Adolescent girls programing in nigeria landscaping

ADOLESCENT GIRLS PROGRAMING IN
NIGERIA-Donor and Government
landscaping
September 2015
Landscaping Study on Donor Programs and Government Policies in
the Adolescent Girls’ Field in Nigeria
By Gerald Ogoko and Chinedu Monye

ADOLESCENT GIRLS PROGRAMING IN NIGERIA-Donor and Government landscaping
1 
Acknowledgements
This adolescent girls‘ landscaping study was funded by Girl Effect Nigeria
Girl Effect
Girl Effect‘s mission is to empower the 250 million adolescent girls living in poverty to
reach their full potential. Girls are a proven force for change and are the catalyst to
end global poverty – it‘s called the ‗Girl Effect‘. Girl Effect‘s work aims to shift the social
norms that hold girls back, and drive better investments that directly benefit girls. We
currently operate in Rwanda, Nigeria and Ethiopia. For more information, see:
girleffect.org.
For inquiries specific to Girl Effect Nigeria, please contact Country Director
ChiChi Okoye at chichi.okoye@girleffect.org
Opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect
Girl Effect’s views, nor should they be viewed as modifying or updating any of GE’s
existing policies.

2 
Table of Contents
Acronyms…………………………………………………….…………………….…….……………….. 3
List of Figures & Tables…………………………………………………………….……………………. 6
Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………..…………………. 7
Chapter One: Introduction………………………………….……………………….………………… 10
1.1 Justification for the Study…..…………………………….………………………………………. 11
1.2 Research Questions………………………………………………………………………………. 11
1.3 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………………………….. 11
Chapter Two: Methodology…………………………………………………………..………………. 12
2.1 Target Respondents/Data Sources..…………………………………….…..……………….. 12
2.2 Limitations & Challenges………………………………………………………...………………. 13
Chapter Three: Key Findings…………………………………………………………..………………. 14
3.1 Key Policies Influencing Adolescent Girls Programming in Nigeria……...………………. 14
3.1.1 International Policies…………………………………………………………………………… 14
3.1.2 Regional Policies………………………………………………………………………………… 16
3.1.3 National Policies………………………………………………………………………………… 17
3.2 Key Actors in the Adolescent Girls‘ Space…………………………………………………… 17
3.2.1 Multilateral Donors……………………………………………………………………………… 22
3.2.2 Bilateral Donors…………………………………………………………………………………. 35
3.2.3 Foundations and Trusts………………………………………………………………………… 42
3.2.4 Embassies & High Commissions……………………………………………………………… 46
3.2.5 Other Funding Mechanisms………………………………………………………………….. 48
3.3 Key Government Actors…………………………………………………………………………. 49
3.4 Major Programs Being Implemented for Adolescent Girls in Nigeria…………………… 53
3.4.1 Education………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
3.4.2 Economic Empowerment…………………………………………………………………….. 58
3.4.3 Health…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
3.4.4 Girls‘ Voice………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
3.4.5 Safety……………………………………………………………………………………………… 66
3.5 Geographical Scope of Adolescent Girls‘ Programs in Nigeria…………………….……. 68
3.5.1 Coordination Mechanisms for Adolescent Girls‘ Programs in Nigeria……………….. 68
Chapter Four: Discussion……………………………………………………….………………….…… 71
4.1 Policy Context……………………………………………………………………...……………… 71
4.2 Key Actors and Institutions: Donors and Government…………………...………………... 72
4.3 Programming Context…………………………………………………………...………………. 73
4.4 Geographical Coverage………………………………………………………………………… 74
4.5 Coordination and Collaboration………………………………………………………………. 75
Chapter Five: Conclusions and Key Recommendations…………….………………………….. 77
5.1 Key Recommendations………………………………………………………………………….. 77
5.1.1 Enhancing the Climate for Greater and More Effective Programming……………... 77
5.1.2 Increasing Political Commitment to Improving Adolescent Girls‘ Rights……………. 77
5.1.3 Explore Investment in Supply Side Programming…………………….…………………… 78
5.1.4 Strengthening Institutional Systems for Governance & Coordination…………...…… 78
5.2 Projects/Programs having the most impact on adolescent girls……………………… 79
5.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….. 82

3 
Acronyms
AFDB African Development Bank
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AU African Union
AWDF African Women‘s Development Fund
CAF Country Assistance Framework
CCS Country Cooperation Strategy
CDCS Country Development Country Strategy
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
CIDA Canada International Development Agency
CLTC Citizenship & Leadership Training Center
COP Country Operations Plan
CPD Country Program Document
CPS Country Partnership Strategy
CSO Civil Society Organization
CSP Country Strategy Program
DFATD Department for Foreign Affairs, Trade & Development
DFID UK Department for International Development
DPGG Development Partners Group on Gender
DPGH Development partners group on Health
EDF European Development Fund
EDP Entrepreneurship Development Program
EFA Education for All
ENABLE Enhancing Nigerian Advocacy for a Better Business Environment
ENGINE Educating Nigerian Girls in New Enterprises
EPNGW Empowerment Program for Nigerian Girls & Women
ESSPIN Education Sector Support Program in Nigeria
ETF Education Trust Fund
EU/EC European Union/European Commission
FBOs Faith-Based Organizations
FCT Federal Capital Territory
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
FME Federal Ministry of Education
FMJ Federal Ministry of Justice
FMOF Federal Ministry of Finance
FMOH Federal Ministry of Health
FMWASD Federal Ministry of Women Affairs & Social Development
FUG Fadama User Group
GEN Girl Effect Nigeria
GIZ German International Development Agency
GMS Gender Management System
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HPCC Health Partners Coordination Committee

4 
IDPs Internally-Displaced Persons
IMF International Monetary Fund
INGO International Non-Governmental Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
IP Implementing Partners
ITAD Information Technology & Agricultural Development
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KII Key Informant Interviews
KOICA Korea International Cooperation Agency
LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender
MDA Ministries, Departments, and Agencies
MDGs Millennium Development Goal
MNCH Maternal, Newborn and Child Health
NAP National Action Plan on Education
NAPTIP National Agency for Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons
NBTE National Board of Technical Education
NCFR National Commission for Refugees
NCME National Commission for Mass Literacy
NCNE National Commission for Nomadic Education (NCNE)
NCWD National Center for Women Development
NDE National Directorate of Employment
NEEDS National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy
NEI Northern Education Initiative
NEMA National Emergency Management Agency
NERDC Nigeria Educational Research & Development Council
NERFUND National Economic Reconstruction Fund
NGEI Nigeria Girls Education Initiative
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NGP National Gender Policy
NHRC National Human Rights Commission
NPC National Planning Commission
NPE National Policy on Education
NPEC National Primary Education Commission
NPF Nigeria Police Force
NPEP Nigeria Partnership for Education Project
NSCGE National Stakeholders Committee on Gender Equality
NSHDP National Strategic Health Development Plan
NSHIP Nigeria State Health Investment Project
ODA Overseas Development Assistance
OSSAP Office of the Senior Special Assistant to the President
PATHS Partnership for Transforming Health Systems
PHC Primary Healthcare
PMTCT Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV
SEPIP State Education Program Investment Project (SEPIP)

5 
SGBV Sexual & Gender-based Violence
SMEDAN Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria
SSHDP State Strategic Health Development Plan
SSI Safe Schools Initiative
STI Sexually Transmitted Infections
TA Transformation Agenda
TIP Trafficking in Persons
TVET Technical & Vocational Education Training
UBE Universal Basic Education
UBEC Universal Basic Education Commission
UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN United Nations
UNCRC United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children‘s Fund
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime
UNPFA United Nations Fund for Population Activities
USAID United States Agency for International Development
V4C Voices for Change
WBG World Bank Group
WHO World Health Organization

6 
List of Figures & Tables
FIGURES
Figure 1: Distribution of International Development Investments in Nigeria 2008-2017
Figure 2: Weighted Distribution of Donor Funding to Key Sectors in Nigeria 2012
TABLES
Table 1: Profile of Development Assistance by Donors to Nigeria through the CAF
Table 2: Categories of Key Actors in the Adolescent Girls‘ Field in Nigeria
Table 3: UNICEF Nigeria Country Program Components and Objectives (2014-2017)
Table 4: Donor-funded education programs in Nigeria
Table 5: Donor-funded health programs in Nigeria

