Political Science Essay. Term 2. Considering The Experience

Political Science Essay. Term 2. Considering The Experience
Political science essay. Term 2
Considering the experience of one country with compulsory voting, and one in which voting is
voluntary, does compulsory voting tend to enhance the quality of democracy?
"Compulsory voting can be defined as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time"
According to a dictionary definition, democratic state is one where supreme power is vested in the
people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. There
are different democratic countries such as Canada, United States of America, Belgium, Australia and
they all have different electoral processes. Some countries practice either compulsory voting or
voluntary "A total of 29 countries in contemporary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to make sure everyone is exercising this right to vote, some countries have enforced laws
that prevent people from disregarding this civil duty. "As an individual liberty consists in exemption
from legal control, so political liberty consists in participation in legal control." Compulsory voting
is in the interest of everyone in the country, through voting we are given a voice to decide which
people amongst us we would rather have serving and protecting us.
"The initial expectation is that a substantial gap exists between the voting rates of the socially
advantaged because the latter are less informed about politics, feel more alienated from the political
system and are not the main target of mobilization efforts by political parties" One of the problems
with countries with voluntary voting is that participation is low participation which can also be
called low electoral turnout. one of the problems most democratic states with voluntary voting have,
is the turnout of electoral processes. Everyone has the right to vote but people on the day of election
stay home and turnouts end up low. These states end up having less than 60% turnout. However in
states with Compulsory voting such as Australia, election turnouts have been high. "the average
level of turnout under the system of compulsory voting was 91.6%" If the turnouts for elections
enhances democracy why do other states
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Mid Term Exam: Political Sciences
Mid Term Exam (A0109493Y)
Part A Q1. The top 4 key stakeholders are as follows:
1. Businesses/ Employers in City Z
The main interest of businesses/ employers in city Z is to gain profits for owners/ shareholders.
Regarding the issue of wage increase, they will tend to raise an objection because the policy will
create an extra cost to their businesses and go against their interests to have more profit. They have a
strong political influence because they provide jobs in the city and move the local economy. For big
business companies, they may use their resources to influence lawmakers or media to go against the
policy.
2. Employee in City Z
For employees/ workers in city Z, they have strong interest to raise their welfare. Therefore, they
will prefer to support the policy. Employees have a strong political influence because usually they
form the majority of residents in the city and they are the dominant voters during the general
election. However, there may be a setback of support if minimum wage increase's policy results in
massive lay off of employees.
3. Labor Organizations
Labor organizations have the interest to improve the welfare of labors in the city. They may have
some power to influence the political climate in the city but it will depend on the amount of labors
under their organization and how good they can organize the labors. They can use formal and
informal instruments to support or oppose the policy. For example, they can participate in the formal
meeting

Visual Argument Analysis
Today, it is without a doubt that public communication is at the heart of our economy, our politics
and our society. It is being used in different aspects of society – studios use it to advertise their
films. Advocates use it to encourage social causes. The businessmen use it to furnish their image.
Politicians use it, for them to get elected. It is a field constructed on various ideas and images, many
information and persuasion, tactics and strategy. There is no product or policy that will ever succeed
without a clever message that targets the right audience or people in innovative and creative ways.
To communicate strategically is one of today's ability to communicate and what our programs are all
about. Therefore, public communications ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Visual arguments can be very useful in terms of passing a message along to the public. Common
examples of an advertisement would be seen on TV ads, possibly a poster, billboard, and
commercials. An ad that caught my eye is a powerful image portraying verbal abuse. It shows a man
screaming at a woman with a fist coming out of the man's mouth and punching the woman in the
face. It basically relays the message of how verbal abuse is just as bad or hurtful as physical
violence and abuse. This ad also attempts to target the emotion of the viewers. Her facial expression
is key in this ad. There are no textual elements but the picture is strong enough to the point that texts
is no longer needed. The ad does not put us in the situation but it shows us how verbal abuse can be
extremely hurtful. Collingwood argues that other sentient beings are able to engage with art and get
a sense of the 'total imaginative experience' that prompted it. Collingwood mentions that "There is a
particular process of recognition that happens which, if the art has succeeded in communicating on
more than a purely idiosyncratic level, leads to enhanced self–knowledge, and by extension an
enhanced collective self–knowledge. Given the fundamental formulation of the artistic process, and
especially given the unavoidable loss of intensity of feeling even for the artist, then clearly the
engagement of the fellow sentient being is not one of the equivalence with that of the artist, but an
imaginative engagement based on the stimulus to hand, be it poem, sound of tactile art." (Swale.

Public Policy Vs. Administration
Public Policy and Administration is an interesting and important knowledge for all people. Every
one on this earth, regardless of his profession, hobbies, or religious views, faces these concepts. This
paper is going to describe the concepts of public policy and administration and an importance of this
area for effective and efficient management.
A public policy is an activity that has a good combination between politics and administrative
activities. The major goal of public administration are established and introduced to political actors.
So, a public policy sets the goals for public administration.
The state policy chooses the direction, in which the state develops. Interests of the state determine
the direction of its development. An experienced politician should always be a cautious man who
knows what will be important for people tomorrow and after five or ten years. This quality will
allow him or her to motivate people and to develop the country in needed sectors.
In order to avoid a political crisis, the government should not only clearly determine a list of
priorities for people, but also represent their current and long–term interests. This way, the public
policy will be properly developed and will have an accurate strategic line. The government will also
manage to control the situation inside the country and become a significant player in the
international political arena.
According to some scholars, public administration is an organizational and regulating

pressure group Essay
INTRODUCTION
Pressure group is defined as a non–profit and usually voluntary organization whose member have a
common cause for which they seek to influence political or corporate decision makers to achieve a
declared objective but not to elected candidates to office. They can also be described as 'interest
groups', 'lobby groups' or 'protest groups'. The aim of all pressure groups is to influence the people
who actually have the power to make decisions. Pressure groups do not look for the power of
political office but seek influence the decisions made by those who hold the political power such as
cabinet. They are sometimes able to gather sufficient support to force government to amend or even
scrap legislation. Pressure group direct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political parties and pressure groups are dependent upon one another. Interest groups find the parties
an important method of gaining access to those in public authority, and the parties need the support
of groups to elect and maintain themselves in power. The loose party structure and the nature of the
federal system foster a chain of continuous relationships between the two. Interest groups participate
in both nonpartisan and partisan primaries and general elections through candidate endorsement,
providing campaign funds, and general campaign activity. Interest groups are particularly interested
in programs and seek to influence party platforms and may provide speech materials for candidates.
There is some attempt on the part of both to infiltrate each other though rarely has an interest group
been able to capture complete control of a party organization. The overlapping memberships help to
educate the parties about the interests of the private groups and vice versa, and provide some cross–
fertilization of ideas as well as manpower assistance. Political parties have a prime function of
accommodating the demands of the private interests into the larger public interests (Bone. A, 1958).
Pressure Groups are distinct from political parties in the sense that they do not seek political posts
and they do not contest elections. But one important element that makes them what they are is the

