1. 1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
We leave in a generation where ensuring security and ease of usability continues to be of much
higher priority, as a result the need for more comfortable, efficient and effective means of entry
into restricted areas increases. Fingerprint technology is known for its ease and reliability, as
only the actual person with a certain finger print can check into the restricted facility without
the need to manually operate anything. It helps to protect against the entering of unauthorised
personnel as only authorised individuals can use the restricted facility thereby ensuring security
[1]. This project provides a facility with assured security and comfort as it is quite easy to install
and use. It seeks to build upon existing methods of protecting entries or doors from access by
unauthorised personnel.
Fingerprint technologies have been more popular in recent times as this technology provides
a more secure and effective way of identifying individuals and verifying their identity.
Fingerprints are one of the many forms of biometrics used for identification and verification.
Fingerprint sensors are the electronic devices which are used for capturing the digital image of
finger print patterns [2] .
Automatic door is a mechanised flexible barrier fitted in the entrance of a room or building to
restrict access, provide ease of opening a door or provide visual privacy. Automatic sliding
doors with fingerprint scanner and counting system provides a method of operation of sliding
doors without need to mechanically apply force. This method is cost effective and reliable as
it provides a much more secure system with ease and comfort as its priority. The counting
circuit attached to it helps to keep track of the number of individuals entering the restricted
2. 2
facility. This can be important to the facility operators as it gives account of the individuals in
it for security reasons or also maybe in cases where there is a smart system attached to control
the lighting and temperature of the facility.
This project is basically made up of a sliding door controlled by a motor which is geared down
to get a lower speed and a higher torque. To open the door, the motor turns the gears, which in
turn drags the door. To close the door, the reverse occurs. The system keeps record of the
number of persons in the building through a programmed counting circuit in the module and
displays the count on a seven segment display. A fingerprint module is connected to the
entrance of the door so that when a fingerprint is detected it compares it to the data base of the
system to see if it is stored in the system thereby verifying and authenticating access to a
facility. When the fingerprints have been recognised the door slides open and the counter adds
by one and the door shuts as the person enters, this is displayed on the LCD.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
There is urgent need for more secured and comfortable access entries into restricted offices,
bank locks, confidential medical facilities, highly classified military facilities, exclusive
elevators and emergency exit/entry doors which are exclusive to a specific class of individuals
who are employed under the various respective organisations [1]. The use of manually operated
access entries means for the door users to mechanically apply force which can be cumbersome
for them and may lead to fatigue, thereby arising the need for automation.
The absence of biometric technology in the earlier generations made it difficult to verify the
security of an access entry as the use of doors with locks and keys or doors with passworded
keypads or doors with card readers were common then, problems ranging from the need to
recall a password or issues of theft of valid cards or fobs which may lead to the need for constant
3. 3
maintenance replacement were experienced then causing difficulty to assure safety of access.
Even with the introduction of biometric technology, difficulties were experienced with iris and
facial recognition in particular as both the eyes and face could experience future changes
thereby leading to future difficulties in verifiability of users, meaning they cannot stand the test
of time.
Also there is the difficulty in been able to keep record of the number of individuals using an
access entry.
1.3Aim & Objectives
The main aim of this project is to design and construct a device that is capable of automatically
controlling a sliding door just by the application of fingerprint, and this device would be able
to give account of the number of individuals going in and out of the access entry.
The objectives are;
1. To design and construct an access entry that can be operated automatically using
fingerprint only via a fingerprint scanner.
2. To incorporate a counter and LCD into the system in order to keep record of the number
of persons in a restricted area and display this on the LCD.
3. To design and construct a device that can communicate information and instructions to
users through an LCD display.
1.4 Scope of the Project
The scope of the work is clearly defined stating the limits and boundaries of this project as
follows;
1. This project is limited to only controlling sliding glass doors.
4. 4
2. This project is restricted to only allowing one individual user at a time.
3. The finger print scanner is only available for users trying to gain access into the
restricted area and has a maximum user limit of 128.
1.5 Methodology
Various components are used to achieve this project. The fingerprint module comprises of the
fingerprint sensor for detecting fingerprints and a database for keeping record of fingerprints.
The microcontroller which serves as the heart of the system communicates with the fingerprint
module via the serial port to drive the motor using transistors. It also communicates information
and instructions to individual users through the LCD. The microcontroller integrates the
counting circuit which is programmed into the module to add every individual entering or
subtract in the case of the exit button for every individual leaving the facility, this is displayed
on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The DC motor is used to control the manual forward and
backward motion of the sliding door and it is controlled by the microcontroller through an H-
bridge circuit by simply reversing the power polarity to make it move the door in either
direction. The signal LEDs and buzzer are powered from the power supply unit. The control
keypad is controlled by the microcontroller as are the signal LEDs and buzzer. The block
diagram of the project is given in figure 1.1
5. 5
Fig 1.1: Block DiagramAutomatic Sliding Door with Fingerprint Scanner and Counting
System
1.6 Report Organisation
The project is divided into five chapters. The introduction, the problem statement, the aim and
objectives, the scope of the study and the methodology are covered in chapter one. Chapter two
covers the literature review, the historical background, the theoretical background, discussion
on previously implemented and related works on their short comings. Chapter three covers the
major work of this project which will be discussing about the modular design and
implementation. Chapter four covers the testing and measurement method with steps and
discussion of the results obtained. Chapter five covers the summary of the entire work,
challenges encountered, further improvements and recommendations.