7 
Executive Summary
In June 2015, Girl Effect Nigeria commissioned a landscaping study to map donors‘
programs and government policies directly and indirectly impacting adolescent girls in
Nigeria. In addition to identifying these programs and policies across five key sectors
(education; economic empowerment; girls‘ voice; health; and safety), this study
explored coordination mechanisms underscoring development interventions in the
adolescent girls‘ space in Nigeria.
This study was conducted using both primary and secondary data. The primary data
mainly comprised of Key informant Interviews (KIIs) with representatives of donor
agencies, INGOs, government agencies, and implementing partners. The secondary
data, on the other hand, mainly consisted of information obtained from the following
documents: country partnership strategy documents, country operational plans, project
implementation status reports, project completion reports, CAF status reports etc.
Information from these documents helped in answering the key questions developed
for this study.
In the education sector, multilateral donors, bilateral donors, and international
foundations are active. Funding from these agencies is largely channelled through
international and local NGOs and CSOs. Key anchors for donors‘ programs and projects
are positioned around the following areas: improving access to basic education; the
need for good quality education especially at the primary and secondary level;
primary school completion rates; reducing illiteracy, particularly in rural communities
and disadvantaged areas; safe school environments in conflict-prone areas (i.e. Safe
Schools Initiative); and improving teacher quality through continuing professional
development of teachers.
On the economic empowerment front, donors and government agencies have taken
steps to address the inequitable economic opportunities that women face. For
instance, DFID‘s ‗Enhancing Nigerian Advocacy for a Better Business Environment
(ENABLE II) project‘ is focused on promoting a better business environment for the poor
by improving consultation and dialogue on business issues, especially at the rural level.
The main anchors for donors‘ women‘s empowerment programs and projects are
positioned around the following areas: improving functional literacy among rural
women; organizing mentoring schemes for rural women; provision of basic ICT training;
life skills training; and entrepreneurial skills training. These initiatives are intended to
make rural women more productive members of society.
Development interventions in the Nigerian health sector are focused on the following
areas: sexual and reproductive health; child health; maternal and neo-natal health;
health systems strengthening; malaria; immunization; and HIV/AIDS, i.e. PMTCT.
Interventions in these areas directly and indirectly affect adolescent girls in Nigeria. Of
all the aforementioned program areas, sexual and reproductive health received the
most attention from donors. Sexual and reproductive health is at the core of global
health. If women and girls have access to the services and tools that support healthy

8 
pregnancies and protect against unintended pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually-
transmitted infections, the benefits in terms of healthy women, young women, young
people, children, and communities are staggering.
What is missing from gender-based health programs is improved access to SRH
education at the secondary school level. Ideally, integrating this into the curriculum of
secondary schools should help promote healthy sexual behaviours among adolescent
girls and also change perceptions about gender rights. The main barrier to achieving
this is cultural barriers especially in extremely conservative parts of Northern Nigeria.
Girls‘ voice programs essentially create the enabling environment for gender equality in
Nigeria. Such programs are designed to change some of the more entrenched formal
and informal barriers that prevent girls and young women from actualizing their
potential. In the girls‘ voice arena, a number of projects and programs are being
implemented by donor agencies and the government. One of the notable girls‘ voice
programs being implemented in Nigeria is DFID‘s ‗Voices4Change program‘. This
program tackles the underlying causes of gender inequality by working towards the
following: improving the life and social skills of adolescent girls and women; developing
a community of people with improved knowledge and attitudes that challenge gender
discrimination; improving attitudes towards women among key influencers; and
achieving greater inclusion of gender issues in political and governance processes.
Through its ‗Female Youth participation in Governance program‘, OXFAM is particularly
involved in empowering women politically. OXFAM believes that improved political
inclusion of women is central to empowering women economically. Political inclusion
gives women more say in determining their future and bridging the gender gap in
Nigeria. Compared to the other sectors mapped in this study, the girls‘ voice sector
recorded the least program interventions in terms of scope and size over the past 5
years. This is because issues affecting adolescent girls are mainly addressed through the
lens of education and health.
Majority of interventions in the safety sector are centred on reducing or preventing
gender-based violence altogether. Violence against women appears to have reached
epidemic proportions in Nigeria. It comes in several forms such as, physical, emotional,
and mental. Common forms of violence against women in Nigeria are rape,
molestation, battering, and corporal punishment, among others. In view of this, there is
a growing need for advocacy in this area. The cultural environment in Nigeria does little
to discourage violence against women. There are a number of programs being
implemented in Nigeria to discourage violence against women. DFID‘s ‗Justice4All‘
program‘ is one of such programs. This program encourages improved human rights
and access to justice for the poor and disadvantaged members of society, especially
women and children. Another program is UN Women‘s ‗Orange Street Non-Violence
Against Women‘ program, which creates awareness about violence against women
and protecting the rights of the girl child.

9 
There are instruments available for Girl Effect Nigeria (GEN) to scale up its adolescent
girls‘ program interventions. The Country Assistance Framework is one instrument as it is
the central donor coordination mechanism for Nigeria. One of the operating modalities
of the CAF is the ‗donor working groups‘. Of particular importance to GEN is the
‗Development Partners Group on Gender (DPGG)‘, i.e. membership of the DPGG is a
potential entry point for GEN into the CAF. The Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and
Social Development (FMAWSD) is the government counterpart for the DPGG. GEN can
indicate an interest in becoming a member of this group by contacting either UNICEF
or UN Women especially as membership of the group is open to organizations actively
involved in adolescent girls programming. This group meets monthly to discuss ways of
addressing the raft of issues affecting adolescent girls in Nigeria.
In addition to the CAF, there is equally a need for GEN to develop a strategic
partnership with the FMAWSD. GEN can provide technical assistance support to the
FMAWSD in developing policies that address some of the challenges facing adolescent
girls in Nigeria. In the FMAWSD, the National Center for Women Development & Gender
Equality (NCWDGE) is the department that coordinates the government policies on
gender issues. Collaborating with the NCWDGE would give GEN added exposure to the
government plans related to gender-based issues.
Finally, there is considerable focus on demand side programing in Nigeria, which has
not come with commensurate focus on improving service delivery for girls. Investment in
the provision of exclusive services or at best strengthening the integration of services
focused on adolescent girls into existing delivery structures, which often are not
accessible to adolescent girls is required. Services could cover a range including
education, health, social protection, economic empowerment and rights; for instance
targeted scholarships, school counselling, community libraries, school based health
services, school and community protection services and legal aid, rehabilitation,
counselling-recreational facilities and skill development initiatives.

10 
Chapter 1: Introduction
Results from the mapping exercise indicates that Nigeria has witnessed a proliferation of
programs in the adolescent girls‘ space in recent times, stemming from a heightened
attention in the global arena. There are now various initiatives by several key actors
including government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), being
implemented across the country. However, there is limited reliable data on who is doing
what and where activities are focused. As a result, effectively negotiating or
contributing to the delivery of investments and programs in this complex space has
become increasingly laborious and challenging; leading to missed opportunities for
leveraging resources, streamlining processes and sharing experiences amongst key
actors. To provide an outlook of the topography of the adolescent girls‘ space, Girls
Effect Nigeria (GEN) commissioned a study to profile the key donors and government
institutions which are active in the adolescent girls‘ space, including their programs and
geographical focus areas. The study equally identifies the prevailing gaps and
opportunities in programing. The purpose of the study for GEN is to generate data with
which it can gauge its own program, and identify potential opportunities for improving
effectiveness and impact.
The information used for the study consisted of both primary and secondary data. The
primary data consisted of interviews with representatives of donor agencies,
government MDAs, and implementing agencies. In addition to the information
provided by these individuals, data for this study was collected from other sources, such
as, the Country Assistance Framework (CAF) status reports, project implementation
reports, project completion reports for completed projects and programs, strategic
plans, and mid-term project performance reviews. These perspectives were further
corroborated with information from literature review and web search.
Whilst this report neither represents a comprehensive assessment on the status of
adolescent girls‘ programing in Nigeria, nor an evaluation of donor or government
policies and programs; it highlights some important challenges which hamper effective
programing in the adolescent girls‘ space in Nigeria. This report is organized as follows:
Chapter 2 outlines the methodology for the study; Chapter 3 presents the key findings
of the study with respect to the five key sectors explored namely: education; economic
empowerment; girls‘ voice; health; and safety. Chapter 4 discusses the study‘s key
findings including challenges and lessons from implementing programs and projects in
adolescent girls‘ space; Chapter 5 contains the conclusions and recommendations for
the study. The recommendations suggest areas of future engagement for Girl Effect
Nigeria.