My First Semester At Mesa College
This is my first semester at Mesa College. I am currently a Political Science major. The term that
would best describe my current situation would be "non–traditional" student. I graduated from high
school in 2006. Since then I have gotten married, travelled the world, and had two children. While in
high school I excelled and took part in many academic extra–curricular activities. In the past ten
years I have accumulated work and life experience. Most recently I was able to work as a legal
assistant for an immigration firm. Being bilingual was beneficial, as was my interest in law in
general. I plan on attending law school in the future which made the job appealing. Although I
deferred college for this long it has always been my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite its location the University of California San Diego has an undeniable reputation, attrition
rate, and success rate of graduates; as well as a more appealing curriculum.
As stated above the University of California San Diego is not in the most desirable location,
however I believe it is the right choice after Mesa. UCSD is located in La Jolla at 9500 Gillman
Drive (Make Waves,2016). The nearest four–year university for me would be San Diego State
University. I currently live in Chula Vista making UCSD a 28–minute drive time, not factoring in
traffic (Travelmath,2016). In comparison SDSU would be a 17–minute drive. Brenda Antonio, a
manager in the accounting department at UCSD, lives in my neighborhood and has stated that her
average drive time on a weekday morning is an hour (Antonio,2016). An hour commute may sound
like an inconvenience but there some positive aspects to a long commute. In a study done by the
Australian National University it was found that many people enjoy their commute and, "said this
was the only time they got to themselves during the week, and so used it to dream, relax and
meditate" (Bissel, 2015). In addition, I personally enjoy driving and don't mind the commute.
Although an hour–long commute is not ideal there are certain options in order to reduce the negative
aspects. Scheduling classes during low traffic times and maximizing the time spent commuting, like
listening to books on tape, would

Power As A General Political Science
Power in politics is a central concept, yet a contested one for a multitude of reasons. Chief among
them is its contested nature and disagreement among political scientists over the concept itself as
well as its operationalization. I refrain from further exploring the literature on power as a general
political science concept and focus on its aspects related to negotiation. From an international
relations perspective, realists for example, emphasize on the materialistic aspect of power; military,
economy and other measurable and quantifiable sources of power (Donnelly 24). Hans Morgenthau,
a classical realist, defines power as "men's control over the minds and actions of other men", he
further states that a political power is "the mutual relations of control among the holders of public
authority and between the latter and the people at large" (32). This definition, to a degree, resonates
with power in negotiation since it focuses on one's ability to influence the perception and action of
others. This notion of power is relevant to negotiation in that either sides of a negotiation attempt to
influence the decision making of the other side(s). Keohane Nye's definition of power is closer to
Morgenthau. He defines power as "the ability of an actor to get others to do something they
otherwise would not do" (10). Roger Fisher defines power in terms of negotiation as "the ability to
persuade someone to do something" (182). These definitions do not emphasis on the outcome aspect
of

My Life After High School
In February during the finales months of my senior year in high school, I began to start thinking
about my life after high school. I had no idea of what I wanted to be in life. I knew I had liked
arguing with people and standing up for what I believe. Then one day, I was watching one of my
favorite movies "Legally Blonde". A brief summary of the movie is that it is about a "dumb blonde'
girl who gets the opportunity of a lifetime to become a lawyer by attending Harvard Law School. In
the beginning, she was lost but somehow turns everything around and proves to the world that
blondes are smart, and that you can do anything if you have faith in yourself. After watching this
movie, a light bulb had lit up in my head, and I knew what I wanted to do with my life. I wanted to
be a lawyer. I was unaware on the steps it took to be a Lawyer, so I asked my teacher about what I
should major in to become one. She told me to major in political science. I had never heard this
word before so I researches it to find more about it.
When researching something its best to find the definition to give you an overall idea, so you can
form your own viewpoint of it. When I looked up Political Science I found the word "Politics" being
a big influence about it, and that's when I became interested in politics. Webster's Dictionary had
defined politics as "activities that relate to influencing the actions and policies of a government or
getting and keeping power in a government," but my view of

Education And The Global Studies Foundation
Education is power. It has the power to influence our goals and motivate ourselves to attain those
goals. Each decision we make in life is primarily influenced by the knowledge we have gathered
through education. It develops the sense of who we are as a knowledgeable and diverse human
being. Education has to do with our identity, with how we characterize ourselves mentally and in the
way we communicate with others. Education gave me the competence to independently seek out
information and pass my knowledge to others. Most importantly, it allows me to help others to
continue to pursue an education. I will extend my education by attending Central Connecticut State
University. In college, I will pursue a bachelor's degree in Political Science/Public Administration
with a double minor in Journalism and Criminal Justice. I will use what I learned in college to
become involved in the Global Studies Foundation. Their mission is to promote education by
connecting with young individuals of different cultures. The communication skills I obtain through
my degree in Public Administration, will definitely allow me to connect with millions and show
them what the worth of an education is. I will help the foundation promote education on a national
level. This foundation is imperative in our society and will allow me to obtain skills in education
administration. I will also utilize my skills and experience to achieve my ultimate career goal to
become the Superintendent of Schools in the

Comparative Politics Essay
"Those who only know one country know no country." – Seymour Martin Lipset.
The scholar Guy Swanson once said, "Thinking without comparison is unthinkable. And, in the
absence of comparison, so is all scientific thought and scientific research." (cited in Ragin, 1992).
As such, comparison is necessary for the development of political science. The 'art of comparing'
can be seen as what experimentation is to most sciences – the principal and most effective way to
test theory. (Peters, 1998) This essay seeks to describe the different aspects of the 'art of comparing'
and also to detail the reasons why the comparative method is a necessary tool in the belt of any
political scientist.
Comparative politics is one of three main subfields in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first strand can be summed up in this Rudyard Kipling quote: "What should they know of
England, that only England know?" The art of comparison is necessary because it allows
exploration, which is the starting point of all political analysis. To find out about others is to find out
about oneself. Comparison allows political scientists to recognise difference, which is essential to
understanding these differences. One good example of this comparative exploration is MacAuley's
1967 'Sandino Affair' (cited in Landman, 2000). This is an account of Sandino's guerrilla attempt to
oust US marines from Nicaragua after a presidential succession crisis, and while it accounts in great
detail the events that happened, it is an example of 'evidence without inference' (Almond 1996, cited
in Landman, 2000) – the author tells the story, but makes no attempt to make sweeping
generalisations about the results of US imperialism.
The second strand is classification. The art of comparing allows political scientists to group cases
into distinct categories with shared, identifiable characteristics, allowing us to identify patterns that
will help to understand interactions both between and within political systems. This classification
goes back to the work of Aristotle in 350 BC, when the famous philosopher grouped regime types