6. 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of door automation
The urge for automation has emanated and this can be traced back to 1500 years after the first
water pump aimed for use at a metal operational rolling mills for coinage strips was established
[3] after then till date the evolution of the automation world has continued to develop
immensely. Automation is the art of manufacturing methods or machines self-operating, it also
refers to the technique of making an equipment, engine, method or system more fully
automatic, it is a self-controlling or self-moving process [4, 5].
Automation is usually categorised by two key principles which are mechanization i.e.
machineries are self-regulated so as to meet programmed requirements (a simple example of
self-regulation can be seen in the implementation of a thermostatically controlled pressing iron)
and incessant procedure, i.e. production systems are interconnected together, thereby
incorporating numerous distinct elements of the production process into an amalgamated whole
[6]. This has assisted humans as it essentially reduces/eradicates human involvement, of which
modern sliding doors involve a high degree of automation for ease in use. Automatic doors are
powered open and close by using electromechanical set like a motor. A door fitted with a spring
to close is not an automatic door/gate. The first automatic sliding entrances for use by people
were developed in 1954 by Lew Hewitt and Dee Horton, the first was installed in 1960. The
idea came to them in the mid 1950s, when they saw that existing swing door had difficulty
operating in the high winds of Corpus Christi, Texas [7].
Sliding doors were used as early as the first century in Roman houses as evidenced by
archaeological finds in Pompeii, Italy. One of the major focus of this technology was to provide
7. 7
a way in which users can have entry into a restricted area as to limit access, offer the luxury of
opening a door or provide visual privacy, restricted facilities can have convenience, security,
comfort and ensure suitable way of conserving energy [8].
This chapter gives the complete description of the previous related works and the theoretical
background of the elements and modules used in the construction of an automatic slide door
with a fingerprint scanner and counting system.
2.2 Theoretical Background
The automatic sliding door with fingerprint scanner and counting system is an electrical
oriented project whose principles of operation are derived from some basic theorems learned
during the duration of study. The application of this project combined embedded systems and
biometrics as it is made up of 3 main units namely; the automation of the sliding door, the
operation of the microcontroller unit and the operation of the fingerprint module unit.
Automation of the sliding door employed the use of electrical machines theories such as the H-
bridge operation of DC motor, which is used to rotate DC motors in either direction of forward
or backward motion. It controls the direction of rotation of the motor by simply changing its
polarity. The H-bridge is an electronic power circuit that allows motor speed and direction to
be controlled [9]. The microcontroller provides the instructions to the motors, but it cannot
provide the power required to control the motor. An H-bridge circuit inputs the microcontroller
instructions and amplifies them to drive a mechanical motor. The H-bridge takes in the small
electrical signal and translates it into high power output for the mechanical motor. The
microcontroller controls the DC motor which is linked to the sliding door directly with the help
of the pulley and belt system.
8. 8
The operation of the microcontroller unit which is the atmega 328p is from the family of Atmel
microcontrollers [10]. A microcontroller is an entire computer manufactured on a single chip
[11]. Microcontrollers are usually dedicated devices embedded within an application. For
example, microcontrollers are used as the engine controllers in the automatic sliding door with
fingerprint scanner and counting system project. In order to serve these application, they have
a high concentration of on-chip facilities such as serial ports, parallel input output ports, timers,
counters, interrupt control, analogue-to-digital converters, random access memory, read only
memory, etc. The I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are selected
depending on the specifics of the target application. Since microcontrollers are powerful digital
processors, the degree of control and programmability they provide significantly enhances the
effectiveness of the application.
The fingerprint scanner used which is a fingerprint module is a type of biometrics technology
used for access control [12]. Fingerprint recognition or authentication refers to the automated
method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many
forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and verify their identity [13]. A fingerprint
sensor captures the digital image of a fingerprint pattern called live scan. This live scan is
digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is
stored and used for matching. The commonly used fingerprint sensor technologies are optical,
ultrasonic and capacitive. Capacitance sensors utilize the principles associated with
capacitance in order to form fingerprint images. The two equations used in this type of imaging
are; V
QC (2.1)
C = 𝜀𝑜𝜀𝑟 (
𝐴
𝑑
) (2.2)
9. 9
Where C= capacitance in farad, Q= charge in coulombs, V=potential in volts, A= area, d=
separation between the electrode, 𝜀𝑜 = permittivity of free space, 𝜀𝑟 = di electric constant of
the insulator used.
2.3 Previously implemented and related work
Some of the previous works on automation of access entry hereby discussed.
2.3.1 Microcontroller based slide Door with Infrared detector
The microcontroller based slide door using infrared as motion detector is simply an electronic
device designed to allow an easy and comfortable passage through a door. This project is
basically made up of three modules which are the transmitter (555 timer), the receiver/sensor
(infrared detector) and the driver (BA621KA IC used to drive the DC motor) module.
