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Insight Toolkit 기반 흉부 CT 에서의 
폐 결절 검출 시스템 
광주과학기술원 기전공학부 
최욱진, 최태선
의료와 IT기술의 융합 
• PACS(Picture archiving and communication system) 
• EMR(Electronic Medical Recording System) 
• CAS(computer-aided surgery) 
• CAD(computer-aided detection) 
2014. 5. 30. 2
폐암 조기진단의 필요성 
3 
(a) male (b) female 
Trends in death rates for selected cancers, United States, 1930-2008 
2014. 5. 30.
폐결절 
• 크기 : 3~30mm 
• 형태 : various 
– round 
– oval 
– worm-like 
3d 복원된결절 CT 영상에서의결절 
2014. 5. 30. 4
흉부 CT에서의 컴퓨터 보조진단 
시스템 
• 초기 CT 영상은 흉부질환 검출에 적합하지 
못했으나 HRCT가 개발되면서 폐질환 검출에 
유용하게 사용되고 있다. 
• HRCT의 목적은 폐기종, 폐 결절, 폐 
간극에서의 질환과 같은 여러 가지 폐질환을 
진단하는데 있다. 
• HRCT의 해석에 있어 경험이 많은 의사들의 
경우 40%~70%의 정확도로 폐질환을 검출. 
• 의사들의 검출률 향상을 위해 컴퓨터 보조 
진단 (Computer Aided Diagnosis, CAD) 시스템이 
절실히 필요. 
2014. 5. 30. 5
Insight Toolkit (ITK) 
• www.itk.org 
• 2000 년 부터 개발 
• Image Processing Toolkit 
– C++ 라이브러리 (+2 million LOC) 
– Java, Python, TCL 등의 언어 지원 
– Linux, Windows, Mac OSX, Solaris 등 다양한 
운영체제에서 사용가능 
• Very active community: 1500+ registered 
users 
2014. 5. 30. 6
ITK 
• Visible human 데이터를 
처리하기 위해서 개발 되었음 
• 영상처리 라이브러리 
• Segmentation 
• Registration 
• GUI를 제공하지 않음 
• Visualization 기능 없음 
– Visualization Toolkit (VTK) 
2014. 5. 30. 7
ITK programing model: Pipeline 
2014. 5. 30. 8 
Reader Image 
Parameter 
File 
Filter 
File Writer Object
ITK programing model: Pipeline 
2014. 5. 30. 9 
Threshold Filter Example
Image Segmentation 
2014. 5. 30. 10
Registration 
2014. 5. 30. 11
ITK Application 개발 
C++ Glue code 
2014. 5. 30. 12 
ITK 
Image 
Processing 
GUI 
MFC, QT, 
wxWindows, 
FLTK 
Visualization 
OpenGL, VTK
ITK를 이용한 폐 결절 검출 시스템 
개발 
Java Glue code 
2014. 5. 30. 13 
ITK 
Image 
Processing 
GUI 
Java Swing 
Visualization 
VTK
폐 결절 검출 CAD 
14 
Wook-Jin Choi, Tae-Sun Choi, “Genetic programming-based feature transform and classification for the 
automatic detection of pulmonary nodules on computed tomography images”, Information Sciences, Vol. 
212, pp. 57-78, December 2012 
2014. 5. 30.