Different Perspectives On The Field Of Policy Essay
1.) Wheelan and Stone present very different perspectives on the field of policy analysis. Describe
their perspective using examples from the text. Which perspective do you believe in? Is there a way
the two perspectives can co–exist?
The perspectives that Wheelan and Stone presents that differentiate from the tow is the basis of how
they view public policy and its impact on its citizens.
Wheelan approaches the public policy realm from an impactful view of society and how institutions
are the driving force behind public policy. Wheelan mentions, "what any society's major challenges
will always have in common is that they fall under the rubric of public policy, meaning that they
cannot be addressed satisfactorily by a single individual or by one entrepreneurial firm" (Wheelan
xxi). I believe what he is saying is that the nature of public policy has become so broad and complex
that to address the root cause of the issue would never be solved by an individual, group, or entity.
Wheelan instead says that public policy would require communal decisions such as where should a
new airport be built? How should we protect ourselves against our external enemies? And what
substances can or cannot be dumped in a communal water source? (Wheelan xxii). These questions
that as a human society and even a human being, we must tackle as the policy decisions that are
proposed and presented, will have major and long lasting impacts on society. Furthermore, Wheelan
believes that "public policy

The Real Independent Voter
The Real Independent Voter A notion exists that the "independent voter" is also an independent
thinker, researcher, and analyst – a voter not swayed by media and partisan politics; however, I
propose that while voters may be successfully categorized, neither independent nor partisan voters
are better informed than the other, this must be attributed individually and not categorically.
"Independent" is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as "not subject to authority or control; not
depending on another...for one's opinion; not belonging to or supported by a party" (Independent,
2002, p. 417). The problem with labelling a voter (or group of voters) with this term is that the label
is most often a self–designation that sometimes has little to do with that word actually implies.
Political analyst, Nate Silver, defines Independent voters in this manner:
1) People who are mainline Democrats or Republicans for all intents and purposes, but who reject
the formality of being labeled as such;
2) People who have a mix of conservative and liberal views that don't fit neatly onto the one–
dimensional political spectrum, such as libertarians;
3) People to the extreme left or the extreme right of the political spectrum, who consider the
Democratic and Republican parties to be equally contemptible;
4) People who are extremely disengaged from politics and who may not have fully formed political
views;
5) True–blue moderates;
6) Members of organized third parties.
"These voters have almost

political science state centered and power centered
Man in nature is a social being. He cannot exist alone and can certainly not be self–sufficient. He is
born and dwells in society where he associates with fellow humans. Man's interaction with others in
society eventually manifests his selfishness and quarrelsome nature. The human being is complex.
Therefore as men live and interact in society, there arises the need for rules and accepted form of
behavior. The regulation and execution of these rules are what bring about order in society. The
regulators and enforcers of these rules and laws are what constitute what is called government.
According to Heywood (2007) the government is created by individuals and for individuals
(population), it exists to serve their needs and interests. This ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In other words it is a study of state affairs. A state is a compulsory political organization with a
centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain
geographical territory. Other traditional thinkers such as Paul Janet and Jelineck also defined
political science is a study of state affairs only. This means that man, the government and their
relationship are studied. This is political science state centered. The authority and influence over
society is held in the state alone as an independent entity. The focus of study is on the state and the
state or state affairs only. State–centered stresses the role of the government on society. Its focus is
that the state itself can maintain political life to some extent independently of the way power is
allocated between society classes. It should also be made clear that the government is their or exists
in order to organize society thereby satisfying the needs of man or society or the population.. This is
because the societies or man's wants and needs are unlimited. Therefore a government has to exist to
satisfy them. Some of the duties that government performs in order to satisfy the needs of society
are:
To provide law and order. It is the duty of the state to make that the society is ruled under law and
that order is maintained. Rules and laws are what promote order even in society where the desires
and aspirations of the people are not the

Anthem by Ayn Rand: Where Do Children in Totalitarian...
Where do children in totalitarian states live? Right from birth, children are taken from their parents
and live in places controlled by the state. They never meet their parents and the state takes over
teaching the children everything they think is important for their lives. In Ayn Rand's Anthem,
children never live with their parents and never know who they are. Right from birth, they are taken
to the House of Infants and from there they live in homes their entire life. Dictatorial leaders enforce
this living arrangement in these sorts of societies. In totalitarian societies, dictatorial leaders force
children to live apart from their families to gain complete control of their lives without any outside
influences. Leaders in totalitarian societies find it easier to prevent children from developing certain
characteristics that they could find potentially dangerous. In the novel, two adults go to the Palace of
Mating and nine months later, a child arrives and is directly sent to the House of Infants. This living
arrangement limits the opportunity of the children to develop characteristics that differentiate them
between their brothers. In every house that Equality has lived in, each house has had the same
interior. At the end of the day, Equality and his brothers go to bed and sleep until the bell rings in the
house where "the sleeping walls are white and clean and bare of all things" (Rand 28). The leaders
keep the houses plain to prevent their people

Argumentative Essay On Boy Scouts Rights
While most people may not be knowledgeable about the national policies of the Boy Scouts of
America, if they are involved with the Boy Scout they need to know how these policies effect their
rights and what they can do about it. National policies restrict the rights of volunteers and their
ability to protect the youth involved. It is time for the volunteers to come together and inform
National Counsel that their rights need to be reinstated. The process for this can be difficult but if
completed it would reestablish the constitutional rights of the volunteers and allow them a greater
ability to protect the youth and themselves. In today's society we look for peace of mind everywhere
that children are, but Boy Scouts has removed that peace of ... Show more content on
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While most of these activities provide a fairly secure area, they all need to be evaluated individually.
Concerning schools, there are an abundance of school shootings and while some states are now
passing legislation to allow individuals to carry firearms on school grounds many states are not. If
schools are allowing concealed carry on their campus then the Boy Scouts of America should be
allowing it in the woods. While many believe that this issue could be a political agenda some argue
that it is simply insurance. Either way the Boy Scouts have managed to restrict the rights of the
American people who volunteer their time a moral core in today's youth. This moral core can be
seen in Merit Badges like Citizenship in the Community, Nation, and World. Leaders have an
obligation to keep the youth safe and give the parents the sense of safety for their children when not
in their presence. The Boy Scouts teach the rights and responsibilities of an active citizen, but take
those same rights and responsibilities away from their volunteers. There is a solution to this issue
and while it may take a bold step for National Counsel it will align with what they have dictated
volunteers teach to their Boy

Political Turncoatism
Introduction To be a party to an organization is to be identified to that organization and renunciation
of the other party. However, in the Philippine case politicians freely and gracefully shift from one
party to another, the other changed his mind and do the same. Party– switching had been a common
scenario in the Philippine politics. Its occurrence is usually at election times or at times when there
is a need to resolve a certain conflict involving a political issue or question and during times of
revolutions and People Power. True enough the party system of the country seems to resemble
chameleons of politicians going from one party to another.
On several occasions when there is a need of choosing a stand, no contemporary party in the ...
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I kept on thinking about something that is obviously a problem but of which its manifestations is not
usually bothered and studied of and for that no actual reforms are passed to alter the problem.
I decided to think of the wrongs and liabilities of the political dynamics in the Philippines. I just
can't get over the rampant party– switching of different politicians for their own convenience and in
my perspective, how the people just take that for granted and has it considered as a common Filipino
political culture. And then, I get to ask what kind of PARTY system do we have?
So that was it, I'm going to study the root of POLITICAL TURNCOATISM, all about these political
butterflies and the Party System of the country that seems to be arbitrariness of its existence.
At first, since I wasn't able to appreciate public administration and that I wasn't able to take
legislative course, it was hard for me to actually articulate from that point on and start doing things.
But after reading piles of documents, books, articles and etc, watching and reading news, continuous
researching and several informal discussions with classmates, elderly and some people with
authority to the subject matter, what I have to do with my research becomes clearer and more
interesting.
I can actually say mine's a good topic. It is very much political and indeed has social relevance. It
concerns the society as a whole and