The opto-sensing stage has an infrared transmitter which has an infrared beam projected to an
infrared receiver. The projected beam is interrupted by anybody passing through the door or as
a result of any disturbance detected by the infrared. Once interrupted the infrared receiver gives
an output signal which is fed into a mono-stable 555 timer used to give a signal which causes
the interrupt pin of the microcontroller to notify the microcontroller that an event has taken
place. The microcontroller is programmed to control the opening and closing of the door using
BA6238A driver [14].
10. 10
Fig 2.1Block Diagram of Microcontroller based Slide Door with Infrared
Detector
The limitations of this project is its inability to verify the identity of the users due to the absence
of a module or sensor for verification thereby making this system unsecure for use in access
entries to highly classified facilities. Another limitation is the durability and effectiveness of
the receiver module been the infrared detector. Also this system lacks accountability as it
cannot take record or store the number of users going through the access entry. This system
also lacks the ability to communicate to the users, therefore it cannot give instructions to the
users directly.
2.3.2 Microcontroller based automatic gate control with counter
This system observes two gateways, the arrival and exit. The automatic gate senses any
automobile coming towards it. It automatically opens the gate, delays for a definite time and
closes after the time has elapsed. As soon as the gate closes, the system counts, records and
displays the number of vehicles. The system also functions as an automobile parking control
unit intermittently inspecting the number of vehicles that have entered the area and calculating
11. 11
the accessible space limit in the parking area. Once the vacant space limit is reached, the system
activates an alarm for a specified time and the gate entrance remains inaccessible until another
vehicle comes out through the exit gate [15].
The sensor provides an input signal to the system. It is an optical sensor which, when light rays
are focused on it, has a low resistance and hence, causes the input to the trigger circuitry to be
connected directly to Vcc. But when a vehicle interrupts the beam, the resistance increases and
reaches its dark resistance, thus the input to the trigger circuitry is connected to the ground.
The trigger circuitry sends a signal to the interface unit, which is made up of Programmable
Input / Output (PIO). The software causes the microcontroller to check the input port of the
interface unit for the sensor status information (the outputs of the trigger circuitry). A negative
triggering causes the microcontroller to send a signal to the output port of the interface unit in
order to activate the DC motor to control the gate (open and close). It equally sends a signal to
the display unit for counting the number of vehicles. A high signal (+5) value will never
activate the gate. False triggering is taken care of by the trigger circuitry. The power supply
unit supplies the required DC voltage needed by the entire microcontroller system.
12. 12
Fig2.2 Block diagram of Microcontroller BasedAutomatic Gate Control with Counter
The limitation of this project lies in the efficiency of the sensor used. The sensor will work
most efficiently if activated under high intensity light. Also the counter used was limited to
count to 999 vehicles, meaning it cannot be employed in ultramodern mega parking lots which
may contain parking lots for number of vehicles higher than the counter limit.
2.4 Project components theory
2.4.1Atmega328p Microcontroller
The Atmega328p microcontroller is a family of the advanced virtual RISC (AVR)
microcontroller. It is an 8 bit microcontroller which can only transmit and receive 8-bit data.
This microcontroller is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced
RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
microcontroller achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system
designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. It has stable internal
13. 13
oscillator compared to Atmega 16 and also presence of the I-C interface which is made up of
the RX and TX interface [10]. The Atmega 328p is a 32 PIN microcontroller as shown below.
Fig 2.3 Atmega 328p
2.4.1.1 Basic features of Atmega 328p
Memory flash of 32kb
EEPROM of 256kb
SRAM of 2kb
Pin count 28
Operating voltage of 1.8-5.5v
Serial USART
8 channel 10-bit ADC
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) of 6 pins
In System Programmer(ISP)
Clock speed of up to 20MHz(16 MHz recommended)
14. 14
Serial Programmable Interface
2.4.1.2 Microcontroller Architecture
The architecture of AVR microcontroller is the same thing as that of the Harvard Architecture,
here the process is built with a separate memory for program and data. As a result, while an
instruction is been executed by the CPU of the chip, program can be pre-fetched [16]. This
concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is In-
System Reprogrammable Flash Memory.
Fig 2.4: The AVR Architecture
ADC converts analogue input signal to digital output signals.
Watchdog timer: watchdog clock is available with inner oscillator.
Interrupts: Atmega32p has external and internal interrupt source. Four of which are
designed to serve external interrupt while the rest are meant to take care of internal
interrupt which provide support for peripherals such as USART, Timers etc.
USART: Universal Synchronous and 0Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter
interface is used mainly for interfacing with external peripherals equipped for
conveying serial information bit by bit.
15. 15
Memory Atmega 328p has three separate memory areas:
1. Flash EEPROM: Flash EEPROM is used to store programs burnt by the
programmer into the microcontroller.
2. SRAM: Static Random Access Memory, this an unsteady memory embedded
inside the microcontroller. Once power supply is cut off, information are lost.
Atmega32p is furnished with 2kb of inside SRAM.
3. Byte Addressable EEPROM: This is an additional non-volatile memory used to
store information when the programmer makes estimations of specific variables.
