 11:59 PM)
At UC, it is a priority that students are provided with strong educational programs and courses that allow them to be servant-leaders in their disciplines and communities, linking research with practice and knowledge with ethical decision-making. This assignment is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and put into practice within their own career.
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Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word (or 2 pages double spaced) minimum reflection.
Use proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
Demonstrate a connection to your current work environment. If you are not employed, demonstrate a connection to your desired work environment.
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The advanced education of student has turned out to be progressively internationalized, with a congesting extent of student starting from abroad. In any case, research to date proposes that abroad student are frequently less happy with their courses than different understudies. Thus, there is a prospering requirement for colleges to comprehend what student an incentive they would say. This paper gives an account of an investigation that sets up and tests measurements for estimating administration quality in advanced education, concentrating on full-fee paying postgraduate student from non-EU nations at one foundation in the UK.The establishment concerned has a specific notoriety in tourism and neighbourliness and a critical
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Keywords: Administration quality; higher training; International Students.
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The training of full-expense payin.
Executive Program Practical Connection AssignmentISOL532 Cloud C.docxelbanglis
Executive Program Practical Connection Assignment
ISOL532 Cloud Computing (Due Friday Evening by 11:59 PM)
At UC, it is a priority that students are provided with strong educational programs and courses that allow them to be servant-leaders in their disciplines and communities, linking research with practice and knowledge with ethical decision-making. This assignment is a written assignment where students will demonstrate how this course research has connected and put into practice within their own career.
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word (or 2 pages double spaced) minimum reflection.
Use proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
Demonstrate a connection to your current work environment. If you are not employed, demonstrate a connection to your desired work environment.
You should NOT provide an overview of the assignments assigned in the course. The assignment is to reflect how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
Personal Connection paper should have a maximum of 20% similarity score.
Hospitality Education Quality Improvement in Oversea
Abstract
The advanced education of student has turned out to be progressively internationalized, with a congesting extent of student starting from abroad. In any case, research to date proposes that abroad student are frequently less happy with their courses than different understudies. Thus, there is a prospering requirement for colleges to comprehend what student an incentive they would say. This paper gives an account of an investigation that sets up and tests measurements for estimating administration quality in advanced education, concentrating on full-fee paying postgraduate student from non-EU nations at one foundation in the UK.The establishment concerned has a specific notoriety in tourism and neighbourliness and a critical
Extent of the respondents were examining these subjects. The results of the research highlighted four factors of service quality: recognition; quality of instruction and interaction with faculty; sufficiency of resources; and aspects of physical quality. Arguably, the most significant finding here is the importance that these students attach to their institution’s reputation.
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1.
The President
Article II of the Constitution established the institution of the presidency. Select any TWO Presidents prior to 1933 and any TWO Presidents since 1933 and for EACH one:
a.
Discuss
any
expressed
power used by each president and the
impact
that decision had on American society at the time of its use
b.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the presidential action taken and
WHY
c.
Describe
one
legislative initiative
promoted by each president and the
impact
on America at the
time of its passage
as well as what the impact of that legislation is
TODAY
d.
Discuss
one
executive order
issued by each president and whether you
agree/disagree
with the order and
WHY
1.
Select any FOUR United States Supreme court decisions related to Civil Rights/Civil Liberties and for
each one
:
a.
Describe
the facts of the case
b.
Discuss
the arguments of each side as it pertains to the
Constitutional issue
being addressed
c.
Explain
the decision citing
Constitutional rationale
of the court including any dissenting opinion if not a unanimous verdict
d.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the court’s decision and
WHY
.
1.What other potential root causes might influence patient fal.docxcroysierkathey
1.
What other potential root causes might influence patient falls?
2.
Equipped with the data, what would you do about the hypotheses that proved to be unsupported?
3.
Based on the correctly identified hypothesis in the case scenario, what would be your course of action if you were the CEO/president of St. Xavier Memorial Hospital?
4.
What do you think of the CNO’s (Sara Mullins) position of “waiting and seeing what the data tells us” instead of immediately jumping to conclusions?
.
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2. 867 business students were sur-
veyed in the three countries using variables identified in
previous research. The findings indicate
that nationality is associated with students’ perception of sales
jobs and feelings about selling.