Washington Program Objectives
I have three main types of objectives in applying to the Washington Program: professional
development, personal development, and networking. I believe that all three of these objectives
would be advanced by a summer internship in D.C. and that the Washington Program could both
help me to find an internship that aligns with my development goals and allow me to participate in
networking opportunities specific to the Program itself. As far as professional development goes, I
am looking for an internship that will give me insight into the fields of either research or legal
services. These are the two career paths that I am currently considering, and exposure to either
would help me choose between them. I would also like to continue to develop skills that are relevant
to each field and to work with people who can offer me career guidance. In the interest of
specificity, by research organizations I am primarily referring to think tanks, polling organizations,
and issue–driven advocacy groups hiring interns to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
area, which would be particularly helpful if I decide that I like D.C. and want to return in the future.
While I would start building a network during my summer internship regardless of whether I am
accepted to the Washington Program, the Program would help me to get a head start and hopefully
meet people who I would not meet through an internship alone. Now that I have outlined what I
hope to take away from my summer internship experience and participation in the Washington
Program, it is worth going over some of the things that I could bring to an internship sponsor. In the
interest of being responsive to the question, I will break this section up in to "skills" and "qualities."
Also, because the skills are slightly different depending on whether my internship is in research or
legal services, I will separate the skills relevant to each of these

An Investigation of Latino Participation in Politics Essay
An Investigation of Latino Participation in Politics
This research examines the disjuncture between Hispanic strength in population and Hispanic
participation in politics. I examine the nature of this disjuncture: its severity, its causes, and its
consequences. Hispanics currently comprise 11.2% of the U.S. population, but the Hispanic vote in
the 1998 elections comprised only 4.7% of all ballots cast. The situation is even bleaker when
considering Hispanic representation in Congress. Currently, less than four percent of U.S. House
members are Latino. Add to that clear disjuncture the fact that two of the Hispanic Congressmen do
not even possess the ability to vote and that there is not a single Hispanic Senator, and we see that ...
Verba and his co–authors examine the import of participation, both voting and non–voting, in our
American society. According to their argument, the typical citizen activist "tend[s] to be drawn
disproportionately from more advantaged groups–to be well–educated and well–heeled and to be
White and male" (Verba et al., 1995: 231). Indeed, Verba et al. explore participation along both
gender and racial lines and concludes that both women and minorities are comparatively less active
than men, especially white men, who stand peerless both in terms of affiliation with a political
organization, contributing to a campaign, contacting their Representatives, and more direct forms of
participation like voting.
Verba et al. also speak to the impact of income level on political participation, a topic often repeated
by political scientists (DeSipio 1996, McClain and Tauber 1998). The conclusion: "for each kind of
participation, affluence and participation go hand in hand" seems rather obvious (Verba et al. 1995:
189). Indeed, if a Latino parent works two low paying jobs and worries about paying the bills every
month (as many do) he or she will likely have little incentive to travel to the polling place to ensure
Hispanic representation in Washington. Additionally, Hispanics encounter further impediments to
political participation: lower ages and education levels, coupled with language difficulties and
illegal and non–citizen statuses further enlarge the gap between

Is the Study of Politics Best Considered a Science or an Art?
Is the study of politics best considered a science or an art?
Since its conception as a formal academic discipline, Politics has existed on the fault line between
two great fields of enquiry, the sciences and the arts. During the mid 20th century, with the rise of
the behavioural movement, a general trend towards the "scientification" of the study of politics
could be observed. The origins of this movement can be traced back to the logical positivism of the
Vienna Circle and the writings of Auguste Comte in the nineteenth century (Sanders, 2010).
However from the 1970s, there emerged a growing dissatisfaction with behaviouralism and a revival
of interest in normative questions, as seen in the writings of theorists such as John Rawls and ...
In addition to the difference of purpose between arts and sciences, which we have discussed above,
a further distinction is offered by Lasswell (1958) that may be considered by some as somewhat
biased: "The science of politics states conditions; the philosophy of politics justifies preferences."
He distinguishes between "the science of politics" and "the philosophy of politics" on the same
grounds as the fact–value dichotomy of logical positivism. He appears to be implying that political
philosophy (which, for the purpose of this essay, would fall under the jurisdiction of art) "justifies
preferences" in the sense that it provides rationalizations for the personal preferences of the theorist
of political philosophy (Horwitz, 1962). Science, on the other hand, uses only facts and empirical
data as its tools of analysis. This overt process of analysis minimizes the scope for bias by the
researcher (Pierce, 2008). Moreover it promises an impartial and reliable means of distinguishing
'truth' from 'falsehood' and gives us access to objective knowledge about the political world
(Heywood, 2002). However the fact/value dichotomy is not as clearly defined as is assumed here.
Values are deeply involved in the identification of facts as well as their description and examination
since all political scientists enter research with at least some presumptions about their

Importance And Importance Of Political Science
Table of Context
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. DEFINITION 2
2.1 Political Science 2
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING POLITICAL SCIENCES 2
4. REASONS TO STUDY POLITICAL SCIENCES 3
5. THE CONCEPT OF POWER 3
5.1 Political Power 4
5.2 Political Authority 4
6. BENEFITS OF STUDYING POLITICAL SCIENCES 4
7. POLITICAL SCIENCES AS A MAJOR 5
8. CONCLUSION 5
LIST OF REFERENCES 7
1. INTRODUCTION
The following essay will discuss the importance of choosing political science as a major and the
benefits that come with it. The assignment will first define political sciences and elaborate on its
advantages. The essay will critical analyze how studying political sciences will help you in society
and also how it will help you in different fields of employment. Finally ... Show more content on
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Students who study political science are taught how to think and critically analyze different
situations in society this will help them in the jobs they will acquire in the future. Political scientist
students also acquire skills in research and writing. This will help them with development quantative
skills. Any student studying political sciences has a variety of jobs to choose from where they can
obtain top management or executive positions. Political science students can become lawyers,
government officials teachers, create their own business and even do teaching. One can also go into
international relations. Studying the relationships of countries, how the countries in the global
system interact with one another and their reasons for that. In international relations students also
look at foreign policies and how these policies affect the global economy and political system of the
world. Students will also learn about human rights violations and globalisation. The study of politics
has a lot of fields to choose from and with the skills one has acquired from studying politics finding
a job will not be as difficult like in other degrees (Harris,