2.4.2 Fingerprint Module
This is a module equipped with the robust finger print sensor. It acts as a biometric sub-system
with on board template storage. A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the
friction ridges of a human finger [17]. Fingerprint image acquisition is considered to be the
most critical step in an automated fingerprint authentication system, as it determines the final
fingerprint image quality, which has a good effect on the overall system performance. There
are different types of fingerprint readers but the basic idea is to measure the physical difference
between valleys and ridges
Fingerprint background highlight optic fingerprint verification. It consists of optical fingerprint
sensor, high performance DSP processor and Flash. It boasts of functions such as fingerprint
Login, fingerprint deletion, fingerprint verification, fingerprint upload, fingerprint download,
etc. Fingerprint enjoys the following features;
16. 16
Self-proprietary Intellectual Property
Optic fingerprint collection device, module hardware and fingerprint algorithm are all self-
development.
● High Adaptation to Fingerprints
When reading fingerprint images, it has self-adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism, which
improves imaging quality for both dry and wet fingers. It can be applied to wider public.
● Algorithm with Excellent Performance
FINGERPRINT module algorithm is specially designed according to the image generation
theory of the optical fingerprint collection device. It has excellent correction & tolerance to
deformed and poor-quality fingerprint.
● Easy to Use and Expand
User does not have to have professional know-how in fingerprint verification. User can easily
develop powerful fingerprint verification application systems based on the rich collection of
controlling command provided by fingerprint module. All the commands are simple, practical
and easy for development.
● Low Power Consumption
Operation current <80mA, especially good for battery power occasions.
● Integrated Design
Fingerprint processing components and fingerprint collection components are integrated in the
same module. The size is small. And there are only 4 cables connecting with HOST, much
easier for installation and use [18].
17. 17
A typical fingerprint module is shown below with its module configuration and precise
measurements;
Figure 2.5a Side View of the Physical Layout of the Fingerprint Module
Fig 2.5b Top View of the Physical Layout of the Fingerprint Module
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Figure 2.9c Front View of the Physical Layout of the Fingerprint Module.
Figure 2.6a, 2.6b The Electrical Interface of the Fingerprint Module
2.4.2.1 Fingerprint Module Electrical Interface
Module is connected to HOST via 4PIN cable. The PIN definition is as follows:
Table 2.1 Showing pin configuration of fingerprint module
No. Pin Definition Remarks
1 Power supply + Power supply +
19. 19
2 Module Tx Open circuit output, need to use pull-up impedance in
application (Typical value:10K Ohm)
3 Module Rx Wide voltage input, 7V affordable
4 Power supply - Power supply -
Notes:
The PIN close to the edge of circuit board is PIN4: Power supply -.
The basic technical specifications of the fingerprint module are as follows;
Supply power : DC 3.6-6.0 v
Supply current: working current of 100mA,and peak current of 150mA
Fingerprint image record time: <0.5sec
Window area: 14 X 18 mm
Signature file: 256 byte
Template file: 512 byte
Storage capacity: 99
Power delay time: when the module is powered ON, it needs 500mSec to initialize.
During this period, the module cannot respond to host commands.
Fingerprint template: 768 templates
Tolerated Angle offset :+-45 degrees
User flash memory: 64kb
Interface protocol: standard serial interface (TTL level)
Communication baud rate: 57600 bps.
Operating Environment: temperature from -10 degrees to +40 degree Celsius. [12]
20. 20
2.4.3 DC motor
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current electrical power to
mechanical power. A well labelled diagram of a DC motor is shown below;
Fig 2.7 Well Labelled Diagram of a DC Motor
Most DC Motors are able to rotate in two directions reliant on how the power supply terminals
are coupled to the motor [9]. Both the DC motor and the power supply output are two terminal
devices as they both have positive and negative terminals. If it is required to run the motor in
the forward direction, the positive terminal of the motor is connected to the positive terminal
of the power supply output and negative to negative. However, if it is intended to run the motor
in reverse direction just the terminal connections are switched, that is the positive power supply
output wire to the negative motor terminal wire, and the positive motor terminal wire to the
negative power supply output terminal wire. An h-bridge circuit allows a large DC motor to be
run in both direction with a low level logic input signal.
The power electronics actually form a letter H configuration, as shown in Figure 2.10. The
switches are symbolic of the electronic Power MOSFETs which are used for switching.
21. 21
Fig 2.8 H Bridge Structure of DC Motor
2.4.4 Liquid Crystal Display
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display
that uses the light modifying characteristics of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not discharge
light directly [16]. LCDs are used to show random images or fixed images which can be
displayed or hidden, which include digits, preset words, and 7 segment displays as
implemented in digital clocks. LCDs use similar technology as the other types of displays
except that subjective images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while the other
displays have larger elements.
Fig 2.9 Diagram of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
22. 22
Fig 2.10 Internal Configuration of LCD
2.4.5 Control Keypad
Keypad is usually used as an input device when a significant number of keys are required. It
reduces the number of networks necessary by organising the keys in the form of a matrix which
means that each key could be referred to via its row and column indices [19].
Fig 2.11 Configuration of Numeric Control Keypad
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CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Functional Block Diagram
The project is made up of the following units; power supply unit, fingerprint module unit,
LCD unit, H-bridge motor unit, microcontroller unit, control keypad, buzzer and signal LEDs.