Keywords: cultural differences in selling, perception of sales,
sales career, sales education,
sales job
The U.S. Department of Labor forecasted significant growth
in professional selling positions through 2016 (U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics, 2009). Firms look to colleges and univer-
sities for qualified recruits to fill their need for salespeople
and as a source for future sales managers. Although a ca-
reer in sales provides many opportunities for qualified stu-
dents, evidence suggests that many college graduates have
a negative perception of selling and avoid sales as a career
choice (Burnett, Pettijohn, & Keith, 2008). Previous research
indicates that there are differences among students in differ-
ent countries (Barat & Spillan, 2009; Friestad & Wright,
1994; Stevenson & Bodkin, 1998). We extend the previous
research by comparing students from Switzerland, Turkey,
Correspondence should be addressed to Fahri Karakaya, Univer-
sity of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Department of
Management/Marketing,
285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA. E-mail:
[email protected]
and the United States in their perception of sales jobs, sales-
people, feelings about selling, and their intentions about a
sales career. The study contributes to the marketing literature
by extending prior cross-cultural studies comparing percep-
tions of selling and salespeople to two additional countries,
Switzerland and Turkey. Identifying perceptual similarities
and differences among the three different countries and na-
3. tionalities shows characteristics and traits that an educator
may be able to reinforce or dispel to ensure accurate percep-
tions are created and reinforced among students.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The reluctance of many college students to consider a career
in sales may stem from a misperception of selling and a sales
career. Although several studies conducted in the 1970s and
1980s found that college students were more positive toward
14 F. KARAKAYA ET AL.
a career in personal selling (Dubinsky, 1980; Muehling &
Weeks, 1988), the present perception of selling among stu-
dents appears to have returned to that of the 1960s and 1970s
(Manning, Reece, & Ahearne, 2010). Negative perceptions
of selling may be attributed to a lack of student knowledge
about the profession (Dubinsky, 1980; Stevenson & Bodkin,
1998).
Ethical concerns have been indicated as reasons why some
students are hesitant to select personal selling as a career
(Burnett, Pettijohn, & Keith, 2008; Stevenson & Bodkin,
1998). Similarly, Sparks and Johlke (1996) and Lysonski
and Durvasula (1998) argued that individuals may not select
personal selling as a career choice due to the perceived inher-
ent unethical behaviors. With the recent focus on violations
of ethical principles, exemplified by the alleged behavior
of salespeople at AIG, Lehman Brothers, Freddie Mac, and
Fanny Mae, many business students may feel that unethical
behavior is the norm rather than the exception. Several re-
searchers argue that this sends students into the job market
with a cynical attitude; that unethical behavior in business is
4. expected, to get ahead (Klein, Laczniak, & Murphy, 2006;
Pettijohn, Pettijohn, & Taylor, 2006).
Although the nature of selling has changed significantly
over the years, there is concern that students have not yet
recognized it. Several marketing educators have suggested
that accurate classroom information is necessary to correct
the negative image of selling (Luthy, 2006a; Swenson, Swin-
yard, Langrehr, & Smith, 1993). Newly hired individuals
who have had sales related courses during their college years
are likely to be more optimistic about a selling career. They
are also more confident of their sales-related skill set, along
with their ability to perform well at selling (Ford, Honeycutt,
& Joseph, 1995; Honeycutt & Thelen, 2003; Lupton, Hon-
eycutt, & Ford, 1997). Luthy (2006b) provided benchmarks
for faculty in designing and delivering a professional selling
course in a postsecondary environment and student advis-
ing guidelines on how to better prepare for entry-level sales
positions. Students who had taken a course in sales have a
significantly more positive image of selling and salespeople
and are more optimistic about selling than students who had
not taken a sales course (Bristow, Gulati, Amyx, & Slack,
2006; Ford et al., 1995; Honeycutt & Thelen, 2003; Lupton
et al., 1997).
Several researchers have examined the perception that stu-
dents in other cultures have of selling. Student perceptions of
salespeople, selling, and sales careers have been examined in
the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines,
Peru, and Guatemala. The findings of these studies indicate
that cultures influence perceptions of salespeople and selling
(Barat & Spillan, 2009; Friestad & Wright, 1994; Stevenson
& Bodkin, 1998). Cultural impact on perceptions of sales-
people and of selling is postulated to result from the role
culture has in establishing, defining, and reinforcing stereo-
types. Although the attributes associated with the stereotypes
5. may differ between nations, the overall image of the sales-
person is consistent across many cultures (Lee, Sandfield, &
Dhaliwal, 2007).