Is Power Central to Understanding Politics?
Is power central to our understanding of politics? In what way does Foucault's concept of power
alter conventional understanding of politics? The notion of power had a time honoured status in the
history of political science. The concept of power has gained prominence in the recent times
especially with emergence of Behaviouralism as a method of studying politics. It focuses on the
study of politics as a process or activity with an interdisciplinary approach. The debate on the
centrality of the concept of power for understanding the politics is the interaction with the different
space and time. And the intervention of Foucault comes in this way as a breakthrough from the
conventional notions of power. The Power: Meaning, Nature, ... Show more content on
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According to him 'when power is apparently exercised with the consent of its subject, it is called
'hegemony'. Thus the Marxian conception projects an ideal classless egalitarian society. Elitist
Theory: Elitist theory is the oldest conception of power. It shows the power as a tool in the hands of
a limited person or a group. We see the beginning of elitist theory and its justification in the thoughts
of Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli and Hobbes. It was the Plato who put forward the rule of
'Philosopher King' who has the wisdom over the mass who failed to control their appetite. Aristotle
who was mostly concerned about the stability of the politics suggests the rule of the minority over
the majority. "The Prince' written by Machiavelli describes how the ruler control the forces of
human nature as a part of his statecraft. For Hobbes the sovereign and omnipotent Leviathan is the
synonym of the power. The elitist theory which emerged as a critique to Marxist notion questions
the possibility of an egalitarian society. Unlike class theory they argue that people differ in their
natural attributes and hence the social stratification is never negligible. While early theorists like
Pareto and Mosca talk on the personal attributes of elites, later theorists focus on the institutional
framework. The term 'elite' was used by Pareto to indicate superior social group 6. He proves that
'the history of mankind is a graveyard of aristocracy. Mosca tried to conceptualize the

Aristotle 's Views On Political Philosophy
Along with his teacher, Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient
thinkers, not just in political philosophy, but across a range of fields. In the Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle describes his account of political science as the most authoritative of sciences. It
pronounces how political science that of the city or state, and which science fall under its authority.
However, discussions in political philosophy has developed further since Aristotle and therefore it is
questionable as to whether they continue to remain significant. Throughout the following then, I will
assess whether Aristotelian political philosophy is still relevant today.
One of the three main themes of Aristotle's political theory is his naturalistic account of the state.
According to Aristotle it exists as a natural phenomenon. Whether Aristotle uses the term 'nature' in
Politics in the same way as he does when describing his metaphysics or his philosophy of nature is
unclear. In these 'nature' is normally referred to as "an inner principle of change and being at rest".
To give an example of this a seed would be natural as it has its source of motion within itself, it
grows into a plant by itself. A house on the other hand is not natural as the source of its motion is
external; the house is a result of the relevant craftsmanship from humans.
There appear to be two senses in which Aristotle believes the polis to be natural. All associations are
formed with the aim to

Individualistic, Individualistic And Differentistics Of...
Texas Political Culture
Introduction. The term of political culture is used in the field of social sciences. It is a historically
based, widely–shared beliefs, feelings and values about the nature of political systems that can serve
as a link between government and citizens. Different countries have a different political culture that
helps to comprehend the organization of the government. For instance, the political culture helps to
understand why in some countries democracy succeeds and why some other countries still have
monarchies. The understanding of political culture provides the clues to the political relationships
(Sinha 1–2).
The current paper aims to explore the peculiarities of the Texas political culture and investigate all
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These views were brought by the Anglo settlers. The individualistic aspect supported private
business with the minimal interference of authorities in the economic life of the state. Instead, the
government focused on the stimulation of individual business. Thus, the policies created the
comfortable conditions for the new business (Maxwell, Ernest and Edwin 24). At the present time,
Texas combines the individualistic and traditionalistic political cultures, but anyway, the elements of
the individualistic political culture predominate. Comparing with the other states, Texas has a
limited government with restricted powers. Even the governor has a limited budget and it is the only
state without personal or corporate income tax (Maxwell, Ernest and Edwin 24). Thus, it is obvious
that the political culture is directly bound with the political system, parties and ideology.
Texas Political Culture and Ideology. In the U.S people tempted to think of political culture on the
voting bases, choosing the Democrats or Republicans. At the same time, it is important to
distinguish the political culture and political ideology concepts. For general understanding, the
political culture is a thing the people share while the political ideology is something that people use
to make the political decisions (Maxwell, Ernest and Jones

Who Is A Political Scientist? Essay
What is to think like a political scientist? As far as my previous understanding of political science
before taking this course was the basic understanding of how, why, where and when politicians
started and who forms the politics. Boy, was I wrong? As a matter of fact, after taking this course I
have a better of understanding of what the term of thinking like a political scientist. Let's look into
the term. First political scientist study politics in many forms such as addressing the matters of the
consequences at the city, state, national, or at the international level. Second, In our text it talked
about a political scientist Harold D. Lasswell whom defined political scientist as "Who gets what,
when and how"()
The who is a member of the polity–individuals, groups, corporations, unions, and politicians
The what refers to government programs, societal resources, access to rights and privileges or
something as banal as tax breaks.
The when of politics, for often the timing of a thing can be as important as the thing itself.
The how is very important. Political scientist is keenly interested in the process, institutional
arrangements and practices through which someone gets something in a polity.
In addition, my understanding of politics has complete been altered by taking this course. I am
aware that politics is not just in our political system but also around us. It 's in our economic, social,
environmental, society, community, and

The Study of Political Science Essay
Political science includes a wide range of topics that attempts to describe and explain the political
process, politics, and the relationship among governments. As American citizens we should all be
informed and be educated about all these above topics. We as citizens cannot be unconscious of our
government as the government can make or break our lives. The general areas of study in political
science include American government and politics, political theory, public administration, public
law, comparative politics and international relations.
Political science is the study of people's behavior as it relates to control the public organizations.
The concept is normally divided into six subcategories: Political philosophy– which deals with ...
The next category is the nation public law– which involves the judicial process, civil rights, liberties
and the importance of such terms as equal opportunity and due process in the United States. The
following category is Comparative government which raises the same questions of politics,
administration and law about other countries. Moreover, it also moves towards conclusion based on
comparison between them. Finally, International politics deals with relations between the states and
other international actors, such as multinational corporations, the United Nations and with the
fundamental realities of power based on resources, wealth, military care and national security. All
these may directly and indirectly affect our lives as citizens.
A major in political science prepares students for law school, government employment on the local,
state and national levels, foreign service, teaching, business, journalism, or leadership in civic and
political activities. For pre–law students, the department provides a series of law–related courses.
There is a pre–law adviser and an active Pre–law Society that enable students to make close and
direct contact with the work of attorneys and judges. Moreover political science is important since it
makes citizens familiar with their legal system. If people don't understand the law of the land,
people