11 
1.1 Justification for the Study
Without opportunities, adolescent girls are more vulnerable to becoming disillusioned,
which can contribute to risky behavior and exploitation. Despite this, adolescent girls
present an opportunity especially as it concerns more inclusive national development.
Given the advantages of working with adolescent girls, they are a strategic population
to include in development programming.
This exploratory study is intended to fill a critical gap in evidence about the potential for
enhancing livelihood programs for adolescent girls in Nigeria. This groundbreaking study
represents the first comprehensive mapping of adolescent girls‘ programs in Nigeria.
Although Nigeria has one of the fastest growing youth populations in the world, its
gender disparities pose significant barriers for the future of girls. Adolescent girls (10-19
years) constitute about 15.5% of Nigeria‘s population1. Consequently, there is a need to
map the landscape of adolescent girls programming in Nigeria so as to identify priority
areas of intervention whilst reducing duplication of efforts intended to address the
peculiar circumstances of adolescent girls.
1.2 Research Questions
The five key questions developed for this landscaping study are as follows:
1. Which key policies influence programing in the adolescent girls‘ space in
Nigeria?
2. Who are the key actors in the Adolescent girls‘ space in the country?
3. What are the major programs being implemented for adolescent girls in Nigeria?
4. Where are programs being implemented?
5. How are efforts coordinated in the adolescent girls‘ program field?
1.3 Research Objectives
The study was structured to fulfill the following objectives:
1. To identify the key policies influencing programming in the adolescent girls‘
space in Nigeria.
2. To identify the key actors in the adolescent girls‘ space in Nigeria.
3. To identify the major programs being implemented for adolescent girls in Nigeria.
4. To geographically map existing adolescent girls‘ programs in Nigeria.
5. To critically examine how efforts are coordinated in the adolescent girls‘
program field.
1
National Bureau of Statistics (2012) Demographic health survey. Accessed from: http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng

12 
Chapter 2: Methodology
This is an exploratory study that used the qualitative approach to investigate the
adolescent girls‘ space in Nigeria. A critical component of this study concerned
mapping existing adolescent girls‘ programs across the six geopolitical regions of
Nigeria. The descriptive research design was used to address this particular component.
The study combined primary and secondary research including a comprehensive
literature review on adolescent girls‘ policies and programs, as well as existing published
reports, donor program documents, country cooperation strategies and plans, and
government policies and strategic frameworks in the last five years.
The primary data used in this study mainly consisted of Key Informant Interviews (KII)
undertaken with some experts working in the adolescent girls‘ field within INGOs, private
research organizations, international foundations, bilateral and multilateral
organizations, and selected government institutions around the country. Additional
information was sourced through web search.
2.1 Target Respondents/Data Sources
In order to successfully map the landscape for adolescent girls‘ programs in Nigeria,
careful attention was devoted to identifying the sample for this study. KIIs were used to
collect the raw data for this study. The interviews offered useful insights into the design
and implementation of adolescent girls‘ programs in Nigeria. Respondents‘ responses
also highlighted challenges and opportunities for meaningful engagement in the
adolescent girls‘ space in Nigeria. The sample for the KIIs consisted of the following
respondents: representatives of development agencies; representatives of government
MDAs; focal points in implementing agencies of donor programs; and experts actively
involved in adolescent girls‘ programming in Nigeria. Some of these interviews were
conducted over the telephone while others were carried out in person.
In addition to the primary data, secondary data was equally used to conduct this
study. The secondary data mainly consisted of the following project-related
documentation: project reports; project progress/performance reports; project
appraisal documents; project implementation manuals; aide memoirs; project
completion reports; and information sourced from websites created for existing
projects/programs. Together with the interviews, information sourced from these
documents provided a holistic perspective on the landscape for adolescent girls‘
programs in Nigeria.

13 
2.2 Limitations and Challenges
A number of limitations were encountered, including the unavailability of
comprehensive, reliable and updated data on adolescent girls programing.
Additionally, it was difficult to schedule interviews with certain key informants in the key
donor and government agencies, owing to other competing priorities, coupled with the
constraint of the limited time allotted for the study. Each of these factors created
certain constraints to a more comprehensive and representative analysis. The study
team overcame this challenge by following up with individual telephone sessions and
accessed program-related documentation.
To address any perceived gaps from the interviews, relevant information from
project/program-related documentation and other policy documents were used.
Information sourced from these documents offered useful insights into the underlying
challenges, opportunities and best practices in implementing adolescent girls‘
programs in Nigeria. Furthermore, where corroborating data could not be obtained,
assumptions were made on the basis of the program or policy description.
The study team recognizes that gaps do remain in this study, resulting from some of the
challenges earlier identified, which were largely beyond our control. The key findings,
discussion and recommendations are present in subsequent chapters.

14 
Chapter 3: Key Findings
3.1 Key Policies Influencing Adolescent Girls Programming in Nigeria
Increasingly seen as a critical human rights imperative, the adolescent girls‘ program
space benefits from a plethora of international and regional human rights conventions,
treaties and protocols. Nigeria has acceded to a number of these instruments, which
have profoundly influenced how government and donors invest and interact in this
arena. The most influential policy instruments can be categorized into three major
groups: International, Regional and National.
3.1.1 International Policies
A number of international human rights treaties and other instruments adopted since
the end of the Second World War have conferred legal form on inherent human rights
and developed the body of international human rights. While international treaties and
conventions form the backbone of international human rights law, other instruments,
such as declarations, guidelines and principles adopted at the international level
contribute to its understanding, implementation and development. Respect for human
rights requires the establishment of the rule of law at the national and international
levels.
International human rights law lays down obligations which States are bound to
respect. By becoming parties to international treaties, States assume obligations and
duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights. The
obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing
the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect
individuals and groups –especially vulnerable groups- against human rights abuses. The
obligation to fulfill means that States must take positive action to facilitate the
enjoyment of fundamental human rights. Through the ratification of international
human rights treaties, Governments undertake to put into place domestic measures
and legislation compatible with their treaty obligations and duties. Where domestic
legal proceedings fail to address human rights abuses, mechanisms and procedures for
individual complaints are available at the regional and international levels to help
ensure that international human rights standards are indeed respected, implemented,
and enforced at the local level. Some of the key international policy frameworks
protecting human rights –especially with respect to the rights of the girl child- are
identified below.

15 
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):
The overarching and perhaps the most important international policy is the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted in 1948. This policy instrument obligates
all nations to protect and promote ALL fundamental human rights without bias to sex,
social class or religious orientation. This declaration is the result of the experience of the
Second World War. Under the UDHR, world leaders decided to complement the UN
Charter with a roadmap to guarantee the rights of every individual everywhere.
The United Nations Convention on the rights of the Child (UNCRC):
The UNCRC was adopted by member nations of the United Nations in 1989. It is a
human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and
cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under
the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under a state‘s own
domestic legislation. Nations that ratify this convention –including Nigeria- are bound to
it by international law.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW):
CEDAW was adopted by member nations of the United Nations in 1981. This Convention
takes a critical place in bringing the female half of humanity into the focus of human
rights concerns. The spirit of the Convention is rooted in the goals of the United Nations:
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human
being, in the equal rights of men and women. Again, it gives positive affirmation to the
principle of quality by requiring States parties to take ―all appropriate measures,
including legislation, to ensure the full development and advancement of women, for
the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and
fundamental freedoms on a basis of equality with men‖.
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women:
This declaration affirms that violence against women constitutes a violation of the rights
and fundamental freedoms of women and affairs or nullifies their enjoyment of those
rights and freedoms, and concerned about the long-standing failure to protect and
promote those rights and freedoms in the case of violence against women. The
declaration is an instrument for promoting gender equality in UN member nations.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
The eight MDGs – which range from halving extreme poverty rates to halting the spread
of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015-
form a blueprint agreed to by all the world‘s leading development institutions. MDG 3

16 
indicators track key elements of women‘s social, economic and political participation
and guide the building of gender-equitable societies. Empowerment of women,
including access to health information and control of resources such as money, is
critical for achieving gender equality and health equity.
3.1.2 Regional Policies
On the African regional level, adolescent girls‘ programming in Nigeria is also shaped
by instruments, such as, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (the
Children‘s Charter), the African Union Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa, the
2000 Dakar Declaration on Education for All (EFA), the Solemn Declaration on Gender
Equality in Africa, and the African Youth Charter.
The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child:
This charter protects every child from discrimination. The Charter equally mandates
African nations to take into consideration the best interest of the child in all actions,
especially during administrative and judicial proceedings. Again, under this Charter,
every child who is capable of communicating his or her own views shall be assured the
rights to express his opinions freely in all matters and to disseminate his opinions subject
to such restrictions as are prescribed by laws.
The African Union Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa:
Presently, 36 African countries –including Nigeria- have signed and ratified this policy
instrument. Article 2 of this instrument mandates states to combat all forms of
discrimination against women through appropriate legislative, institutional and other
measures. States are to include in their constitutions and other legislative instruments the
principle of equality between women and men and ensure its effective application.
Article 12 mandates State parties to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women
and guarantee equal opportunity and access in the sphere of education and training.
Article 14 mandates State parties to ensure that the right to health of women, including
sexual and reproductive health is respected and promoted. This includes: the right to
control their fertility; the right to choose any method of contraception; and the right to
be protected against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS.
The Dakar Declaration on Education for All (EFA):
This declaration was made at the 2000 World Education Forum in Dakar. The Education
for All Movement is a global commitment to provide quality basic education for all
children, youth and adults. 164 countries –including Nigeria- pledged to achieve the
following EFA goals by the end of 2015: (1) expanding and improving comprehensive
early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and