Java와 C++ 비교 
C++ 
• 장점 
– ITK가 C++로 개발되어 
모든기능을 사용가능 
– 실행 속도가 빠름 
– OS 고유기능 사용 가능 
• 단점 
– 문법이 복잡하여 접근성이 
떨어짐 
– 개발 속도가 느림 
– 멀티플랫폼 개발 어려움 
Java 
• 장점 
– 비교적 단순한 문법으로 
접근성이 좋음 
– 안정적임 
– 멀티플랫폼 개발 용이 
– 개발 속도가 빠름 
• 단점 
– ITK의 binding지원이 완벽하지 
않아서 일부 기능 사용 불가능 
• 거의 대부분의 기능 사용 가능 
– 속도가 느림 
• 빠른 속도가 필요한 영상처리 
부분은 ITK를 이용하여 해결 
2014. 5. 30. 15
폐 결절 검출 Pipeline 
3D Lung 
Image 
itkImageSeriesReader 
2014. 5. 30. 16 
Meta Data 
DICOM 
Data 
3D Lung 
Mask 
Lung Volume 
Segmentation 
Nodule Candidates 
Detection 
Nodule 
Candidates 
Label Map 
False Positive 
Reduction 
Nodules 
Label Map
LUNG VOLUME SEGMENTATION 
2014. 5. 30. 17
Lung Volume Segmentation 
Pipeline 
Lung 
Label Map 
2014. 5. 30. 18 
3D Lung 
Image 
ItkThreshold Filter 
Parameter 
3D Lung 
Mask 
Remove Rim 
Refine Lung Mask 
Extract Lung 
Volume 
itkBinaryToShapeLa 
belMapFilter 
itkLabelMapToBinaryI 
mageFilter
폐 영상 Threshold 
2014. 5. 30. 19
폐 영역 추출 
2014. 5. 30. 20
Rim 제거: 2D 영상처리 
Rim 제거 
2014. 5. 30. 21
폐 영역 추출 
가장 큰 
Volume 선택 
2014. 5. 30. 22
Lung Mask 생성 
2014. 5. 30. 23
Lung Mask 생성 
Rolling ball 
algorithm 적용 
2014. 5. 30. 24
Segmented Lung Volume 
2014. 5. 30. 25
NODULE CANDIDATES DETECTION 
2014. 5. 30. 26
Nodule Candidates Detection 
Pipeline 
itkBinaryToShapeLabel 
MapFilter 
2014. 5. 30. 27 
3D Lung 
Image 
ItkMaskImageFilter 
3D Lung 
Mask 
Nodule 
Candidates 
Label Map 
Multi Thresholds Detection 
ItkThresholdFilter 
Rule Based Filtering 
itkLabelMapToBinaryI 
mageFilter 
Nodule 
Candidates 
Masks 
itkOrImageFilter
Rule-based Filtering 
• Rule-based filtering을 통해 폐 혈관과 noise 
제거 
• 혈관 제거 
– Volume is extremely bigger than nodule 
– Elongated object 
• Noise 제거 
– Radius of ROI is smaller than 3mm 
– Bigger than 30mm 
• Remaining ROIs are nodule candidates 
2014. 5. 30. 28
Multi Thresholds Detection 
Multiple Threshold 와 
opening filter 적용 
2014. 5. 30. 29
itkBinaryToShapeLabelMapFilter 
Label Map 
2014. 5. 30. 30 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Shape 
Label 
Object 
Shape 
Label 
Object 
Binary 
Image 
itkBinaryToShapeLabelMapFilter 
결절 후보들
itkShapeLabelObject 
Shape Features 
1. Bounding Box 
2. Centroid 
3. Elongation 
4. Equivalent Ellipsoid Diameter 
5. Equivalent Spherical Perimeter 
6. Equivalent Spherical Radius 
7. Feret Diameter 
8. Flatness 
9. Number Of Pixels 
10. Number Of Pixels On Border 
11. Perimeter 
12. Perimeter On Border 
13. Perimeter On Border Ratio 
14. Physical Size 
15. Principal Axes 
16. Principal Moments 
17. Roundness 
2014. 5. 30. 31 
Itk Shape 
Label Object
Rule-based Filtering 
2014. 5. 30. 32
폐 결절 후보 
33 
Rule-based 
Filtering 
2014. 5. 30.