The Importance Of Inequality In Society
Inequality, unspoken reality that is an alarming concern for our society. It is implied as the definitive
allocation of scarce resources in society, which plays a significant role in the way democratic
societies and nations act upon. Inequality is every form of definition; it sets the global problems and
increases the defining political problem of our age. Participating in government helps us assess sets
of complicated values that authorities lay for our welfare. Gaining visibility around the localities
that the government places for their citizens. Being political highlights the ranges where it
constitutes our current understanding of what it entails to be a citizen. Being a constituent of the
governmental rituals, one must perform a set of rules that are assigned by the respective authorities
to be a part of the political world. Rising inequality in this time may not be a huge concern as it was
during the Victorian Era according to the author of the book, "Inequality. What Everyone Needs To
Know" by James K. Galbraith. However, in order to discuss such concerns where it nearly affects
millions of individuals, businesses, population, and nations, one must gain a mind of a person who
understands the meaning of being a political and knows how to discuss such events in an appropriate
manner. Inequality is a political problem that demands a political solution and it cannot be discussed
otherwise. Economists have deliberated the affiliation between economic growth and

Venezuelan Crisis: Grounds for Revolution? Essay
On February 12th 2014, college students from different institutions all across Venezuela stormed the
streets in protest against the economic crisis that is still facing their country today. These student
protesters claim that the protests are a result of the scarcity of goods, high rates of criminal violence,
and inflation within the country. They believed that both the current and previous governments are
responsible for the horrible conditions within the country because of economic policies that are
currently in place. These policies include price controls that have led to Venezuela having one of the
highest inflation rates in the world. In February of this year, "Venezuela's annual inflation rate rose
to 57.3 percent ... the central bank ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Political Culture is a wide–ranging term that can be conceptualized in many ways. For the
Venezuelan conflict, it is important to access, specifically, the identity issues as a result of
globalization through media and communications. In the same way, globalization is not just about
economic relationships or trade. When studying a nation's political culture, it is important to take a
look at how globalization has impacted it. Globalization is broader than one topic; it is the
development of our world as a result of interdependence and communication. Globalization is
propelled greatly by the economy, especially by free trade and the free flow of capital. Globalization
is the pervasive spread of cultures, ideologies, beliefs and so much more. Globalization breaks down
barriers and aids interdependence.
Those who are in favor of globalization claim that, because of globalization, our worldwide market
is able to flourish. Having a worldwide market allows consumers to get goods from outside their
own nation. Some claim that globalization helps us learn about other cultures. They believe that
globalization helps the world become more tolerant because there is so much interdependence. At
the root of all the benefits "globalization is a vital step towards both a more stable world and better
lives for the people within it" (Liber, Weisberg, 2004, 274). Globalization is the bridge that unites
cultures rather than separating them. It is undeniable that

Rethinking Gramsci's Political Philosophy Essay
Rethinking Gramsci's Political Philosophy
ABSTRACT: This paper is a clarification and partial justification of a novel approach to the
interpretation of Gramsci. My approach aims to avoid reductionism, intellectualism, and one–
sidedness, as well as the traditional practice of conflating his political thought with his active
political life. I focus on the political theory of the Prison Notebooks and compare it with that of
Gaetano Mosca. I regard Mosca as a classic exponent of democratic elitism, according to which
elitism and democracy are not opposed to each other but are rather mutually interdependent. Placing
Gramsci in the same tradition, my documentation involves four key points. First, the Notebooks
contain an explicit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1) Second, I said "in large measure," and this does not mean "entirely"; that is, I think it would be
wrong to claim that all of Gramsci's political theory derives only from Mosca since there is no
question that there are other sources, such as Marx, Lenin, Hegel, Gentile, Croce, and Machiavelli.
(2) Third, when I speak of political theory, I am not referring to the totality of Gramsci's thought, but
to that part which deals with questions which are strictly and explicitly political and social, such as
classes, forces, crises, revolutions, governments, parties, and states. For example, I am not referring
to Gramsci's philosophical conceptualizations of the dialectic and the theory–practice nexus, nor to
his historical interpretations of the Italian Risorgimento and French Revolution. Naturally, this
distinction among political–theoretical, philosophical–conceptual, and historical aspects is not
meant to be a separation since there are important relationships among them; however, the
distinction aims to avoid confusion. Fourth, I should like to make clear that it would be an
intellectualist error to pretend that Gramsci's thought derives only from other thought, be it Mosca's,
Croce's, or

POLI 330 Analytical Paper
POLI 330 ENTIRE COURSE – DEVRY (DQS –CHECKPOINTS & CRITICAL PAPER)
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DEVRY POLI 330 ENTIRE COURSE (DQS –CHECKPOINTS & CRITICAL PAPER) Week 1
discussions
Politics in Our Daily Lives (graded)
As we read and discuss the definition of politics, let's also consider the consequences of political
decisions upon our daily routines.
Can you think of a time when a political act impacted your daily life? What made this experience
political?
As we begin our discussions, let's not forget to comment on each other's posts. Can you see any
similarities in your situations? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES (GRADED)
Third parties in the U.S. are notorious for their lack of success.
So, can anyone explain why this is? week 6 discussion
CHALLENGES TO WESTERN DEMOCRATIC IDEAS (GRADED)
People in democratic societies would like to think the process would/could/should work
everywhere. But sometimes when democracy is exported, it's rejected in the most emphatic and
sometimes violent ways. What is it about the idea that people in non–Western societies don't like?>
ETHNIC VIOLENCE (GRADED)
In discussing the concept of violence this week, let's take a moment to consider the following
situation.
Imagine a country where religious factions inside a nation want to have their own separate
homeland. The government refuses, claiming the territory in question, which commands the nation's
only source of clean water, is vital to security. Is violence inevitable? Week 7 Discussion
The European Union (graded)
In considering the international realm, let's consider the concept of economic treaties. Specifically,
let's think about an organization like the European Union (EU). Why was it formed? In addition,
what are some of the objectives of the nations that are joining the EU? Global Markets (graded)
Several countries around the world are transitioning to a market economy; the most significant of
these are China and Russia. What do you think the impact will be on other countries around the
world as these two countries

The Foxhole Court, By Writer Nora Sakavic Essay
"University, he said quietly. It sounded like a dream; it tasted like damnation". This quote is stated in
the book "The Foxhole Court" by Writer Nora Sakavic. As we know, university is the first formal
step of planning for future destination, analysis all the opportunities, choosing best option, applying
strategies for moving forward. Career orientation or career development process may start from
here. Leading a healthy, solvent and transparent economic life a perfect career should be selected.
By analyzing political economic factors behind such as values in present market demand, how
domestic and international interact with the matter, consistency with developing economy, financial
advancement, market orientation one can choose one's future. Without scrutinizing these sections
decisions may take for personal gain or achievement. This is the why I like to choose The subject
"Public Administration" at renowned University of Dhaka.
Political Economy :
Political Economy, branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and
society and between markets and the state, using a diverse set of tool and methods drawn largely,
from economics, political science and sociology. The term political economy is derived from the
Greek polis, meaning city or state and oikonomos meaning one who manages a household estate.
Political economy thus can be understood as the study of how a country – the public's household – is
managed or governed, taking into account both