17 
disadvantaged children; (2) ensuring that by 2015, all children –particularly girls- have
access to, and complete, free and compulsory primary education of good quality; (3)
ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through
equitable access to proper learning and life-skills programs; and (4) eliminating gender
disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality
in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls‘ full and equal access to and
achievement in basic education of good quality.
The Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa:
The Declaration is an important African instrument for promoting gender equality and
women‘s empowerment as it strengthens African ownership of the gender quality
agenda and keeps the issues alive at the highest political level in Africa. To date,
Nigeria has not yet submitted its progress report on measures taken at the national level
to achieve the requirements of the gender equality agenda.
The African Youth Charter:
The African Youth Charter protects the rights and freedoms of young people in the AU
member States. Article 4 mandates AU member States to protect the right of every
young person with regard to freedom of expression. Article 6 protects the right of every
young person to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
3.1.3 National Policies
Most of the national policies and domestic legislations applied in the Adolescent girls‘
space in Nigeria have benefited either from the translation or outright domestication of
some of these international and regional instruments. Notable examples include the
National Gender policy which is a translation of the ―Solemn Declaration on Gender
Equality in Africa‖; and the Child Rights Act promulgated in 2003, is an attempt to
localize the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). In 2014, the National Assembly
passed a ‗Violence Against Persons Bill‘. This bill recommends stiffer punishments for
sexual violence and also provides support and measures, such as, restraining order to
prevent the continuation of abuse. These policy frameworks continue to provide the
bedrock for structuring vital development assistance into the adolescent girls‘ space in
the country.
3.2 Key Actors in the Adolescent Girls’ Space in Nigeria
In the last decade, Nigeria witnessed a considerable turnover of new important donor
funded initiatives for instance ―Let Girls Learn‖ by the United States Government, the
Safe Schools Initiative (SSI) by a coalition of international partners and the Nigerian

18 
government, and the Girls‘ Education Challenge, Girls Education Project, and
Educating Nigerian Girls in New Enterprises (ENGINE) respectively by the UK
government. There are three major donor categories —Multilateral, Bilateral,
Foundations and Trusts (Table 2)- that provide development assistance in the
adolescent girls‘ program arena. The majority of donor assistance is inclined towards
funding for development programs, majority of which are implemented through
implementing agencies. Donor assistance also comes in the form of technical
assistance to government MDAs and local implementing organizations. Although the
major donors each have individual country cooperation agreements with the Nigerian
government consummated through the National Planning Commission (NPC), they all
align their country program priorities with the Nigerian government priorities elaborated
in a joint framework of action—―the Country Assistance Framework (CAF)‖, developed
by the donor community, led by the World Bank, with the Nigerian Government. CAF is
also the accountability framework for monitoring the status of donor commitments.
There has also been an increased number of government Ministries, Departments and
Agencies (MDAs) implementing actions which impact on adolescent girls.
Government‘s agenda for the advancement of adolescent girls‘ development sits
within the vision for the transformation of Nigeria anchored in the Nigeria Vision 20:2020
and its medium-term implementation strategy-The Transformation Agenda (TA: 2011-
2015). In the adolescent field, and for girls in particular, this agenda is championed (at
least in principle)by the Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development (FMWASD)—
as government policy views adolescents as part of its children program (individuals
below 18 years of age)2. Other collaborating MDAs in the adolescent girls‘ space
include the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), Federal Ministry of Education (FME) and
the Federal Ministry of Youth (individuals from 18-35 years). It also includes initiatives by
some parastatals under the Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Trade and the Presidency.
According to the World Bank report on development assistances provided to Nigeria,
through the Country Assistance Framework as at 2012- (which by the way is the most
recent and organized data available); there are about 9 major donor agencies (4
Multilateral and 5 Bilateral) who provide the majority of the international development
assistance to the country through CAF. These agencies support key sectors including
Agriculture, Water & Sanitation, Governance, Private sector development, Environment
(including Climate Change), Infrastructure and Human Development—Education,
Health and Social Protection (Table 1). Amongst the CAF contributors, the multilateral
agencies as a group contribute over 65% of the total development assistance to the
country. The World Bank leads this group, contributing over 40 percent of the total
2
Nigeria-Second National Youth Policy; 2009

19 
international development assistance; with the African Development Bank (AfDB), in a
distant second with a contribution of just over 17 percent3—Figure 1.
The three leading bilateral donors include DFID which provides approximately 12.38
percent of the total development assistance to the country, the EU/EC (8.32%) and
USAID (7.94%). This ranking varies when measured by the absolute contribution
according to sector. For instance, although DFID contributes the highest investments
overall in the bilateral group, USAID contributes more in absolute terms to Human
development-health education and social protection sector programs ($839 billion)
than DFID ($811 billion). Also, the EU makes huge investments in the Water and
Sanitation sector ($409 billion), compared to the relatively meagre investments from
DFID ($39.5 billion) and USAID ($3.9 billion).The four sectors which received the greatest
donor assistance, as measured by the level of funding includes Infrastructure, Human
Development, Governance and Water and Sanitation (Figure 1); but when this is
disaggregated into sub-components, the health sector received the highest
investments overall (19%), closely followed by transport (15%), water and sanitation and
governance (14%) and agriculture (11%)—Figure 2. Education trailed behind, amongst
the sectors with the lowest donor investment (5%). All the major foundations are
American including Ford Foundation, Bill and Melinda Gates, and Macarthur
Foundation. At present, Bill and Mellinda Grants portfolio in Nigeria is an estimated
US$150mn. For the Ford Foundation, majority of its grants in West Africa –about 75%
annually- supports Projects in Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa and the
economic engine of the region. Grants to Nigeria are focused on the following key
issues: democratic and accountable government; economic fairness; freedom of
expression; and gender, sexuality and reproductive justice. The Macarthur Foundation‘s
grants to Nigeria address the following concerns: population and reproductive health;
human rights; and girls‘ secondary education. It currently operates a US$1mn fund that
addresses the issue of maternal health in Northern Nigeria. A brief profile of the key
donors, according to their categories, is presented below:
3
Majority of the World Bank and AFDB’s development assistance to Nigeria consists of loans. Grants by both
agencies are facilitated through targeted technical assistance to MDAs.

20 
Table 1: Profile of Development Assistance by Donors to Nigeria through CAF
4
4
Human development consists of the following subsectors: education, health and social protection.

21 
Figure 1: Distribution of International Development Investments in Nigeria 2008-2017
Figure 2: Weighted Distribution of Donor Funding to Key Development Sectors in Nigeria 2012
Infrastructure
Human
development
Governance
WATSAN
Agriculture
…
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Sectors
Categories of development investments across sectors in Nigeria 2012
($'000m)
Health
Transport
Governance
WATSAN
Agriculture
Energy/ power
Education
Private
Environment…
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Sectors
Ranking of donor investments in Nigeria by key sectors 2012
($'000m)

22 
Table 2: Categories of Key Actors in the Adolescent Girls’ Field in Nigeria.
Multilateral Bilateral Foundations/Trusts Government
UNICEF, USAID FORD Federal Ministry of Women
& Social Development
UNFPA EU MACARTHUR Federal Ministry of Health
UNDP DFID CLINTON Federal Ministry of
Education
UNESCO, AFD Children‘s Investment
Fund Foundation
Federal Ministry of
Finance
WHO JICA Bill & Melinda Gates
WORLD BANK, AFDB
AFDB, CIDA/DFATD
UNFPA, AusAID
EU/EC,
CEF,
MDGs,
UNWOMEN
UNHCR
GLOBAL FUND
UNAIDS
3.2.1 MULTILATERAL DONORS
Multilateral organizations play a remarkable role in the adolescent girls‘ field in the
country. Their efforts in this regard, converge primarily around supporting Ministries,
Departments and Agencies (MDAs) of government to achieve progress in the
attainment of regional and global objectives in the Adolescent girls‘ field. A large part
of this support is focused on advocacy, provision of technical support and direct
funding for programs usually aligned to governments prevailing priorities. Some
multilaterals also provide support through local implementing agencies including
international Implementing Partners (IPs) and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). There
are only a few key multilateral agencies actively involved in the adolescent girls‘ field in
the country and their current strategic thrusts are discussed below.
The UN System
The U.N. system comprises a number of agencies, working within the harmonized UN
development framework—UNDAF III, and a number of prominent UN international
conventions and declarations specific or related to adolescent girls. Over the last
decade, the UN system has made significant efforts to strengthen the approaches of its
different agencies in this arena. The major UN agencies whose efforts directly impact on
adolescent girls in Nigeria include the following:

23 
UNICEF
UNICEF has a primary mandate to advocate for the protection and promotion of
children‘s rights and development; however, in practice its mandate covers the whole
spectrum of child development, from early childhood through adolescence (the
second decade of life). UNICEF contributes to the national adolescent girls agenda
through direct systems strengthening support (policy advocacy, high-quality technical
and material assistance); to MDAs at national and subnational levels and through
expanded partnerships with other multilateral and bilateral agencies; for instance it is
involved in the United Nations Health 4+ initiative, alongside WHO, UNFPA, the World
Bank and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Another major
support strategy for UNICEF involves providing development assistance through IPs and
CSOs and their Networks. UNICEF has a historical track record in the gender equality
and girls‘ rights arena, including its strategic role in supporting the establishment of the
Nigeria Girls‘ Education Initiative (NGEI) in 2005, which was an adoption of the United
Nations Girls‘ Education Initiative (UNGEI) launched in April 2000 at the World Education
Forum in Dakar.
In the current UNICEF Country Strategy Programme for Nigeria-CSP (2014-2017), which
aligns to the Vision 20:2020 and other relevant National Sectoral Policies and Plans
including the National Strategic Health Development Plan 2010-2015, National HIV/AIDS
Strategic Plan 2010-2015, National Strategic Plan for the Education Sector (2012-2016)
and the National Priority Agenda for Vulnerable Children 2013-2020, it commits to
spending over $500 million towards achieving five strategic objectives5, which impact
mostly on women and children including adolescent girls—at least in principle, going by
the internationally accepted classification of adolescents under the CRC (Table 3). As
there are no exclusive outcome areas for adolescent girls mentioned explicitly in the
outcome area of the plan, it is difficult to quantify the degree of UNICEF‘s impacts
directly on the Nigerian adolescent girl. Adolescent girls‘ outcomes appear to be
tangled in those for women and children, a situation which makes it difficult to track
and monitor the volume or value of resources and programs exclusively targeted on
adolescent girls.
5
UNICEF Nigeria Country Program Components and Objectives (2014-2017)