The power supply unit supplies a regulated 5v to the microcontroller, the fingerprint module
and the LCD. It also supplies 5v to the motor unit. The microcontroller unit serves as the nerve
of the entire system as it controls the activities of the other units. Whenever a fingerprint image
is detected on the fingerprint module it is passed through the database of the system where it is
compared to already stored image scans on the system database, if it is recognised the
microcontroller then authorises the automatic sliding to open through the control of the H-
bridge motor. The microcontroller is programmed to add every already recognised fingerprint
into the system using increment count and subtract those coming out using decrement count,
this is used to know the number of persons in the access entry facility as the number is displayed
on an LCD. The administrator mode of the system is used to control the addition or subtraction
of the stored fingerprint image scans which is accessed with the help of the control keypad by
switching the settings button attached to the microcontroller ON. All instructions are also been
programmed and displayed on the LCD for a better user friendly interface. An exit button is
installed inside the access entry for persons leaving the facility, the microcontroller subtracts
from the count and this is displayed on the LCD. An emergency button is made available for
cases where the microcontroller is to skip the security protocol of the fingerprint module.
25. 25
Fig 3.1: Functional Block Diagram
3.2 Description of the Electrical Circuit
The description of each functional group of the electrical circuits of the system is discussed
below.
3.2.1 The Power Supply Unit
The power supply unit consists of a 220/12V step down transformer. A bridge rectifier
consisting of diodes was used to rectify the output from the secondary side of the transformer.
The presence of filter capacitors in the circuit help to filter out residual A.C signal (ripples).
The system requires a regulated 5V D.C to power different units respectively, therefore
LM7805 was used to meet these requirements. The voltage regulator regulates the rectified
voltage of 12V to the required 5V output voltage. Ceramic capacitors were installed in the
26. 26
power supply design because of the system’s relative high frequency and high current pulse
loads.
Fig 3.2 Power Supply Unit
The following calculations were made based on consideration for the power supply from the
mains
A.C supply voltage, V= 220V, Frequency = 50Hz, Voltage rating of transformer = 220/12V
Transformer current rating = 500mA, Transformer secondary voltage is given by the equation
below
Vs= Vin√2 (3.1)
Vs= 12√2 =16.97v
R = calculated resistance given by the equation below
V=IR (3.2)
R= V/I = 16.97/500m = 33.94Ω
Approximately 34Ω
27. 27
The maximum and minimum output of the regulator was measured as follows
Vmax = 12.1v
Vmin = 11.8v
Vr = regulator output voltage range
Vr =Vmax-Vmin (3.3)
Vr =12.1-11.8 = 0.3v
The ripple voltage is given by the equation below;
Vac(r.m.s) =𝑉𝑟 × 2√3 (3.4)
Vac = 1.0392v
The value for the selected capacitor was determined using the following equations;
𝑌𝑟 =
𝑉𝑎𝑐(𝑟.𝑚.𝑠)
𝑉𝑑𝑐
(3.5)
Where Yr is the ripple factor
𝑌𝑟 =
1.0392
12
Yr = 0.0849
𝐶 =
1
4√3×𝐹×𝑅×𝑌𝑟
(3.6)
Where C is the capacitance
𝐶 =
1
4√3×50×34×0.0849
= 1000.052431µF
This is approximately 1000 µF which correspond to the value of the capacitor used, while
28. 28
Compensating capacitors C1 and C2 were implemented to reduce the ripple effect from the
generated voltage after rectification.
3.2.2 Finger Print Module Unit
The fingerprint module unit uses the fingerprint module which is capable of storing pre-
scanned fingerprints. Those fingerprints stored in the module are accessed later when a user
enters his/her fingerprint on the module. It is a serial device and the behaviour and pattern of
the module was studied from its datasheet. The module receives a 5V supply from the power
supply in order to enable it. The output pins of the module, receive RXD and transmit TXD
pins are connected to the input transmitter and receiver pins which are pin 2 and 3 of the
Atmega328p microcontroller respectively.
Fig 3.3 Finger Print Module Unit
3.2.3 Microcontroller Unit
This unit is made up of the microcontroller which is a mini processor that is propound to serve
the need of the project. It communicates the fingerprint module via the serial port (Vcc, GND,
TX and RX) to drive a H-bridge switch which in turn drives the motor. It has a program
memory.
29. 29
Random Access Memory (RAM); for execution of the program into the Central
Processing Unit.
Processor; for receiving command from the RAM, execute it and transfers to the output
ports.
Power Supply; it requires a power supply range of 5V-3.3V to power it.
The Atmega 328p microcontroller been an 8-bit microcontroller permits transmitting and
receiving of 8-bit data simultaneously. The port pins are dedicated to serve input and output
purpose. . For this project all the three ports B, C and D were utilized for different purposes.
The timer function, interrupt service routine and analogue to digital conversion (ADC)
function were utilize in the course of the project. The signal LEDS were configured into
the microcontroller through PD4 to PD7 while that of the module went through PD0 and
PD1 which are the receiver and transmitter configured ports connected to the transmitter
and receiver of the module respectively. The trigger pins from the H-bridge motor were
configured through PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4 while the LCD pins were from PB0 to PB5.