FALSE POSITIVE REDUCTION 
2014. 5. 30. 34
False Positive Reduction 
• 검출된 결절 후보에서 결절이 아닌 것을 제거 
하고 결절을 찾는 과정 
– 많은 False Positive 가 포함되어 있음 
• 결절 후보에서 feature(특징 값) 추출 
• Feature 데이터를 이용하여 Classification 
– Rule-based Classifier 
– Linear Discriminant Classifier 
– 머신러닝 기반의 classifier 
• Artificial Neural Network, Genetic programming, Support 
Vector Machine 
2014. 5. 30. 35
itkBinaryToStatisticsLabelMapFilter 
Label Map 
2014. 5. 30. 36 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Statistics 
Label 
Object 
Binary 
Image 
itkBinaryToStatisticsLabelMapFilter 
결절 후보들
itkStatisticsLabelObject 
2014. 5. 30. 37 
Statistics Features 
1. Center Of Gravity 
2. Histogram 
3. Kurtosis 
4. Maximum 
5. Maximum Index 
6. Mean 
7. Median 
8. Minimum 
9. Minimum Index 
10. Skewness 
11. Standard Deviation 
12. Sum 
13. Variance 
14. Weighted Elongation 
15. Weighted Flatness 
16. Weighted Principal Axes 
17. Weighted Principal Moments 
Shape Features 
1. Bounding Box 
2. Centroid 
3. Elongation 
4. Equivalent Ellipsoid Diameter 
5. Equivalent Spherical Perimeter 
6. Equivalent Spherical Radius 
7. Feret Diameter 
8. Flatness 
9. Number Of Pixels 
10. Number Of Pixels On Border 
11. Perimeter 
12. Perimeter On Border 
13. Perimeter On Border Ratio 
14. Physical Size 
15. Principal Axes 
16. Principal Moments 
17. Roundness 
Itk Statistics 
Label Object 
Itk Shape 
Label 
Object
Feature Selection 
38 
Index Feature Index Feature 
2-D geometric features Mean inside 
Area Mean outside 
Diameter Variance inside 
Perimeter Skewness inside 
Circularity Kurtosis inside 
3-D geometric features Eigenvalues 
Volume 3-D intensity based statistical features 
Compactness Minimum value inside 
Bounding Box Dimensions Mean inside 
Principal Axis Length Mean outside 
Elongation Variance inside 
2-D intensity based statistical features Skewness inside 
Minimum value inside Kurtosis inside 
1f 
2 f 
3 f 
4 f 
5 f 
6 f 
7 9 f ~ f 
10 12 f ~ f 
13 f 
14 f 
15 f 
16f 
17f 
18f 
19f 
20 27 f ~ f 
28 f 
29 f 
30 f 
31 f 
32 f 
33 f 
Features for nodule detection 
2014. 5. 30.
Classification 
• WEKA 
– A collection of open 
source ML algorithms 
• pre-processing 
• classifiers 
• clustering 
• association rule 
– Created by researchers 
at the University of 
Waikato in New Zealand 
– Java based 
2014. 5. 30. 39
실험 데이터 
• 미국 National Cancer Institute (NCI)의 LIDC database 사용 
– The LIDC is developing a publicly available database of thoracic 
computed tomography (CT) scans as a medical imaging research 
resource to promote the development of computer-aided 
detection or characterization of pulmonary nodules 
• The database consists of 84 CT scans (up to 2009) 
– 100-400 Digital Imaging and Communication (DICOM) images 
– An XML data file containing the physician annotations of 
nodules 
– 148 nodules 
– The pixel size in the database ranged from 0.5 to 0.76 mm 
– The reconstruction interval ranged from 1 to 3mm 
2014. 5. 30. 40
실험 결과 
AUC Accuracy Specificity Sensitivity FPs/scan 
Nodule Candidates Detection 96.6% 51.25 
20-80 0.921 76.6% 75.9% 88.3% 12.32 
50-50 0.960 86.7% 86.4% 91.7% 6.99 
80-20 0.967 89.6% 89.3% 90.9% 5.45 
41 
The results of CAD system using GP based classifier 
2014. 5. 30.
실험 결과 
42 
FROC curves of the GPC with respect to three training and testing datasets 
2014. 5. 30.