24 
Table 3: UNICEF Nigeria Country Program Components and Objectives (2014-2017)
S/N Program Component Strategic Objectives
1 Child survival Improved access to and use of high-quality and high-
impact health, WASH and nutrition interventions by
children and women
2 Quality basic education Improved access to quality basic education by the
most vulnerable boys and girls, and increased school
retention, completion and achievement rates for all
3 Child protection Establishment of a national child protection system that
effectively prevents and responds to violence,
exploitation, abuse, neglect, stigma and discrimination,
and ensures the rights of vulnerable children
4 Social policy, analysis, research and communication Development of a comprehensive nationwide child-
sensitive social protection framework and equity-
sensitive policies, programs and budget allocations,
based on high-quality evidence and strengthened
oversight, particularly at local levels
5 Emergency and disaster risk reduction Strengthened state and community preparedness and
response to natural and human-induced emergencies,
with a focus on children and women
One of UNICEF‘s successful interventions is in the education sector is the ‗Girls‘
Education Project (GEP)‘. This project is being implemented in Northern Nigeria;
specifically in the following states: Bauchi, Katsina, Borno, Jigawa, Niger, and Sokoto.
The development objective of this particular project is to improve girls‘ access to
education in Northern Nigeria. This particular project seeks to raise awareness about the
importance of empowering adolescent girls through education. Among the key
achievements registered from implementing this project is the creation of girl-friendly
school environments in rural and urban schools in the target states. In addition,
implementing this project has improved the enrolment rates of adolescent girls in the
target states although progress has been halted by the insurgency in the North. In
accordance with GEN‘s theory of change, it can partner with UNICEF to provide
technical support especially in the area of advocacy. Increased advocacy is needed
to transform poor attitudes to girl-child education in rural areas.
UNICEF is also active in the education sector through its ‗health and nutrition program
II‘. This program is being implemented nationwide and seeks to reduce child mortality
by improving existing M&NH services in primary healthcare centers. Based on the
national average, the North has the highest child and maternal mortality rate in Nigeria.
In view of this, GEN can key into the health and nutrition program by providing
technical assistance, especially in the areas of improving public service delivery and
the training of healthcare workers in primary healthcare facilities in rural areas. The
success of the ―health and nutrition program II‖ is predicated on its integration of M&NH
services as part of the ante-natal process. This approach supports a holistic approach

25 
to addressing the problem of child mortality in the North. Some previous health and
nutrition programs treated M&NH services separately from the ante-natal process.
UNESCO
UNESCO works through the country cooperation mechanism and expanded
partnership framework of the UN system and so, its efforts contributes to the strategic
outcomes of UNDAF III. Its mandate mainly covers education and cultural development
in Nigeria, under which it has traditionally supported the country‘s literacy programme,
including Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), as well as science
and technology. The current CSP of UNESCO 2014-2017, could not be readily sourced
during this study. However, as evident from a critical analysis of the immediate past
Nigeria-UNESCO CSP (2012-2013), its programs (some extending up to 2017) remain
consistent in the themes of Education, Science, Culture and Communication. Up on till
2017, it has developed a framework for priority actions in a wide range of areas,
including literacy and girls‘ education, TVET and mobile learning, cultural heritage and
the diversity, conflict prevention and anti-terrorism through education and dialogue6.
There are no exclusive program strategies or outcomes for adolescent girls in the CSP;
however, the description of the program components on Education and Science,
somewhat infers certain objectives for promoting girls education at the post basic level
and in Higher education.
One of the ways of addressing the challenges facing adolescent girls in Nigeria is by
improving gender empowerment, especially economic empowerment. Improved
gender empowerment leads to better choices and makes the womenfolk more
productive members of society. The issue of gender inequality is directly linked to many
of the socio-economic challenges that Nigerian adolescent girls‘ are confronted with.
UNESCO addresses gender disparities in Nigeria through the sponsorship of literacy
programs targeted at women in rural areas. Through its ‗Empowerment Program for
Nigerian Girls and Women‘, UNESCO is empowering 60,000 Nigerian girls in literacy and
skills development program through ICT. What makes this program unique is that it
promotes greater inclusiveness of women in an economy that is rapidly being
transformed through ICT. This program is being implemented in partnership with Procter
& Gamble and the Federal Ministry of ICT. Total financial commitment for this particular
program is US$4mn.
The problem with some previous women empowerment schemes –especially those
being implemented by the government- is that they are driven more by a political
6
Nigeria-UNESCO Country Programming Document 2012-2013

26 
agenda than the interest of the target beneficiaries. Consequently, more emphasis was
placed on cash hand-outs and lopsided training schemes that failed to produce the
desired change. Again, schemes implemented in this manner failed to take
cognizance of the growing role of ICT in business and daily living. UNESCO‘s
‗Empowerment Program for Nigerian Girls and Women‘ is different in that more
emphasis is placed on improving the literacy levels of rural women together with
empowering them with basic ICT skills. By so doing, rural women are less likely to be left
behind in a rapidly globalized environment. So far, about 5,000 women have been
trained under this program and according to a UNESCO representative interviewed for
this study, feedback suggests that the program has been a success. Among the
benefits recorded from this program are as follows: some of the trainees have secured
paid employment; improved market access for women in the informal sector; an
improvement in the capacity of informal sector women to shift to the formal sector; and
a marked change in traditional gender roles. In view of the successes recorded by this
particular program, GEN can achieve desired change in gender empowerment by
implementing empowerment programs that adopt a two-pronged approach namely:
basic literacy skills (i.e. reading, writing, numeracy) and basic ICT training. The ICT
component of such a program is intended to ensure that rural women are not left
behind in the face of rapid globalization and interconnectedness.
UNDP
Historically, UNDP has been profoundly effective in providing upstream support for
policy and institutional reforms in the country. In the last decade, UNDP has been active
supporting advocacy for political and economic reforms, good governance, human
rights and gender inclusion, partnership-building, aid coordination and capacity
development. Its current CSP for Nigeria (2014-2017), commits to three key areas
(aligned to Vision 20 20:20 and UNDAF III), including good governance; equitable and
sustainable economic growth; and human security and risk management7. Specific
strategies and outcome areas exclusively for adolescent girls‘ is inconspicuous in the
CSP document; although outcome areas for women and youth are mentioned
somewhat within the program framework. UNDP Nigeria is renowned for supporting
initiatives which promote women participation in governance and advocate against
gender based violence. Consequently it can be the focus for concerted lobbying to
rally support for programs which promote adolescent girls voice, power and
participation even in the field of governance and justice.
7
Nigeria, Country Programme Document 2014-2017; UNDP Nigeria

27 
UNFPA
UNFPA is a critical actor in the global arena for advocating for adolescent girls‘ issues. In
Nigeria, UNFPA works with national and sub-national governments (MDAs) and civil
society organizations (CSOs) to improve the quality of life of people, particularly
women, adolescents and youths. It supports initiatives that focus on improving data for
reproductive health development, promoting access to reproductive health and rights,
and enhancing gender equality. In July 2013, it launched its 7th Country Program
Document for Nigeria 2014-2017 (CPD) and consistent with the practice of other UN
agencies, the 7th CPD aligns with the Nigeria Vision 20: 2020 and the Transformation
Agenda, at the same time contributing to three strategic result areas of the United
Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), 2014-2017.
In the current Nigeria CPD, UNFPA has obligated $75 million, to implement actions in
three core areas namely: the achievement of universal access to sexual and
reproductive health; the promotion of reproductive rights and the reduction of
maternal mortality; and program interventions targeted at underserved populations,
especially women and young people, with adolescent sexual and reproductive health
running as a cross-cutting theme8. In particular, Nigeria is one of the beneficiaries of a
12 country initiative by UNFPA—Action for Adolescent Girls9, under this current CPD-
focused on ending child marriage and reducing adolescent pregnancy. The goal of
the initiative is to protect adolescent girls‘ rights by delaying age at marriage and
childbearing, empowering adolescent girls, and elevating their status in communities.
UNFPA programs that have a direct impact of adolescent girls are largely focused on
the health sector, particularly ‗sexual and reproductive health‘. A key health program
being implemented in this regards is the ―adolescent sexual and reproductive health
program‘. This program is being implemented in Northern Nigeria with an aggregate
financial commitment of US$1mn. One of the key intervention areas of this program is
advocacy and policy dialogue at the federal and state levels to drive changes in
policy and decision-making and programming processes to advance the health and
development needs of young people. Among the challenges recorded in the
implementation of this program are as follows: reluctance of young people to access
ASRH services and counseling; limited staff capacity in the area of counseling; cultural
constraints that make sexual education a taboo, especially in the North; and little or no
link between sexual education and school-based curriculum. One of the ways that this
8
Nigeria-UNFPA 7th
Country Programme Document (2014-2017); July 2013
9
UNFPA: Action for Adolescent Girls-building the health, social and economic assets of adolescent girls, especially those at risk of
child marriage; program document- July 2014