James Macgregor Burns Transformational Leadership Model
In 1978, James MacGregor Burns, a renowned political theorist, penned an innovative grand theory
of leadership that informed political strategy and governance for late 20th–century leaders. His
seminal work, Leadership, enumerates the core principles of social psychology and political science
that influence effective leadership. Psychoanalysis, motivation, and personal drives shape his
theoretical framework. Why does conflict–theory impact politics? How do leaders convey a vision
and mobilize support for it? Why do formative childhood experiences affect one's political ideology
and leadership style? While Burns' normative values of leadership subtly guide this text, he
primarily focuses his core analysis on the empirical effectiveness of ... Show more content on
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Meanwhile, transformational leadership focuses on the values and needs of followers, organizing
them, and actualizing their values. Both of these visions of political leadership confront points of
conflict. Transformational leaders, such as Mao Zedong, acknowledge that "commitment,
persistence, and self–abnegation" are crucial in their efforts to maintain their vision of revolutionary
leadership and achieve their lofty goals. Meanwhile, transactional leaders, such President Franklin
D. Roosevelt, balance "bargaining, persuading, and reciprocating" with other political actors at a
large–scale.
James MacGregor Burns' theory of transactional leadership is built on the premise that calculated
leadership, not conscientious leadership, drives effective governance. According to Burns, "for the
marketplace is just that–a mart. It is a place of quick connections and quick fixes. The moods and
styles are quick; they assure reciprocity, flexibility, substitutability of buyers and sellers, volatility of
relationships. Relationships are dominated by quick calculations of cost–benefits." Political
expediency drives politics. In this view, politics becomes a zero–sum game. Decision–making is
based on winning votes, appealing to constituents, and building party alliances. However, a tension
arises within this framework of opinion–based transactional leadership. Which mode of leadership
should a statesman strive for? Should a statesman

Review Article: Divided Societies and Deliberative Democracy
Among comparative scholars there is a continuing debate about which kinds of institutions would
work best for stabilizing peace in ethnical divided societies. In general, they agree on the necessity
of democratic institutions. The question is whether these institutions should be built on the principle
of inclusion or moderation (O'Flynn 2007: 731). O'Flynn is reviewing the work of Arend Lijphart
and Donald Horowitz, the two main characters of this debate. While Lijphart focuses on inclusion
with his consociational democracy (ibid.: 734), Horowitz's incentives–based approach deals with
moderation (ibid.: 736). The author enters the discussion by pointing out that inclusion and
moderation are co–requirements for the fundamental issue of ... Show more content on
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Similar to the reasoning of Dryzek (2005: 224) communication must be reflective in order to allow
people to change their opinion. However, in post–conflict societies deep differences, ethnic
cleavages, and hatred prevail. Even for Western democratic societies the assumption of broad
reciprocity seems to be a normative desire rather than empirical evidence. Second, complete
inclusion in terms of publicity is illusive. Nowadays, most societies are too big to allow each citizen
to discuss all issues and policies, and arrive at a compromise. On the one hand, there is not enough
time for everyone to participate, and, on the other hand, nothing would ever get done. Also, people
must be interested in what is going on. It appears questionable to what extent it is possible to
motivate the public discourse. The interest in the happening has to come from the society itself. In
addition, this interest probably varies from one individual to another and from topic to topic.
Therefore, taking the entire diversity of public views and opinions into account is not functional.
Third, there is no electoral system that translates the voters' preferences exactly into electoral results.
Besides the sheer feasibility problem, there is the option of manipulating the electoral system in
favor of a certain ethnic group, gerrymandering, or the usage of suffrage restrictions (Dryzek 2005:
226). Thus, the

Transferring Knowledge
Throughout life, people in many positions attain knowledge that can be of use in a variety of
different ways, such as a job, a social setting, or an educational setting. Throughout the first
semester of freshman year at the University of Oklahoma I was a participant in a Principles of
English Composition class that was intellectually challenging whilst still maintaining the
expectations of a first year English class. In the semester of English 1113, the class discussed
discursive practices, metacognition, critical reflection, and strategies to transfer knowledge that has
been gained to other events in our lives. Learning about the structures of discourses and how writing
is constructed specifically to the context by which the writing is ... Show more content on
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Using the CARS model I established a niche, which was to explain the workings of the political
science discipline, and I occupied the niche by using information I had researched. Having the
ability to analyze a discourse community helps a research paper because it helps one to understand
what is important within a group of people. The paper was very useful, because having knowledge
of discourse communities will help me in the future. In English 1113, a considerable amount of time
was spent on understanding how discourse communities function and what a discourse community
really is. This knowledge is extremely useful for future classes, and even in future jobs. In John
Swales's, "The Concept of Discourse Community", he writes about how discourse communities use
specific terms, have specific genres, and have an amount of members that is necessary for the
Community to function (Swales). Having this knowledge of how a discourse community functions
will be key in my sustaining a career. I now know how to learn about a discourse community and
figure out how to be in one. In the career path I choose to follow I will need to use my knowledge of
a discourse community. I will need to analyze the discourse community to figure out what terms are
used, what genres are held in high regards, and what amount of members are necessary for the
discourse community to function to be an adequate and helpful member of the discipline I become a
part of

Differences Between Diversity And Conflict
2017 SEC 4 IH–ESSAY
Tan Ming Shiuan(22) Sec 403 Diversity – as defined by racial, religious, or linguistic differences in
the people, exists in many nation states today. In a diverse society, it is inevitable that different
cultures, practices, interests and opinions will exist. This may pose as a great risk if equity and
inclusiveness of the different interests are not achieved in the society, whereby tension amongst the
people will arise due to an imbalance in different communities' rights and opportunities. If this
tension is not resolved and allowed to cultivate, the probability of conflict happening will increase.
In this case, the society has become extremely vulnerable to serious disagreements which may be
sparked very easily considering the underlying tension which exists. This is known as conflict.
However, if measures are taken by the government of the nation state to mitigate such risks of
tension and conflict, peace and harmony can also be achieved in a diverse society. In this essay, I
will be studying the case studies of Sri Lanka and Singapore in evaluating the deciding factors
which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addressing the trends between diversity and conflict, strategies to good governance in which
harmony and peace within a diverse society is present may be discovered, which, if applied by
diverse nation states, will

Is The Root Of All Evil? Essay
"Capitalism is the root of all injustice," a past instructor would remark to me periodically thought
out the semester. The past instructor was a woman who was a professor of political science and a
supporter of my endeavors in environmental policy, and a feminist. I mention this because it is
contrary to the ideas of Dave van Pattern who suggests in his piece that those who study sociology
believe "men are the root of all evil." Pattern was a political science graduate, and I myself as a
political science major understood where his earlier beliefs about men 's rights came from and I also
applaud his later transition away from the previous notions of masculinity. Furthermore, my
feminism was built up by largely female professors in my courses ranging from Environmental
Science, Anthropology, Ethics, Political Theory, and now Communication Studies 360. However, I
am troubled by the statistics stated within some of the articles and texts such as the Backlash article
that presented data of how women are not equal and do not "have it all."
In Roxanne Gay 's piece, "In truth, feminism is flawed because it is a movement powered by people
and people are inherently flawed." The notion of not "having it all," troubles me because if people
seek to be liberated from oppression but their values and aims are to have it all than the movements
for gender equality are not a means in itself but a means to an end. In other words, instrumental
value is the goal not intrinsic value which is