The analogue to digital converter keypad pin UT1 went through PC0.
30. 30
Fig 3.4 Microcontroller Unit
The emergency and setting buttons are connected through pull down resistors of 200 kilo
ohms each into the microcontroller, these high value resistors were chosen so that when the
button switches are not closed the connections will be grounded. The emergency button
when closed instructs the microcontroller to open the automatic door when any fingerprint
is scanned irrespective of whether the fingerprints inputted are authorised or not. The
setting button is the user control mode or the admin mode which is accessed only by the
instructed officer in charge. In this mode the user can add or remove saved fingerprints
from the system database and also change the admin fingerprint. The exit button is attached
inside the restricted facility and programmed into the microcontroller through PC4 to open
the door from the inside. All the resistors were used to adjust the sensitivity with respect to
fluctuating voltage of Vcc in order to meet the requirement of the system and avoid damage
of components. The reset button re-initiates the system to start while the entry button when
actuated enables the microcontroller initiate the finger print module, it is connected to Vcc
along with the reset, entry, exit and emergency buttons with sensitive resistors.
31. 31
3.2.4 Motor H-Bridge Driver unit
The H-Bridge motor unit is made up of the H-bridge switches and the electric motor which
controls the motion of the sliding door. The motor is powered with 5V which is supplied to it
from the power supply unit. The motor used is a DC motor that can be driven in forward and
reverse directions of motion. This unit is controlled by the microcontroller by simply reversing
the power polarity with the application of a low level logic input signal. The microcontroller
employs the H bridge principle to control the direction of the motor through changing of its
polarity. If it is desired to manoeuvre the motor in the forward direction, switches TR1 and
TR4 must be triggered to power the motor. The microcontroller sends a voltage impulse into
TR1 by applying a logic 1 which triggers the transistor Q3 (BC557) and sends a voltage signal
into the motor terminal M1, while logic 0 is sent into TR4 and the transistor D9 (1N4004) sends
the M2 motor terminal to ground then the H-Bridge drives the motor in the forward direction.
If it is desired to turn the motor in the reverse direction, switches TR3 and TR2 must be closed
to power the motor in the reverse direction. The microcontroller sends a voltage impulse into
TR3 by applying a logic 1 which triggers the transistor Q4 (1N4004) and sends a voltage signal
into the motor terminal M2, while a logic 0 is sent into TR2 and the transistor sends the M1
motor terminal to ground completing circuit and moving the motor in the opposite direction.
All the resistors were added to adjust the sensitivity in order to meet the requirement of the
system.
Fig 3.5 Door motor
32. 32
Fig 3.6 Motor H bridge Driver Unit
3.2.5 LCD unit
This unit is made up of the liquid crystal display which is supplied with 5V from the power
supply unit. It is used to display already programmed instructions and information from the
system processor which will be accessed by the user in order to improve the user interface of
the system. The LCD connection pins are linked to the microcontroller port B pins.
33. 33
Fig 3.7 LCD Unit
3.2.6 Keypad unit
The keypad unit used is a five button switch device which navigates through the admin mode.
The five different keypad buttons were theoretically implemented using voltage divider as each
button indicated a different voltage signal to the microcontroller via the ADCO microcontroller
port. It is an analogue to digital (A/D) keypad device and is connected and controlled by the
microcontroller as “key_out” is wired to the main processor’s ADC0/PCINT8 pin.
Fig 3.8 Keypad Unit
34. 34
3.2.7 Signal LEDs and Buzzer
The power LED “D1” is powered directly from the mains and is used to indicate that the system
is switched ON and it is a red coloured LED. The “D5” LED is a blue LED and is used to
indicate that the system is functioning in “normal mode” while D2 is a green LED and is used
to signal when a fingerprint has been successfully authorised to pass through the access entry.
Both LEDs are controlled from the main processor.
The buzzer is a sounder which is used as the audio signalling device whenever an activity is
performed in the circuitry.
Fig 3.9 Signal LEDs and buzzer
36. 36
3.2.8 The Flow Chart Analysis
With reference to the flow chart diagram in figure 3.10 when the system is switched “ON”, it
initialises all hardware including the A/D keypad, finger print module and the microcontroller
for 5 seconds while the LCD displays the status of the system. It checks if admin button is
pressed and prompts user to insert A/D keypad. If not inserted it enters normal mode. If admin
is not created, it scans for finger print to create admin and then prompts you to press reset
button. If there is already an admin it scans for admin fingerprint, which if available it proceeds
into admin menu. If not available it displays “finger print not found”. In admin menu using the
A/D keypad there are options to (1) add user (2) remove user (3) change admin (4) empty
database (5) exit menu.
In normal mode, the door initialises and if user presses button from inside it opens the door and
closes then decrements count. From outside where the finger print sensor is situated the LCD
displays instruction “place finger on finger print scanner to enter”. If user is successfully
scanned the door opens and increments count before closing immediately. If it does not match
it tells user to try again.