28 
program has bridged these constraints is through the use of interactive media-
computer technologies- to promote healthy behaviour among adolescents. This
approach has worked because it leverages on the tech and social media –enthusiasm
of young people to enhance reachability in the delivery of messages. Another
approach that has made this program a success is its emphasis on training some
teachers in selected schools on sexual counseling for young people. This addresses the
inability or reluctance of young people to access SRH services in health facilities as they
are more willing to open up to their teachers as opposed to a stranger in a health
facility. Efforts are currently ongoing to integrate sexual and reproductive health
education into the education curriculum for secondary schools.
Based on lessons learnt from UNFPA‘s ‗adolescent sexual and reproductive health
program‘, there are opportunities for GEN to bring about desired behavioural change
among adolescent girls. For instance, GEN can utilize social media as a tool to educate
young people on healthy sexual behaviours.10 Although integrating sexual education
into the secondary school education faces intense cultural resistance, especially in the
North, there is still room for GEN to fund a counseling initiative targeted at secondary
schools in the region. This can occur through either of two ways: training of teachers in
select secondary schools or providing trained counselors to deliver sexual education to
some secondary schools over a defined period.
UNAIDS
UNAIDS brings together the diverse resources-expertise, experience, and mandate- of
its 11 co-sponsors for a coordinated multisectoral response to AIDS in countries around
the world. It aligns its efforts with government, other international partners, and civil
society to achieve universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support as
well as to halt and reverse the spread of HIV. Its efforts also contribute significantly to
the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals11. In Nigeria, UNAIDS is
profoundly committed to the elimination of new HIV infections among women and
children. In its country collaborative strategy for Nigeria 2014-2017, UNAIDS has
committed to three key strategic options namely: revolutionizing HIV prevention politics,
policies and practices; catalyzing treatment, care and support through improved
access to more affordable and more effective drug regimens; and improving
treatment delivery systems through improved link between antiretroviral therapy
services and primary health, maternal and child health, tuberculosis, and sexual and
reproductive health services. Furthermore, it has committed to advancing human rights
and gender equality in the HIV response, by particularly focusing on the realization and
10
Consultants can be paid to create content for the social media platform.
11
2014 Progress Report on The Global Plan; Nigeria Country report, UNAIDS

29 
protection of HIV-related human rights, including the rights of women and girls;
addressing gender inequality and elimination of violence against women and girls12.
The strategy narrative speaks significantly to issues referenced to adolescent girls,
however, the articulation of absolute and concrete strategies and outcome areas in
the strategic plan is tangled within its concentration on women and youth.
UNHCR
UNHCR Nigeria‘s focus is inclined towards providing protection and assistance to
asylum seekers and refugees both camp based and urban population, including
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). It works within the West African Regional Refugee
Response Plan developed to mobilize an inter-agency response to the refugee situation
developing in parts of Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The overall strategy for its response
amongst others; is centered on promoting and protecting the rights to legal, physical
and social protection of all refugees in the country and within the region13. To fulfill its
mandate, UNHCR Nigeria collaborates with Government institutions dealing with
refugee and returnee matters including National Commission for Refugees (NCFR),
National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and Office of the Special Assistant
to the President on Migration and Humanitarian Affairs; as well as other multilateral and
bilateral partners such as IOM.
The current CSP of UNHCR could not be accessed at the time of this study. Therefore,
an elaborate analysis of its program positioning specific to adolescent girls was not
possible. However, a critical look at the historical activities of the organization, including
an examination of its last available Country Operations Plan (COP) developed in 2006,
shows that UNHCR engages with adolescent girls, recognizing that adolescents
constitute perhaps one of the critical casualties of emergencies and conflicts. In at
least one of the six priority strategies in the 2006 COP-Promoting community
development through gender and age balance and participation; UNHCR outlined its
commitment towards eradication of SGBV in refugee and returnee settlements and
mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in the design and implementation of all projects; including the
promotion of gender balanced participation and decision making in all
refugee/returnee settlements and particularly the promotion of child rights and equal
opportunities for boys and girls14. Nonetheless, no specific strategies or outcome areas
were noted in that plan for the adolescent girls‘ field.
12
Getting to zero: 2011-2015 strategy Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).
13
Nigeria Regional Refugee Response Plan, UNHCR-September 2014
14
UNHCR Nigeria Country Operations Plan; 2006

30 
Feedback from interviews with some UNHCR representatives indicates that at present,
majority of its programs are aimed at addressing the humanitarian crisis stemming from
the violent insurgency in the North East. Most of its programs are largely implemented in
collaboration with NEMA. These programs includes the following activities: provision of
water and sanitation facilities in Internally-displaced persons (IDP) camps; reconnecting
families displaced by the conflict; creating records of inflows and outflows out of
designated IDP camps; and provision of shelter and food items.
In interventions aimed at addressing the needs of those displaced by the armed
conflict in the North East, one area that has received limited attention is the education
and protection of children. What is clear is that children and women are the most
vulnerable and are exposed to abuse even in IDP camps. There are documented cases
of rape and child abuse in these IDP camps; all stemming from the lack of proper
management administration of these facilities or sites. In response to this problem,
UNICEF created the ―Child Protection Program‖. This main objective of this program is
the establishment of measures aimed at protecting women and children in these
camps. In terms of geographical scope, this program covers IDP camps in North East
and North Central Nigeria. One of the ways that this program seeks to achieve its
development objective is by mapping IDP camps together with maintaining a
database of people in designated and undesignated IDP camps. Another approach
used to prevent the abuse of women and children in IDP camps is by collaborating with
NEMA, UNOCHA, UNHCR, and security agencies to improve the security architecture in
IDP camps. Although these initiatives are laudable, the education of children displaced
by the conflict has received limited attention. Children in most IDP camps receive little
or no education. Some local NGOs have tried to address this problem by paying
teachers to teach children in some IDP camps however, limited funding hampers the
sustainability of this initiative. GEN can enhance the sustainability of this initiative by
providing technical support and funding to these local NGOs.
UN WOMEN
the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-
Women) functions primarily to assist countries and the United Nations system in
progressing more effectively and efficiently towards achieving gender equality and
women‘s empowerment and upholding women‘s rights15. In Nigeria, UN Women
operates both upstream and downstream in the gender equality and women
empowerment field. It efforts are geared towards leading, coordinating and promoting
policies and programs in four key result areas including expanding Women‘s Voice,
15
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women strategic plan, 2014-2017: September 2013

31 
Leadership and Participation; Women‘s Economic Empowerment; preventing Violence
against Women and Girls, Expanding Access to Services and Increasing Women's
Leadership in Peace, Security and Humanitarian Response. It has been profoundly
effective in the protection of women and girls against sexual and gender-based
violence as well as promoting women‘s participation in governance.
UN Women‘s strategic plan for 2014-2017 reflects its strengthened coordination role,
notably the Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review‘s (QCPR)16 extensive
consideration of gender equality and women‘s empowerment, including UN Women‘s
system-wide role and UN system-wide Action Plan on gender equality and women‘s
empowerment (UN_SWAP). The strategic plan reflects new and strengthened
partnerships within the UN system and with women‘s organizations and networks, other
civil society organizations, academia and experts, the mass media and the private
sector. These partnerships support UN-Women‘s advocacy for integration of gender
equality issues in all development sectors.
UN Women implements or supports initiatives aimed at improving gender equality in
Nigeria. The organization manages the ―fund for gender equality‖, which is a UN
Women grant-making mechanism dedicated exclusively to the economic and political
empowerment of women globally. Since its launch in 2009, the fund has delivered
grants of US$56mn to grantee programs in 72 countries. Nigeria has received about
US$7mn from this fund. Disbursements are targeted at the following initiatives: women
empowerment; stemming violence against women; and literacy. In addition to funding
programs that address gender disparities in Nigeria, UN Women also manages its own
programs such as the ‗Women and Democracy in Nigeria program‘ (this program is a
component of UNDP‘s DGD program) and the ‗Orange Street Non-violence against
Women program‘. The Orange Street Non-violence against women program supports
initiatives aimed at preventing violence against women and protecting the rights of the
girl child. One of the reasons for the success of this program is its emphasis on
addressing the problem investigation and prosecution of cases of violence against
women and child abuse. It achieves this by sponsoring gender training for police
officers. The intention is to enhance awareness among law enforcement officers on
how to investigate and process domestic violence cases.
WORLD BANK GROUP
The World Bank‘s current Country Program Strategy (CPS) for Nigeria (FY 2014-2017) lays
particular emphasis—as one might expect—on supporting inclusive macroeconomic
16
The QCPR is the mechanism through which the General Assembly assesses the effectiveness, efficiency, coherence and impact
of the UN’s development system’s support to national efforts of developing countries to pursue their priorities and meet their
developmental needs.