Spartan Government Vs Athenian Government Essay
How did people in Athens and Sparta obtain the right to participate in public life and make decisions
affecting the community? Who held public office? What rules governed the selection of public
office holders?
Athens:
The Athenian Popular Assembly theoretically consisted of all adult male citizens of 20 years and
older.
Athenian "democracy" was available only to free adult men who had Athenian parents and was not
available to Women, slaves and foreigners. There was a Popular Assembly which included all adult
male citizens, 20 years and older (Brand, n.d., p.31). Moreover, the right to political office was
additionally determined by wealth. The rules allowed only the most wealthy to hold the highest
political offices. These were elected, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The Gerousia was similar to the Roman Senate or the Athenian Areopagus. It was an elite assembly
dominated by wealthier and more conservative elements of Spartan society (Brand, n.d., p.10)."
At the bottom of the hierarchy was the popular Assembly, which consisted of free male citizen
warriors.
How were the two city–states similar in their governmental structures?
Both Athens and Sparta had a popular Assembly of all–male adult citizens. Both had higher offices
and chambers. The dispossessed included women, children, non–citizens and foreigners, and slaves.
Additionally, the aristocracy tended to hold special status, privileges, and protections.
How did they differ?
For a period of less than 200 years, Athens experimented with democracy to a greater extent than
any other known to that time. It is tragic to say, by way of commentary, that such an experiment
derided by its own leaders, consumed quickly, and failed to enfranchise a vast majority of its people.
Nevertheless, the political advances in Athens promoted the arts and sciences, architecture, theater,
and literature, and set an enduring legacy for all humanity to

The Role Of Non State Armed Actors
Encounters with non–state armed actors form the backdrop of my research agenda. As a
peacekeeper in Kosovo, I witnessed seemingly random acts of violence spark hate–filled reprisals.
This behavior made visible the networks of grievances and feuds within villages and peoples' minds.
My soldiers and I understood little about our adversaries who hid among an acquiescent population
and whose identities and loyalties seemed to continuously shift. We were almost powerless to stop
this kind of violence because of our legal mandate, and because it appeared to be enabled by our
presence. Subsequent experiences during counterinsurgency efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan
immersed me in similar moral hazards. Once again, I faced the turmoil created by ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I wondered: how can governments make credible commitments to security and governance when the
landscape of violence remains fragmented? What I saw on the ground rarely corroborated with the
broader narratives I read in newspapers, the military's anodyne policy briefs, or academic literature
on conflict. Those sources held ideas that made sense to me as applicable to wars between states, but
not to the kinds of conflict that we now seemed to face. From my ground–level perspective, it
puzzled me to see how some non–state armed actors implemented strategies that appeared
counterproductive to their short and long–term objectives. Again I wondered: did it appear that way
because they knew something we did not, or was it because we truly understand so little?
The United States withdrew its troops from Iraq and Afghanistan based upon the appearance of
security. That security was short–lived due to dysfunctional governance and factionalized violence.
Other countries, such as Yemen and Somalia, exhibit similar degenerative processes. Within these
fragmented states, governance institutions crumble amidst the competition between proliferating
non–state armed groups. Most individuals in this context experience radical increases in insecurity
with a corresponding decrease in their capacity to undertake positive political action, thereby
hastening state decline. These observations led me to question how the fragmentation of state

Poli 330 Entire Course (Dqs -Checkpoints & Critical Paper)
POLI 330 Entire Course (DQs –Checkpoints & Critical Paper)
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POLI 330 ENTIRE COURSE,Week 1 discussions
Politics in Our Daily Lives (graded)As we read and discuss the definition of politics, let's also
consider the consequences of political decisions upon our daily routines.
Can you think of a time when a political act impacted your daily life? What made this experience
political?
As we begin our discussions, let's not forget to comment on each other's posts. Can you see any
similarities in your situations?
The Study of Political Science (graded)
Our text mentions that Political Science "seeks to study human behavior through the use of a
scientific method that, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But sometimes when democracy is exported, it's rejected in the most emphatic and sometimes
violent ways. What is it about the idea that people in non–Western societies don't like?
ETHNIC VIOLENCE (GRADED)
In discussing the concept of violence this week, let's take a moment to consider the following
situation.
Imagine a country where religious factions inside a nation want to have their own separate
homeland. The government refuses, claiming the territory in question, which commands the nation's
only source of clean water, is vital to security. Is violence inevitable?
Week 7 Discussion
The European Union (graded)
In considering the international realm, let's consider the concept of economic treaties. Specifically,
let's think about an organization like the European Union (EU). Why was it formed? In addition,
what are some of the objectives of the nations that are joining the EU?
Global Markets (graded)
Several countries around the world are transitioning to a market economy; the most significant of
these are China and Russia. What do you think the impact will be on other countries around the
world as these two countries become even more significant in the global economy? What are some

examples of this impact?
Match the correct vocabulary to the definition.
Student Answer: :Behavioralism 1 :Investigations in

Can Politics Be Regarded as a Science?
Can the study of politics be regarded as a science?
The debate as whether politics can be regarded as a science is 'complex, voluminous and multi–
faceted one' . The origins of political analysis lie in the philosophical tradition of Plato and Aristotle
whose work was fundamentally rooted in the normative. At the very early stages of politics as an
academic discipline, the great thinkers of the time were not concerned with empirical evidence;
instead basing their ideas on literary analysis. The emphasis on the normative that comes with the
traditional study of politics suggests that politics is not a science as it cannot be objective. This was
followed by the emergence of the normative model of political analysis and what Peter Lasslett ...
This may suggest that the Marxist model of political analysis as a science is not correct. Despite this
it is important to note how, whilst Marx's predictions may not have proved correct, his methods and
the concept of politics as a science is unquestionable.
Enthusiasm for the idea of political science grew in the 20th century with the creation of the
American Political Science Review in 1906 and also the emergence of the behaviouralism
movement in the 1950s and 1960s. This was the period coined as 'the behavioural revolution' by
Robert Garner who claimed that 'number crunching...in relation to electoral behaviour was the gold
standard' whilst normative analysis was rendered 'at best, unnecessary and at worst, meaningless' .
This can be viewed as the most compelling case for politics being regarded as a science as it is the
first time that objective and quantifiable data could be tested against hypotheses. The form of
political analysis that was emerging in this period was heavily based on behaviouralism which
worked on the principle that social theories should be constructed on the basis of observable
behaviour which provides quantifiable evidence for research. This lead to increased interest and
activity in the field of quantitative research methods such as voting behaviour, the records of

Political Science Essay. Term 2. Considering The Experience

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Political Science Essay. Term 2. Considering The Experience