실험 결과 
135초 
120초 
24초 
80초 
160 
140 
120 
100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
0 
Lung Segmenation Nodule Candidate Detection 
기존 시스템 ITK 기반 시스템 
2014. 5. 30. 43 
평균 실행시간
실험 결과 
기존 시스템 
• 단일 쓰레드 프로그램 
• MATLAB, C++ 
• 영상 크기가 크면 속도 
저하 심함 
• 사용이 불편함 
ITK 기반 시스템 
• 멀티 쓰레드 프로그램 
• Java, ITK, VTK 
• 안정적으로 동작 
• 처리속도 빠름 
• 사용이 편함 
2014. 5. 30. 44
실험 결과 
CAD systems Nodule size FPs per case Sensitivity 
Suzuki et al.(2003) 8 - 20 mm 16.1 80.3% 
Rubin et al.(2005) >3 mm 3 76% 
Dehmeshki et al.(2007) 3 - 20 mm 14.6 90% 
Suarez-Cuenca et al.(2009) 4 - 27 mm 7.7 80% 
Golosio et al.(2009) 3 - 30 mm 4.0 79% 
Ye et al.(2009) 3 - 20 mm 8.2 90.2% 
Sousa et al.(2010) 3 - 40.93 mm - 84.84% 
Messay et al.(2010) 3-30 mm 3 82.66% 
Riccardi et al.(2011) >3 mm 6.5 71.% 
Cascio et al.(2012) 3-30 mm 6.1 97.66% 
제안된 방법 3-30 mm 5.45 90.9% 
45 
기존 방법과 검출률 비교 
2014. 5. 30.
CAD 시스템 
2014. 5. 30. 46
CAD 시스템 
2014. 5. 30. 47
결론 
• Insight Toolkit (ITK) 
– 의료영상처리를 위한 라이브러리 
– 다양한 영상처리 알고리즘 제공 
– DICOM 및 다양한 영상 데이터 처리가능 
• ITK를 이용하는 Applications 
– Slicer 
– Osirix 
– MeVisLab 
– XIP 
– ... 
2014. 5. 30. 48
결론 
• ITK기반 폐결절 검출 시스템 개발 
– Java 
• 빠른 개발 
• 안정성 및 확장가능성 높임 
– 영상 처리 속도 개선 
– Weka를 이용한 False Positive Reduction 기능 
개발 
– Java Swing + VTK 기반의 GUI 및 Visualization 
기능 
– 호환성 및 사용 편의성 증대 
2014. 5. 30. 49
2014. 5. 30. 50
2014. 5. 30. 51

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Insight toolkit을 이용한 삼차원 흉부 ct 영상분석 및 폐 결절 검출 시스템

  • 1. Insight Toolkit 기반 흉부 CT 에서의 폐 결절 검출 시스템 광주과학기술원 기전공학부 최욱진, 최태선
  • 2. 의료와 IT기술의 융합 • PACS(Picture archiving and communication system) • EMR(Electronic Medical Recording System) • CAS(computer-aided surgery) • CAD(computer-aided detection) 2014. 5. 30. 2
  • 3. 폐암 조기진단의 필요성 3 (a) male (b) female Trends in death rates for selected cancers, United States, 1930-2008 2014. 5. 30.