Cross-national studies of perceptions of salespeople and
of selling reinforce the negative image of salespeople (Ford
et al., 1995; Honeycutt, Ford, Swenson, & Swinyard, 1999;
Lupton et al., 1997). The reason for the negative sentiment
may be embedded in the perception that selling involves ma-
nipulating others and is not considered a reputable activity
(Lee, Sandfield, & Dhaliwal, 2007; Lysonski & Durvasula,
1998). Although students generally have a negative view of
salespeople, Honeycutt et al. (1999) studied students’ percep-
tions in New Zealand and the Philippines and found that New
Zealand students had favorable perceptions of international
sales careers.
OBJECTIVES
The literature indicates that students generally have nega-
tive perceptions of selling, salespeople, and careers in sales.
Cross-national studies have found culture influences stu-
dents’ perceptions of salespeople and their interest in pur-
suing a sales career. Much of the cross-national research has
focused on comparisons among the United States and Pa-
cific Rim nations. This study extends previous cross-national
research by comparing students in the United States with stu-
dents in Switzerland and Turkey. The three countries selected
are different in their cultures. Turkey is predominantly a Mus-
lim country (99% of the population are Muslim), Switzerland
is mainly a Christian country in the middle of Europe, and
the United States is a melting pot of many cultures and reli-
gions. The three nations demonstrate large differences on the
five dimensions used by Hofstede (2012) to classify national
cultures. Turkey is rated as high on the power and distance di-
6. mension while the United States and Switzerland score low.
The United States scores high on the individualism dimen-
sion. Turkey scores low and Switzerland scores mid way on
the scale. Turkey scores high on the uncertainty avoidance
dimension. The United States scores low and Switzerland
scores between midway on the scale.
METHOD
A questionnaire was developed using measures developed
in previous studies of student perceptions of selling, sales-
people, and sales careers (Bristow et al., 2006; Churchill,
Ford, & Walker, 1985; Dubinsky, 1981; Karakaya, Quigley,
& Bingham, 2011; Muehling & Weeks, 1988). The initial
questionnaire was distributed to colleagues in Turkey and
Switzerland and to undergraduate students in the U.S. uni-
versities. Feedback from colleagues and students resulted
in the rewording of several items and using a 7-point bal-
anced scale instead of the 5-point scale on the original items.
BUSINESS STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF SALES CAREERS
15
TABLE 1
Constructs Means by Nationality
Constructs United States Switzerland Turkey Overall M
Perception of sales
job (α = .84)
4.20 4.12 4.26 4.20a
Salesperson attributes
7. (α = .82)
4.19 4.25 4.19 4.21
Feelings about selling
(α = .87)
4.67 4.44 4.46 4.58
Intentions about a
sales career
(α = .88)
3.36 3.30 3.47 3.38
aMeasured on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (very
strongly
disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree).
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for the constructs
and the reliability coefficients.
The revised questionnaire was distributed to students who
were enrolled in the capstone course in business (e.g., strate-
gic management) during regular class sessions at two univer-
sities in the United States, one university in Switzerland, and
one in Turkey. The four institutions were selected based on
contact with researchers at the universities and their willing-
ness to participate in this type of research. One U.S. insti-
tution is a private four-year university that draws its student
population from 37 states and has a racially- and gender-
diverse population. The other U.S. institution is a four-year
public university that serves primarily residents of the state.
The student population is predominately white and nearly
equally split between men and women. The U.S. universities
were located in different states. The Swiss university was
8. a private institution, and the Turkish university was a pub-
lic institution. Both the Swiss and the Turkish universities
provided instruction in multiple languages, including En-
glish. All students participating in this research were studying
business.
Based on the advice of the instructors who taught the
capstone courses in business, all questionnaires were admin-
istered in English. Course instructors were provided a set of
detailed administration instructions and asked to administer
the survey during the first two weeks of the fall term. Re-
spondents were told that the survey was intended to measure
their perception of selling, and were assured anonymity. Data
were returned to researchers in the United States and entered
into a SPSS data set for analysis. An analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was used to compare responses of subjects from
the three nations on the measures used.
A total of 867 students completed the questionnaire. Of
this total, 496 were from the two U.S. universities, 170 from
Switzerland, and 201 from Turkey. Fifty-four percent of the
students were men. The average age of students was 23. The
largest major was marketing with 33%, followed by finance
with 16%, management with 15%, and 15% in general busi-
ness. Thirty-four percent of the students in the total sample
had taken a sales course.