32 
growth and development, reducing poverty and increasing shared prosperity. These
goals are articulated in key policy instruments, including the Vision 20:2020, and its
medium-term strategy for realizing that vision—the Transformation Agenda 2011-2015.
The World Bank‘s CPS for FY 2014-2017 is structured around three strategic clusters
namely: (i) federally-led structural reform agendas for growth and jobs; (ii) the quality
and efficiency of social service delivery at the state level, i.e. addressing social
inequities; and (iii) governance and public sector management. Besides, being aligned
to the key policy instruments of government, the CPS is embedded within the broader
Country Assistance Framework (CAF)—the common strategic approach developed by
a coalition of Nigeria‘s development partners in support of Government‘s development
plans. The CAF partners include, African Development Bank, Canadian International
Development Agency, European Union, French Development Agency, UK Department
for International Development (DFID) , Embassy of Brazil and Embassy of China in
Nigeria, High Commission of India in Nigeria, International Monetary Fund, Japan
International Cooperation Agency, the Agencies of the UN, particularly UNDP and
UNICEF, USAID and WBG.
The World Bank Group is the largest donor in Nigeria, contributing over 42 percent of
the total donor development assistance to the country. In the current Nigeria CPS
(2014-2017), the World Bank has committed to three specific goal areas, including (a)
promoting diversified growth and job creation by reforming the power sector,
enhancing agricultural productivity, and increasing access to finance; (b) improving
the quality and efficiency of social service delivery at the state level to promote social
inclusion; and (c) strengthening governance and public sector management, with
gender equity and conflict sensitivity as essential elements of governance17. Under the
second goal area in the CPS, it articulated some engagement areas for health
education and gender equity with a strong focus on children—including adolescent
girls (in principle) and women. While the CPS is not explicit on any specific and exclusive
goals or outcome areas for adolescent girls‘, it incubates enormous potentials for
providing support for adolescent girls programing in arenas such as conflict and
violence as well as girls voice, rights and participation.
In the education sector, the World Bank is implementing two projects targeted at
improving the quality of education in primary and secondary schools. These projects
are: the Lagos Eko Secondary Education Project and the State Education Program
Investment Project (SEPIP). In the past, most projects in the education sector focused on
improving infrastructure and public works, i.e. building new classrooms with little
17
The World Bank Group:FY2014-2017 Country Partnership Strategy for the Federal Republic of Nigeria; March 2014

33 
emphasis on soft components, such as teaching delivery, education administration,
and teacher training. The Lagos Eko project and SEPIP take a contrary approach to
addressing the challenges in the Nigerian education sector. The intervention areas of
focus for these projects are as follows: improving the quality of public junior and senior
secondary education; need-based teacher deployment; continuing professional
development for teachers; improved learning outcomes in primary and secondary
schools; and improving school enrolment rates. One of the main achievements of the
Lagos Eko project is increased frequency of training for teachers in Lagos State through
a dedicated continuous professional development program agreed with the State
Ministry of Education. In addition, a key innovation of this project is the increased
involvement of parents and communities in school administration.
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (AFDB)
The Country Strategy for Nigeria proposed by AfDB for 2013-2017, aligns with the long-
term development agenda of government as outlined in the vision 20:2020 and the
Transformation Agenda (TA:2011-2015). It is also aligned with CAF. The main focus of the
bank in this CPS is twofold- creating a sound policy environment and investing in critical
infrastructure. Under these two pillars, the bank also highlights a significant focus on key
crosscutting themes such as gender, human development (skills development), youth
employment, and resilience to climate change18. The current strategy considers
adolescent girls‘ issues under its gender-related initiatives. The bank is currently
implementing a skills and functional literacy program in North with a specific focus on
women in the region.
The skills and functional literacy program is central to women empowerment initiatives
in the North. This program takes a different approach to traditional women
empowerment schemes that placed more emphasis on cash handouts and transfers.
This approach often failed to produce desired outcomes as recipients of financial
incentives lacked the know-how to establish sustainable incomes for themselves. AFDB‘s
skill and functional literacy program addresses this challenge by placing added
emphasis on improving the skills and functional literacy levels of women in the North
where literacy levels are the lowest compared to the national average. In the face of a
rapidly globalizing environment, empowerment programs that focus on ‗skills and
literacy‘ are more effective in promoting social inclusion and reducing economic
inequality. Mercy Corps‘ The Educating Nigerian Girls in New Enterprises (ENGINE)
program represents a positive approach to women empowerment in Nigeria given that
it seeks to transition girls in school or in informal education into economic activities. The
18
Nigeria Country Strategy Paper 2013-2017; The African Development Bank Group, January 2013

34 
successes of this particular program can be scaled up by incorporating an
entrepreneurial skills component. This can be achieved by developing an
entrepreneurial curriculum that entrenches an independence and job creation mindset
in Nigerian girls. Effective delivery of such curriculum will contribute to broader efforts at
reducing gender inequality in Nigeria, particularly in the North.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
WHO Nigeria recently launched its third Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS III),
following the expiration of its CSSII in 2013. The new CSSIII is a six year plan from 2014-
2019. The last five years of the CSSIII is expected to be synchronized with the planning
cycle of the next National Strategic Health Development Plan (NSHDP) post 2015,
including the State Strategic Health Development Plans (SSHDPs). The CCS III priorities
are for now largely aligned to the priority areas of NSHDP 2010-2015, the outcomes in
the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF III) and the WHO 12th
General Program of Work. In this new CCSIII, WHO Nigeria has committed to five
strategic objectives including: [1] Strengthen health systems based on the primary
health care (PHC) approach; [2] Promote health and scale up priority interventions [3]
Scale up evidence-based priority interventions for communicable and non-
communicable diseases towards universal health coverage: [4] Scale up national
capacity for preparedness for and response to public health emergencies including
polio eradication and crisis management: [5] Promote partnership coordination and
resource mobilization in alignment with national, regional and global priorities19.
Under strategic objective 2 of the CCS III, WHO has obligated to the promotion of
equity and gender mainstreaming through two strategic approaches focused on
gender and rights; including support for rights-based and gender dimensions of priority
health programs and for the adoption of organization-wide gender equality policy
including gender mainstreaming strategies into the activities of other ministries and
agencies. WHO will therefore sustain support for implementation of policy and
guidelines on issues that represent the greatest health burden to children and
adolescents and capacity development for the implementation of cost effective
interventions that focus on newborn, older children and adolescents, particularly
programs that increase access of school aged children and adolescents to relevant
information and services. WHO will also strengthen support to child and adolescent
health initiatives through its other areas of work—Malaria, STI and HIV/AIDS).
19
WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, Nigeria (2014-2019); 2014

35 
3.2.2 BILATERAL DONORS
Bilateral donors play a significant role in funding and promoting the implementation of
development programs in the country. Their work flanges both upstream and
downstream but they do more downstream work than the multilateral group. As a
group, bilateral donors share many similarities in their approaches to development
owing to the fact that their approaches align to the CAF and more importantly, are
rallied around shared global commitments. In terms of implementation however, they
are distinct in their priorities and strategies even in similar program areas. There are a
broad range of bilateral actors whose activities impact on the adolescent girls‘ field to
differing degrees; some more directly than others. The major actors are discussed
presented below.
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
The scale and scope of USAID‘s development assistance portfolio in the country is
profound. Its strategy is designed to support Nigerian government‘s response to the
governance, economic, and human development challenges of the country. Therefore
its programs are fully aligned with Nigerian government priorities as laid out in the
Seven-Point Agenda and Vision 20, 20:2, while simultaneously tailored to the Country
Partnership Strategy (CPS) II and III. At the time of this study, the Nigeria Country
Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) for 2014-2017 was not officially available,
the most current CDCS being that of 2010-2013. The CDCS 2010-2013 notwithstanding
provided a useful barometer for gauging USAID program mandate for Nigeria, which is
unlikely to vary widely in the new CDCS post 2014. USAID‘s work is aggregated around
four policy pillars: governing justly and democratically; investing in people, particularly
through health and education; enhancing economic growth and trade; and improving
peace and security. Under these pillars, its objectives address five key issues including
youth, conflict, anticorruption, gender, and local institutional capacity, with a
conspicuous attention to the interests of children, adolescents, youths and women20.
USAID has a rich history supporting programs in adolescent sexual and reproductive
health and education in the country. Its approach to basic education support is
significantly systems strengthening; focused on addressing key issues in the
management, sustainability, governance and oversight of basic education. This
includes support to the GON for strengthening evidence based educational policy and
decision making; as well as providing significant support for strengthening non- formal
education systems. It has launched several grand initiatives including its current
Northern Education Initiative (NEI) project in Bauchi and Sokoto. Indeed, USAID has a
strong focus for Northeastern Nigeria, particularly in Adamawa, Bauchi, Gombe and
20
USAID/Nigeria Strategy 2010 – 2013