38. 38
CHAPTER FOUR
TEST, RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Test
The following test was carried out on different units of the system upon completion and the
result obtained are shown in table 4.1
1. Power supply unit
2. Microcontroller unit
3. Fingerprint module unit
4. H bridge motor unit
5. LCD unit
6. Buzzer unit
7. A/D keypad
4.2 Result obtained
Table 4.1 Test carried out and the result obtained
S/N TEST CARRIED
OUT
RESULT OBTAINED
1
Power Supply
The test carried out on the power
supply unit was found out to be 5.4v – 5.5v at the
output, which is the approximate voltage required by
the system components.
39. 39
2 Microcontroller unit
The program code was written in C
Language using AVR studio and was tested.
Also the output for the switching unit
was measured to be 4.98v
corresponding to 5v requirement for logically high
state.
3 Fingerprint module unit
The output signal of the sensor was
measured to be between 5.1v – 5.3v whenever the
sensor
is powered ON.
4 LCD unit
During system initialization, the LCD
was tested to check whether it is
compatible with the program code and
also to confirm whether the actual number of persons
entering through the building was displayed by the
liquid crystal display
5 H bridge Motor unit
When the motor rotates in the onward direction the
voltage at the collector side of transistor Q4 (BC557)
was measured to be 0.45v while that at Q3 (BC557)
was measured to be 5.3v. and when the motor was
rotating in the backward direction the voltage at the
40. 40
collector side of transistor Q3 (BC557) was 0.45v while
that at the collector of Q4 (BC557) was measured to be
5.3v
6 Buzzer unit
The voltage flowing through the buzzer at full signal
load was measured at 3V
7 A/D keypad
At normal working condition using voltage divider the
voltages flowing through the 5 buttons on the keypad
were measured at 0V, 2.5V, 3.3V, 3.75V and 4V
4.3 Discussion of Result
The voltage from the power supply unit was measured to be between 5.4 – 5.5v which is
approximately equal to the value required by the system components.
The fingerprint module was found to meet the system requirement of sensing fingerprint
images and comparing it to those saved in the database.
The motor unit was found working very well, rotating in either directions as directed by the
microcontroller unit and the H bridge circuit.
The liquid crystal display was found to function normally when the system was switched on.
The microcontroller was programmed and circuit connections were implemented on them. Also
the C language program code written into the microcontroller was without errors as the LCD,
41. 41
H bridge motor unit and fingerprint module produced the expected results. The buzzer was
found to be functioning normally when an unrecognised user finger print image is detected.
4.4 Limitations
1. The system must be powered with the specific input voltage which is 220-240AC
supply.
2. The fingerprint module has a maximum user limit of 128. This is the maximum number
of users that can be saved in the database of the module.
3. The module used cannot verify liveliness detection of fingers, therefore can be
compromised.
4. Only one user can use the access entry at a time.
4.5 Cost
The items used in achieving this project are listed in the table below with the total cost of the
overall project.
Table 4.2: cost of items used
S/N LIST OF ITEMS
USED
QUANTITY
USED
UNIT PRICE
(NAIRA)
AMOUNT
(NAIRA)
1 Atmega 328p
microcontroller
1 900 900
2 Finger print module 1 10000 10000
43. 43
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
The system which is the design and construction of an automatic sliding door with fingerprint
scanner and counting system was implemented sighting some factors such as budget,
obtainability of components and research tools, proficiency, compatibility, convenience and
durability. The performance of the system after examination met design stipulations. The
general operation of the system and performance is dependent on the presence of a user’s
fingerprint image which is been scanned on the fingerprint module. The door is meant to open
automatically when the fingerprint is verified from the system database but in a situation where
there is no power source trying to manually apply force on the door to open would cause the
mechanical controller system of the component to be damaged.
The implementation process is reliant on how well the soldering is done, and the arrangement
of the modules on the Vero board. The integrated circuits were connected away from the power
supply unit to prevent heat emission which might occur and affect the recital of the entire
system. The building of the system was done in such a way that it makes maintenance easy and
inexpensive for the user should there be any system failure. All constituents other than the
power supply unit were integrated on one Vero board thereby making troubleshooting stress-
free. The construction of the automatic sliding door controller involved research in both
analogue and digital electronics. Thorough work was done in the programming of the
microcontroller, also research was done with the fingerprint module and H bridge motor unit
circuit. In general, the system was designed, and the real time implementation was constructed.
44. 44
5.2 Recommendation
The following are the future recommendations for this project work
1. The use of a higher version of fingerprint module is recommended as they can verify
the liveliness of fingers, thereby improving effectiveness results of the system and also
a module that can be used to store more than 128 users.
2. Security cameras can be added to aid the facility surveillance and identification system
thereby improving security measures on ground.
3. A motion sensor can be added at the door to detect multiple people at once e.g.
ultrasonic sensor, PIR sensor, etc.
45. 45
REFERENCE
1. Akshay Govekar, Ankit N.Ganatra (2003) “Fingerprint Based Door Access System”.
www.slideshare.net/akkykool/fingerprint-door-access-system. Retrieved 24th
August,
2015
2. Jain L.C et al [Eds] (1999). “Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face
Recognition” Baco Raton EL: CRC Press.
3. Alkar A.Z. & Buhur, U. (2005) “An Internet Based Wireless Home Automation System
for Malfunctional Devices”, IEEE Consumer electronics 51(4).pp.