RESULTS
Perceptions of Sales Job
Seventeen items measuring perceptions of sales job attributes
were used in the study. These 17 items were combined and
the differences among the three different nations were ex-
amined using an ANOVA. The combined sales job attributes
9. construct was used as the dependent variable, and nation-
ality, gender, and student enrolment in a sales course were
used as independent variables. Nationality and gender had
a significant effect on student perceptions of attributes as-
sociated with sales jobs. No interaction effects were sig-
nificant. Further examination using a one-way ANOVA
and Tukey’s post hoc tests indicated a significant differ-
ence, F(2, 866) = 5.93, p < .01, η2 = .014, between
Turkish students (M = 4.26) and Swiss students (M =
4.12).
Perceptions of Salespeople Attributes
Twenty items measuring perceptions of salespeople were
combined to examine the impact of student nationality, gen-
der, and enrollment in a sales course. Students from all three
nations have a positive perception of salespeople, and they
perceive the salesperson attributes about the same (U.S. =
4.19, Switzerland = 4.25, Turkey = 4.19). Furthermore, male
students (M = 4.24) perceived salesperson attributes more
positively than female students (M = 4.17), F(1, 866) = 7.00,
p < .01, η2 = .008.
The three-way interaction effect (gender, nationality, and
sales course) was also statistically significant for the to-
tal sample. An examination of the interaction plots pre-
sented in Figures 1 (students who have taken a sales course,
34% of the total sample) and 2 (students who have not
taken a sales course) indicate that taking a sales course
has a large negative impact on the perceptions Swiss fe-
male students have of salespeople, a large positive impact
on the perceptions of Turkish female students, and little ef-
fect on the perceptions of U.S. female students. Taking a
sales course has little effect on male students, regardless of
nationality.
10. Feelings About Selling
Nine items measuring students’ feelings about selling were
combined and used as the dependent variable in the ANOVA
while including nationality, gender, and sales course as fac-
tors. The overall model is statistically significant and that
nationality and enrolment in a sales course impact student
feeling toward selling. No interactions effects are statistically
significant. The one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests
16 F. KARAKAYA ET AL.
FIGURE 1 Interaction effect of gender and nationality on
student perceptions of salesperson attributes for students
enrolled in a sales course. (color figure
available online).
show that U.S. students (M = 4.67) felt significantly more
positively about selling, F(2, 866) = 7.05, p < .01, η2 =
.016, compared with Swiss (M = 4.44) and Turkish students
(M = 4.46).
Sales Career
Five items related to student intentions to go into sales upon
graduation were combined to represent student intentions to
select sales as a career. Although, the overall model is sta-
tistically significant, student nationality is not statistically
significant in impacting student intentions to select sales as
a career. Gender and enrolment in a sales course do signif-
icantly impact student intention to select sales as a career.
Male students (M = 3.53) are more likely to select sales as a
career compared to female students (M = 3.20), F(1, 866) =
24.01, p < .01, η2 = .027. Similarly, students who have taken
11. a sales course are more likely to select sales as a career than
those who have not (M = 3.57 vs. 3.27 respectively). The
observed differences are statistically significant, F(1, 866) =
19.21, p < .01, η2 = .022.
DISCUSSION
Generally students in all three nations have a positive per-
ception of a sales job, salespeople, and selling. These posi-
tive perceptions and feelings do not, however, translate into
positive intentions toward pursuing a sales career. The four
universities studied did not have a sales program or major or
certificate in sales. At universities where such programs ex-
ist, it is quite possible for the positive perceptions to impact
their intentions to select sales as a career.
Although there is a generally favorable perception of sell-
ing and of salespeople, this study found significant differ-
ences in the perceptions that students from the three na-
tions have of a sales job and their feelings about selling.
Nationality was not, however, significantly related to their
perceptions of salespeople or of their intention to pursue
a sales career. Students in the United States view selling
most positively. Swiss students have the least positive percep-
tion of a sales job and selling. Turkish students’ perceptions
and feelings are between the U.S. students and the Swiss
students.
BUSINESS STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF SALES CAREERS
17
FIGURE 2 Interaction effect of gender and nationality on
student perceptions of salesperson attributes for students not
enrolled in a sales course. (color
12. figure available online).