  • 4. 폐결절 • 크기 : 3~30mm • 형태 : various – round – oval – worm-like 3d 복원된결절 CT 영상에서의결절 2014. 5. 30. 4
  • 5. 흉부 CT에서의 컴퓨터 보조진단 시스템 • 초기 CT 영상은 흉부질환 검출에 적합하지 못했으나 HRCT가 개발되면서 폐질환 검출에 유용하게 사용되고 있다. • HRCT의 목적은 폐기종, 폐 결절, 폐 간극에서의 질환과 같은 여러 가지 폐질환을 진단하는데 있다. • HRCT의 해석에 있어 경험이 많은 의사들의 경우 40%~70%의 정확도로 폐질환을 검출. • 의사들의 검출률 향상을 위해 컴퓨터 보조 진단 (Computer Aided Diagnosis, CAD) 시스템이 절실히 필요. 2014. 5. 30. 5
  • 6. Insight Toolkit (ITK) • www.itk.org • 2000 년 부터 개발 • Image Processing Toolkit – C++ 라이브러리 (+2 million LOC) – Java, Python, TCL 등의 언어 지원 – Linux, Windows, Mac OSX, Solaris 등 다양한 운영체제에서 사용가능 • Very active community: 1500+ registered users 2014. 5. 30. 6
  • 7. ITK • Visible human 데이터를 처리하기 위해서 개발 되었음 • 영상처리 라이브러리 • Segmentation • Registration • GUI를 제공하지 않음 • Visualization 기능 없음 – Visualization Toolkit (VTK) 2014. 5. 30. 7
  • 8. ITK programing model: Pipeline 2014. 5. 30. 8 Reader Image Parameter File Filter File Writer Object
  • 9. ITK programing model: Pipeline 2014. 5. 30. 9 Threshold Filter Example
  • 12. ITK Application 개발 C++ Glue code 2014. 5. 30. 12 ITK Image Processing GUI MFC, QT, wxWindows, FLTK Visualization OpenGL, VTK
  • 13. ITK를 이용한 폐 결절 검출 시스템 개발 Java Glue code 2014. 5. 30. 13 ITK Image Processing GUI Java Swing Visualization VTK
  • 14. 폐 결절 검출 CAD 14 Wook-Jin Choi, Tae-Sun Choi, “Genetic programming-based feature transform and classification for the automatic detection of pulmonary nodules on computed tomography images”, Information Sciences, Vol. 212, pp. 57-78, December 2012 2014. 5. 30.
  • 15. Java와 C++ 비교 C++ • 장점 – ITK가 C++로 개발되어 모든기능을 사용가능 – 실행 속도가 빠름 – OS 고유기능 사용 가능 • 단점 – 문법이 복잡하여 접근성이 떨어짐 – 개발 속도가 느림 – 멀티플랫폼 개발 어려움 Java • 장점 – 비교적 단순한 문법으로 접근성이 좋음 – 안정적임 – 멀티플랫폼 개발 용이 – 개발 속도가 빠름 • 단점 – ITK의 binding지원이 완벽하지 않아서 일부 기능 사용 불가능 • 거의 대부분의 기능 사용 가능 – 속도가 느림 • 빠른 속도가 필요한 영상처리 부분은 ITK를 이용하여 해결 2014. 5. 30. 15
  • 16. 폐 결절 검출 Pipeline 3D Lung Image itkImageSeriesReader 2014. 5. 30. 16 Meta Data DICOM Data 3D Lung Mask Lung Volume Segmentation Nodule Candidates Detection Nodule Candidates Label Map False Positive Reduction Nodules Label Map
  • 17. LUNG VOLUME SEGMENTATION 2014. 5. 30. 17
  • 18. Lung Volume Segmentation Pipeline Lung Label Map 2014. 5. 30. 18 3D Lung Image ItkThreshold Filter Parameter 3D Lung Mask Remove Rim Refine Lung Mask Extract Lung Volume itkBinaryToShapeLa belMapFilter itkLabelMapToBinaryI mageFilter
  • 19. 폐 영상 Threshold 2014. 5. 30. 19
  • 20. 폐 영역 추출 2014. 5. 30. 20
  • 21. Rim 제거: 2D 영상처리 Rim 제거 2014. 5. 30. 21
  • 22. 폐 영역 추출 가장 큰 Volume 선택 2014. 5. 30. 22
  • 23. Lung Mask 생성 2014. 5. 30. 23
  • 24. Lung Mask 생성 Rolling ball algorithm 적용 2014. 5. 30. 24
  • 25. Segmented Lung Volume 2014. 5. 30. 25
  • 26. NODULE CANDIDATES DETECTION 2014. 5. 30. 26
  • 27. Nodule Candidates Detection Pipeline itkBinaryToShapeLabel MapFilter 2014. 5. 30. 27 3D Lung Image ItkMaskImageFilter 3D Lung Mask Nodule Candidates Label Map Multi Thresholds Detection ItkThresholdFilter Rule Based Filtering itkLabelMapToBinaryI mageFilter Nodule Candidates Masks itkOrImageFilter