4. Clubotaru- Destscu. B. Chicludean, D.Cloarga R & S staruscu. D (2006) “wireless
solutions for Telemetry in Civil Equipment and infrastructure monitoring” 3rd
Romanian-Hungarian Joint Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence (SACI)
May 25-26, 2006.
5. Conte G, and Scaradozzi, D. (2003) “Viewing home automation systems as multiple
agents systems” Robocup 2003, padova, Italy.
6. Kalpakjan (2008), “Automation in manufacturing, manufacturing processes for
Engineering Materials” 5th
ed. Pearson education.
7. Horton Doors (2003),”history of automatic doors” www.hortondoors.com . Retrieved
27th
August, 2015.
8. Stefani Mingo (2000), “ A brief history of automation insurance” .Insurance journal by
Wells Media Group, Inc. 15th
May, 2000
9. Vincent Sieben (2003), “A High Power H Bridge”. Autonomous Robotic Vehicle
Project 2003 press
10. Atmel datasheet (2008) ATMEL 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER WITH
4/8/16/32KBYTES, Atmel datasheets 2008 press.
46. 46
11. Sencer Yeralan, P.E, PhD, Helen Emery 2006 “Programming and interfacing the 8051
microcontroller in C and Assembly language”. IEEE press 2006
12. SolidDigi (2011) “solidDigi optical fingerprint module User Manual”. SolidDigi June
(2011) press.
13. Subhra Mazumdar, Venkata Dhulipala (2003) “fingerprint recognition technology”
university of California, San Diego. UCSD 2003 press.
14. Nwagu Henry (2011) “An Automatic Control for Slide Door” Final Year Project,
Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Federal University Of Technology,
Minna Niger State Nigeria.
15. Mohammed Abdulahi Sanni (2010). “Microcontroller Based Automatic Gate Control
with Counter” Final Year Project, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department,
Federal University Of Technology, Minna Niger State Nigeria.
16. Filipovic D. Miomir (2003), understanding electronic components.
www.microe.com/books/keu. Retrieved 27th
August, 2015
17. Fingerprint cards (2015) “fingerprint manual datasheet”, Fingerprintcards datasheet
2015.
18. Future electronics for arduino (2015) Future Electronics Egypt Ltd. (Arduino Egypt).
Future electronics 2015 press.
19. Mohammed F. Alkrunz (2010) “Application for keypad and LCD” PIC lab manual
2010
![1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
We leave in a generation where ensuring security and ease of usability continues to be of much
higher priority, as a result the need for more comfortable, efficient and effective means of entry
into restricted areas increases. Fingerprint technology is known for its ease and reliability, as
only the actual person with a certain finger print can check into the restricted facility without
the need to manually operate anything. It helps to protect against the entering of unauthorised
personnel as only authorised individuals can use the restricted facility thereby ensuring security
[1]. This project provides a facility with assured security and comfort as it is quite easy to install
and use. It seeks to build upon existing methods of protecting entries or doors from access by
unauthorised personnel.
Fingerprint technologies have been more popular in recent times as this technology provides
a more secure and effective way of identifying individuals and verifying their identity.
Fingerprints are one of the many forms of biometrics used for identification and verification.
Fingerprint sensors are the electronic devices which are used for capturing the digital image of
finger print patterns [2] .
Automatic door is a mechanised flexible barrier fitted in the entrance of a room or building to
restrict access, provide ease of opening a door or provide visual privacy. Automatic sliding
doors with fingerprint scanner and counting system provides a method of operation of sliding
doors without need to mechanically apply force. This method is cost effective and reliable as
it provides a much more secure system with ease and comfort as its priority. The counting
circuit attached to it helps to keep track of the number of individuals entering the restricted](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/292f7f20-8186-4340-b21b-390069c394db-160725091008/85/christopher-owoicho-project-1-320.jpg)
![2
facility. This can be important to the facility operators as it gives account of the individuals in
it for security reasons or also maybe in cases where there is a smart system attached to control
the lighting and temperature of the facility.
This project is basically made up of a sliding door controlled by a motor which is geared down
to get a lower speed and a higher torque. To open the door, the motor turns the gears, which in
turn drags the door. To close the door, the reverse occurs. The system keeps record of the
number of persons in the building through a programmed counting circuit in the module and
displays the count on a seven segment display. A fingerprint module is connected to the
entrance of the door so that when a fingerprint is detected it compares it to the data base of the
system to see if it is stored in the system thereby verifying and authenticating access to a
facility. When the fingerprints have been recognised the door slides open and the counter adds
by one and the door shuts as the person enters, this is displayed on the LCD.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
There is urgent need for more secured and comfortable access entries into restricted offices,
bank locks, confidential medical facilities, highly classified military facilities, exclusive
elevators and emergency exit/entry doors which are exclusive to a specific class of individuals
who are employed under the various respective organisations [1]. The use of manually operated
access entries means for the door users to mechanically apply force which can be cumbersome
for them and may lead to fatigue, thereby arising the need for automation.
The absence of biometric technology in the earlier generations made it difficult to verify the
security of an access entry as the use of doors with locks and keys or doors with passworded
keypads or doors with card readers were common then, problems ranging from the need to
recall a password or issues of theft of valid cards or fobs which may lead to the need for constant](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)