Egypt was unified under Pharaoh Menes in 3100 BCE, establishing the Old Kingdom and dynastic order. During this time, Egypt occupied and raided Nubia in Sudan, expanding its territory and influence. Menes also oversaw the introduction of hieroglyphic writing and construction of huge pyramids.

1. 3100 BCE: Unification of Upper and
Lower Egypt
• United by Pharaoh Menes and the dynastic
order of the Old Kingdom.
• Egyptian occupation and raiding against the Ta-
Seti in Sudanese Nubia;
• Hieroglyphics and huge pyramids introduced.