  • 28. Rule-based Filtering • Rule-based filtering을 통해 폐 혈관과 noise 제거 • 혈관 제거 – Volume is extremely bigger than nodule – Elongated object • Noise 제거 – Radius of ROI is smaller than 3mm – Bigger than 30mm • Remaining ROIs are nodule candidates 2014. 5. 30. 28
  • 29. Multi Thresholds Detection Multiple Threshold 와 opening filter 적용 2014. 5. 30. 29
  • 30. itkBinaryToShapeLabelMapFilter Label Map 2014. 5. 30. 30 Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Shape Label Object Shape Label Object Binary Image itkBinaryToShapeLabelMapFilter 결절 후보들
  • 31. itkShapeLabelObject Shape Features 1. Bounding Box 2. Centroid 3. Elongation 4. Equivalent Ellipsoid Diameter 5. Equivalent Spherical Perimeter 6. Equivalent Spherical Radius 7. Feret Diameter 8. Flatness 9. Number Of Pixels 10. Number Of Pixels On Border 11. Perimeter 12. Perimeter On Border 13. Perimeter On Border Ratio 14. Physical Size 15. Principal Axes 16. Principal Moments 17. Roundness 2014. 5. 30. 31 Itk Shape Label Object
  • 33. 폐 결절 후보 33 Rule-based Filtering 2014. 5. 30.
  • 34. FALSE POSITIVE REDUCTION 2014. 5. 30. 34
  • 35. False Positive Reduction • 검출된 결절 후보에서 결절이 아닌 것을 제거 하고 결절을 찾는 과정 – 많은 False Positive 가 포함되어 있음 • 결절 후보에서 feature(특징 값) 추출 • Feature 데이터를 이용하여 Classification – Rule-based Classifier – Linear Discriminant Classifier – 머신러닝 기반의 classifier • Artificial Neural Network, Genetic programming, Support Vector Machine 2014. 5. 30. 35
  • 36. itkBinaryToStatisticsLabelMapFilter Label Map 2014. 5. 30. 36 Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Statistics Label Object Binary Image itkBinaryToStatisticsLabelMapFilter 결절 후보들
  • 37. itkStatisticsLabelObject 2014. 5. 30. 37 Statistics Features 1. Center Of Gravity 2. Histogram 3. Kurtosis 4. Maximum 5. Maximum Index 6. Mean 7. Median 8. Minimum 9. Minimum Index 10. Skewness 11. Standard Deviation 12. Sum 13. Variance 14. Weighted Elongation 15. Weighted Flatness 16. Weighted Principal Axes 17. Weighted Principal Moments Shape Features 1. Bounding Box 2. Centroid 3. Elongation 4. Equivalent Ellipsoid Diameter 5. Equivalent Spherical Perimeter 6. Equivalent Spherical Radius 7. Feret Diameter 8. Flatness 9. Number Of Pixels 10. Number Of Pixels On Border 11. Perimeter 12. Perimeter On Border 13. Perimeter On Border Ratio 14. Physical Size 15. Principal Axes 16. Principal Moments 17. Roundness Itk Statistics Label Object Itk Shape Label Object
  • 38. Feature Selection 38 Index Feature Index Feature 2-D geometric features Mean inside Area Mean outside Diameter Variance inside Perimeter Skewness inside Circularity Kurtosis inside 3-D geometric features Eigenvalues Volume 3-D intensity based statistical features Compactness Minimum value inside Bounding Box Dimensions Mean inside Principal Axis Length Mean outside Elongation Variance inside 2-D intensity based statistical features Skewness inside Minimum value inside Kurtosis inside 1f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 f 6 f 7 9 f ~ f 10 12 f ~ f 13 f 14 f 15 f 16f 17f 18f 19f 20 27 f ~ f 28 f 29 f 30 f 31 f 32 f 33 f Features for nodule detection 2014. 5. 30.