This suggests that nationality influences students’ per-
ceptions of and feelings toward selling. The cause of these
differences may be the underlying cultural values of each
nation and the manner in which students acquire knowledge
about selling. According to Hofstede’s cultural classification
system, the United States scores lowest on the uncertainty
avoidance dimension, suggesting that U.S. students are more
willing to take chances and work in ambiguous situations,
which describe selling situations. Swiss and especially Turk-
ish students are less comfortable taking risks and tend to
avoid ambiguity. The U.S. culture scores high on the indi-
vidualism dimension indicating an emphasis on individual
accomplishments and rewards. Turkey scores low on this
dimension indicating a collective culture where group and
family identity are important. Switzerland scores between
the individualistic nature of the U.S. culture and the collec-
tive culture of the Turkish culture. This suggests that selling
is perceived as an activity that stresses individual activity and
accomplishment.
The United States is often referred to as a materialistic
society where material possessions signify an individual’s
position in society. Selling and the sales function often pro-
duce large incomes, which translate into material goods. Sell-
ing would be expected to be a more acceptable profession
than in other nations and cultures. The Swiss are known as
the world’s bankers. Switzerland is a neutral country with a
blend of Swiss, French, German, and Italian cultures. The
University involved in this study is located in the section of
Switzerland were German influence is strongest. The per-
ceptions of the outgoing aggressive salesperson may not be
esteemed by the reserved Swiss. Turkey is at the cross roads
of Europe and Asia. The university is located in the European
13. side of Istanbul and it is in a cosmopolitan area. There is a
great deal of Western influence, especially American influ-
ence, in the values of the new generation. Another explana-
tion for national differences in the perceptions and feelings of
students may be associated with the educational material that
they were, or were not exposed to in their business discipline.
Consistent with prior research (Ford et al., 1995; Honey-
cutt & Thelen, 2003; Lupton et al., 1997), findings of this
study indicate that having taken a course in sales is posi-
tively associated with student feelings about sales and their
18 F. KARAKAYA ET AL.
intentions toward a sales career. However, having taken a
sales course does not appear to be associated with student
perceptions of sales jobs or their perceptions of salespeople.
The relationship to student feelings may be associated with
the prior attractiveness of sales as a possible career choice.
It may be expected that students who choose to take a sales
course would be more interested in sales than students not
choosing this course. Therefore, this relationship may be an
indication of a prior interest in sales and not a result of having
taken the course.
Although blocking variables were found to be signifi-
cantly related to several of the student measures, only one
significant interaction effect with nationality was found. Gen-
der, having taken a sales course, and nationality were found
to interact with students’ perceptions of salespeople. The
most notable relationship was on Swiss and Turkish women.
Turkish women who have taken a sales course have a bet-
ter perception of salespeople than those who have not taken
a sales course. The opposite relationship occurs for Swiss
14. women. There was no significant relationship between hav-
ing taken a sales course and perception of salespeople for
U.S. women and all male students. The explanation for these
relationships may be in the pedagogy used in the respective
sales courses. Turkey scores low in the masculine–feminine
dimension of Hofstede’s (2012) system indicating a femi-
nine orientation, which values cooperation and consensus.
Switzerland scores in the masculine range on this dimen-
sion suggesting an emphasis on competition and winning. If
group selling and relationship building is emphasized, Turk-
ish students may be more accepting of salespeople while
Swiss students may perceive the opposite.
These findings suggest that the students’ perceptions of
selling and salespeople and the attractiveness of a sales career
may be influenced by the value systems of their cultures. In
the United States, selling may be a more socially acceptable
career path, providing freedom of action and excitement. The
competitive nature of the sales job may be attractive to the
U.S. student. Swiss students perceive selling as a job that
offers less security and personal satisfaction, a career that
lacks fun and status. The competitive nature of the job may
not be perceived as an attractive professional career. Turkish
students’ perceptions of selling lie between those of U.S.
students and those of Swiss students.
Although nationality is related to perceptions of selling
and feelings about selling, students in the three nations have
similar intentions toward pursuing a sales career. Overall,
student responses suggest that they are not enthusiastic about
the prospects of a sales career. The less than strong desire to
pursue a sales career reinforces findings from prior studies
in the United States and in other nations (Ford et al., 1995;
Honeycutt et al., 1999; Lupton et al., 1997).