36 
Yobe states, where access to educational opportunities have been profoundly
disrupted, owing to insurgency. In these areas, USAID funded initiatives provide
continuity to education for displaced children, improving the quality of teaching and
learning, increasing equitable access to education, stabilizing institutional capacity to
deliver education, and integrating peace-building and promoting safety in schools21.
In accordance with the US government‘s efforts at addressing the HIV epidemic in
Africa, USAID implements two very important projects namely: the AIDSTAR project and
the strengthening HIV prevention services for most-at-risk populations. Information
provided by USAID representatives interviewed for this study highlighted certain reasons
for the successes recorded from the implementation of both projects. For one,
increased emphasis on advocacy has helped to promote healthy behaviours among
high risk population hence, reducing HIV prevalence especially in Northern Nigeria.
Central to advocacy initiatives under both projects is the provision of HIV counseling
and increased access to testing services as people are encouraged to know their HIV
status. Difficulty in disclosing HIV status presents an enormous challenge to effective
implementation of HIV projects and programs. This is why advocacy is very important.
Targeted advocacy, particularly in the North, has helped to increase male
engagement in healthcare facilities, especially in rural areas.
UK Department for International Development (DFID)
DFID‘s vision for Nigeria, which is aligned to Nigerian government priorities and the joint
donor strategy embedded in the CAF framework; is one of a peaceful, more
democratic and prosperous Nigeria, meeting the basic needs of its citizens,22. Spurred
by this vision, and a philosophy that ―Investing in girls and women is the smart thing to
do, as well as the right thing to do‖17, DFID prioritizes the improvement of the prospects
for girls and women across its efforts globally. In the Country Operational Plan (COP) for
Nigeria (2011-2016), revised in December 2014; DFID translates this philosophy into
concrete actions evidenced in its six direct strategic program pillars, including
governance, wealth creation, health, education, water and sanitation and poverty
and vulnerability. The trajectory of its support is on [1] support for social and economic
rights through programs on jobs and economic growth and on promoting basic services
in health, education and water and sanitation; [2] addressing inequalities through
heavy investments in girls‘ and women‘s empowerment across the program, with
increased programmatic focus on the North; [3] investing heavily on deepening civil
and political rights programs; [4] empowering citizens to claim rights through
strengthening voice and accountability and [5] raising human rights issues, including on
21
See https://www.usaid.gov/nigeria/education for further details
22
DFID Nigeria, Operational Plan 2011-2016: December 2014

37 
LGBT17. Across all of these strategic pillars and efforts, DFID has articulated very clear
strategies, targets and outcome areas for girls.
DFID‘s mandate in Nigeria is focused on northern Nigeria, where it has six of eight of its
focus states and invests more than 60% of its funds on major projects17 (Kaduna, Kano
and Jigawa, Katsina, Zamfara and Yobe)—for instance the Girls Education Project
currently in its third phase. The other two priority states are Lagos and Enugu (and
potentially Delta). Also DFID is implementing the Girls' Education Challenge program
(GEC) which aims at helping the poorest girls to have an opportunity to improve their
lives through education. The initiative focuses on finding better ways of increasing girls‘
enrolment in school and access to quality education in order to transform their future.
Furthermore, programs such as the Common Ground Initiative (CGI), co-funded by
DFID and managed by Comic Relief, are currently being implemented to directly and
indirectly create real and sustainable change for girls in some of the poorest and most
disadvantaged communities in Nigeria.
DFID is actively involved in addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria through its
‗HIVAIDS support project‘, which is mainly focused on Northern Nigeria. In similar vein as
USAID‘s AIDSTAR project, the ‗HIV/AIDS support project‘ places added emphasis on
increased advocacy on HIV prevention targeted at high-risk groups. One of the reasons
why this project is successful is that it uses a tracking system to ensure adherence
among ART clients. Again, this project has helped reduce HIV prevention in Northern
Nigeria by deploying more resources to most-at-risk groups in target populations.
European Union/Commission (EU/EC)
The latest EU/EC-Nigeria cooperation strategy available to the study team was the 10th
EDF Country Cooperation with Nigeria for 2008-2013. Based on the analysis of this
instrument and the framework of the 9th EDF, it is clear that the underlying mandate of
the EU/EC support to Nigeria is critically centered on the eradication of poverty in the
context of sustainable development, with particular attention to the MDGs, putting
human rights and good governance as critically important objectives. The EU/EC
funding is in two major categories; the focal and non-focal sector. The focal sector
includes [1] Peace and security [2] Governance and human rights and [3] Trade,
regional integration and energy; while the non-focal sector covers a range of issues
covered as contingency themes, including [1] Environmental protection and climate
change [2] Health and immunization and [3] Cultural, scientific and technical
cooperation. The EU/EC Nigeria cooperation mandate for adolescent girls is not
particularly explicit in the 10th EDF and so it is difficult to assess its positioning in this
arena.

38 
Canada Department for Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD) [formerly
CIDA]
The goal of Canada's international development program in Nigeria is to help the
country achieve equitable and sustainable poverty reduction23. This goal aligns with the
relevant plans and sector priorities particularly in the health sector, for instance the
National Health Sector Development Plan (NSHDP 2010-2015 and upcoming 2016-2020
NSHDP 2) and the Integrated Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (IMNCH) Strategy.
Canada works closely with Nigeria to improve health outcomes particularly on
improving health systems to meet the needs of mothers, newborns and children17. It also
focuses its development attention on sustainable economic growth and in this area,
invests in supporting government‘s efforts aimed at creating meaningful, sustainable
employment, especially for youth. DFATD supports nationwide initiatives but is primarily
focused on the south-south [Cross River] and North east [Bauchi] 17. In the north east,
DFATD provides support to children and their families in conflict affected and
emergency situations support. For instance through the Emergency Assistance for
Populations in North-Eastern Nigeria Programme commissioned in March 2015, DFATD
funds Action Against Hunger to address the urgent needs of internally displaced
children in communities affected by violence in Yobe State. Through this grant, DFATD is
providing safe drinking water and sanitation facilities; latrines for health facilities and
schools; including the promotion of safe hygiene practices24.
Additionally, DFATD provides support through multi-country multilateral partnerships for
programs focused on children and adolescent girls in humanitarian crises. For instance
With DFATD and other donors‘ support, UNICEF is implementing the Education in
Emergencies and Child Protection program on education and protection needs of
children in Nigeria. This project is part of a multi-country effort, aimed at providing
protected temporary and transitional learning spaces; providing learning and playing
material; providing counseling and psychological support; training teachers in
education and in disaster risk reduction; reinforcing/retrofitting schools in disaster-prone
areas; and providing rapid establishment of effective leadership for education cluster
coordination. Similarly in the Preventing Child, Early and Forced Marriage program
being implemented in Nigeria and Pakistan, through support to Save the Children
Canada, DFATD supports the protection and empowerment of girls and boys who are
already married, separated or divorced. The project works with civil society
organizations and networks and key government ministries to promote delaying
marriage and the age of parenthood, as well as to strengthen the protection of child
rights.
23
See http://www.international.gc.ca/development-developpement/countries-pays/nigeria
24
See http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca

39 
Other notable initiatives of DFATD which are currently operational and which have
significant impact on adolescent girls in the country include;
 The Scaling Up Nutrition project through DFATD funding to Helen Keller
International aimed at improving the well-being and survival of children under
the age of five in 13 African countries including Nigeria by delivering cost-
effective life-saving nutrition and health services including vitamin A
supplementation to prevent blindness and early death, immunizations to prevent
common childhood illnesses, and de-worming medication to improve the
nutrition and general health of children.
 The Protecting Adolescent Health and Rights program through funding to World
Renew international in partnership with Beacon of Hope Initiative (BHI) in Nigeria,
DFATD supports adolescents, particularly girls aged 13-18, in 71 communities in
Nigeria who are most at risk. The effort aims at increasing healthy behaviors
among adolescents to reduce the risks of HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted
infections and early/unwanted pregnancies. The project also intends to better
protect adolescents, especially girls, from violence and sexual abuse and
improve girls‘ literacy and vocational skills.
 The Community-Based Treatment for Children in Africa, through funding to the
International Rescue Committee‘s (IRC), DFATD supports efforts aimed at
improving access to Life-Saving Treatment to children, particularly for the
treatment for malaria, diarrhea and pneumonia.
 The Shaping Local Markets for Diarrhea Treatment program which contributes
through funding to the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) to reducing the
morbidities and mortalities from diarrhea amongst 4.2 million children; five years
of age in five Nigerian states.
 The Enhancing the Ability of Frontline Health Workers to Improve Health in Bauchi
and Cross River States, focused on improving the health and reducing the death
of infants, children, women and men in Bauchi and Cross River States
 The Youth Leadership, Entrepreneurship, Access and Development Project
(YouLead) aimed at increasing the sustainable economic growth and prosperity
of women, men and children in Cross River State, by increasing job and
entrepreneurial opportunities.
 The Polio Eradication Program to increase the number of children under five who
receive the polio vaccine.
 The Accelerating the Reduction of Maternal and Newborn Mortality initiative
designed to strengthen the delivery of maternal, newborn and child health
services through evidence-based and gender-responsive interventions, working
with existing health and community structures. The initiative is aimed at reducing

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