  • 39. Classification • WEKA – A collection of open source ML algorithms • pre-processing • classifiers • clustering • association rule – Created by researchers at the University of Waikato in New Zealand – Java based 2014. 5. 30. 39
  • 40. 실험 데이터 • 미국 National Cancer Institute (NCI)의 LIDC database 사용 – The LIDC is developing a publicly available database of thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans as a medical imaging research resource to promote the development of computer-aided detection or characterization of pulmonary nodules • The database consists of 84 CT scans (up to 2009) – 100-400 Digital Imaging and Communication (DICOM) images – An XML data file containing the physician annotations of nodules – 148 nodules – The pixel size in the database ranged from 0.5 to 0.76 mm – The reconstruction interval ranged from 1 to 3mm 2014. 5. 30. 40
  • 41. 실험 결과 AUC Accuracy Specificity Sensitivity FPs/scan Nodule Candidates Detection 96.6% 51.25 20-80 0.921 76.6% 75.9% 88.3% 12.32 50-50 0.960 86.7% 86.4% 91.7% 6.99 80-20 0.967 89.6% 89.3% 90.9% 5.45 41 The results of CAD system using GP based classifier 2014. 5. 30.
  • 42. 실험 결과 42 FROC curves of the GPC with respect to three training and testing datasets 2014. 5. 30.
  • 43. 실험 결과 135초 120초 24초 80초 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Lung Segmenation Nodule Candidate Detection 기존 시스템 ITK 기반 시스템 2014. 5. 30. 43 평균 실행시간
  • 44. 실험 결과 기존 시스템 • 단일 쓰레드 프로그램 • MATLAB, C++ • 영상 크기가 크면 속도 저하 심함 • 사용이 불편함 ITK 기반 시스템 • 멀티 쓰레드 프로그램 • Java, ITK, VTK • 안정적으로 동작 • 처리속도 빠름 • 사용이 편함 2014. 5. 30. 44
  • 45. 실험 결과 CAD systems Nodule size FPs per case Sensitivity Suzuki et al.(2003) 8 - 20 mm 16.1 80.3% Rubin et al.(2005) >3 mm 3 76% Dehmeshki et al.(2007) 3 - 20 mm 14.6 90% Suarez-Cuenca et al.(2009) 4 - 27 mm 7.7 80% Golosio et al.(2009) 3 - 30 mm 4.0 79% Ye et al.(2009) 3 - 20 mm 8.2 90.2% Sousa et al.(2010) 3 - 40.93 mm - 84.84% Messay et al.(2010) 3-30 mm 3 82.66% Riccardi et al.(2011) >3 mm 6.5 71.% Cascio et al.(2012) 3-30 mm 6.1 97.66% 제안된 방법 3-30 mm 5.45 90.9% 45 기존 방법과 검출률 비교 2014. 5. 30.
  • 46. CAD 시스템 2014. 5. 30. 46
  • 47. CAD 시스템 2014. 5. 30. 47
  • 48. 결론 • Insight Toolkit (ITK) – 의료영상처리를 위한 라이브러리 – 다양한 영상처리 알고리즘 제공 – DICOM 및 다양한 영상 데이터 처리가능 • ITK를 이용하는 Applications – Slicer – Osirix – MeVisLab – XIP – ... 2014. 5. 30. 48
  • 49. 결론 • ITK기반 폐결절 검출 시스템 개발 – Java • 빠른 개발 • 안정성 및 확장가능성 높임 – 영상 처리 속도 개선 – Weka를 이용한 False Positive Reduction 기능 개발 – Java Swing + VTK 기반의 GUI 및 Visualization 기능 – 호환성 및 사용 편의성 증대 2014. 5. 30. 49