Interestingly, the magnitude of their responses to career
15. intention questions suggests that students’ negative view of
a sales career may possibly be softening compared to some
of the earlier studies (Ford et al., 1995; Honeycutt & Thelen,
2003; Lupton et al., 1997). Similarly, the findings of this study
are consistent with Luthy’s (2006b) study of U.S. students,
which indicates students’ view of a sales career may be im-
proving. There are a number of possible explanations for this
possible change, including a generally negative economic
environment which may make students more amenable to
career opportunities that were previously not appealing.
MARKETING EDUCATOR OR MANAGERIAL
IMPLICATIONS
A career in sales offers college graduates opportunities for
employment and for career advancement, yet many lack in-
terest or desire in pursuing sales as a career. This study found
that perceptions of sales job attributes and feelings about sell-
ing differ by nationality. These findings suggest that culture
impacts the perceptions students have of sales and of selling.
Selling appears to be a more socially acceptable activity and
career in the United States than it does in Switzerland. These
perceptions of sales and salespeople may reflect deep-seated
cultural values in a society. The Swiss may view salespeople
in the stereotypical Willy Loman and Death of a Salesman
role. In the United States and to a lesser extent in Turkey,
the nature of compromise and negotiation may be culturally
acceptable and reflect more positively on the role of salespeo-
ple. This suggests that material that presented students and
the pedagogy employed may have to adjust to the culture
of the nation. For some students, U.S. students for example,
the rewards from successful selling and the freedom of ac-
tion may be key points to develop interest. Role-playing and
competitive gamesmanship may be incorporated into sales,
marketing, and general business courses. Turkish students
16. may be more receptive to material emphasizing group sell-
ing and teamwork. Pedagogy that employs group activity
and consensus building may be appropriate. For Swiss stu-
dents, the social position of selling and salespeople may be
elevated by demonstrating the experiences of corporate ex-
ecutives with prior selling experience and using role models
to disseminate and discuss the attraction of sales.
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH
Although we indicated that the differences found among
the three different nations might be due to culture, we have
no solid evidence that the students represent their cultures.
Therefore, the perceptual differences observed might stem
from country-specific or university-specific issues despite
the fact that the three countries selected appear to be vastly
different in religion and customs. The study came from two
universities in the Northeastern United States, one university
in Switzerland, and one university in Turkey. The students at
these universities may not necessarily represent the student
populations in the respective countries. This may be most
BUSINESS STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF SALES CAREERS
19
applicable to the Swiss and Turkish universities where stu-
dents selecting instruction in English, as all subjects in this
study did, might be more representative of a better educated
and more selective group. The instructors and the content of
the sales courses may influence the impact of taking a sales
course on student perception and intention to select sales as
a career. The present study did not produce any information
on this issue. Therefore, the results of this study need to be
interpreted with caution. It is hoped that future studies will
17. take the shortcomings mentioned here into consideration. We
believe that future studies need to be performed to understand
why student perception of sales as a career is not as positive
as the sales organizations and marketing educators would
like.
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GGU EMPA 312
Weekly Online Posting Rubric
Criteria
Excellent
9 – 10 Points
Good
8 Points
Average
6 – 7 Points
Less than Average 5 or less Points
Timely discussion contributions
5 – 6 postings well distributed throughout the week
4 – 6 postings distributed throughout the week
3 – 6 postings somewhat distributed
2-6 postings not distributed throughout the week
Responsiveness to discussion and demonstration of knowledge
gained from assigned reading
22. Very clear that readings were understood and incorporated well
into responses
Readings were understood and incorporated into responses
Postings have questionable relationship to reading material
Not evident that readings were understood and/or not
incorporated into discussion
Follow-Up Postings
Demonstrates analysis of others’ posts; extends meaningful
discussion by building on previous posts
Elaborates on an existing posting with further comment or
observation
Posts shallow contribution to discussion; does not enrich
discussion
Posts no follow-up responses to others
References & Support
Uses references to literature, readings, or personal experiences
to support comments
Incorporates some references from literature and personal
experience
Uses personal experience, but no references or research
Includes no references or supporting experience
Clarity & Mechanics
Contributes to discussion with clear, concise comments
formatted in an easy to read style that is free of grammatical or
spelling errors
Contributes valuable information to discussion with minor
clarity or mechanics errors
Communicates in friendly, courteous and helpful manner with
some errors in clarity or mechanics
Posts long, unorganized or rude content that may contain
multiple errors or may be inappropriate
Spring 2017