Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all.Java is a programming language and is commonly used for developing and delivering content on the Web. It is an object-oriented language similar to C++, but simplified. Administrators running applications on a server: Server JRE (Server Java Runtime Environment) For deploying Java applications on servers. Includes tools for JVM monitoring and tools commonly required for server applications, but does not include browser integration (the Java plug-in), auto-update, nor an installer.Java is a platform neutral language, which means it is not tied to any particular hardware or operating system. It guarantees users to ‘write once, run anywhere’. Java language is supported by almost every operating system such as Sun Solaris, RedHat, Windows etc.

1. Introduction to java
1. Java Tutorial – Objective
In this Java tutorial, we are going to learn about java evolution, development of Java language,
java features, Java frameworks, and Java support systems. Java tutorial covers various
development tools, classes in Java programming, and Java methods which comprises the Java
environment. This tutorial on java will help you get a quick insight into the Java programming
language and thus, help you learn java language.
Java Tutorial – java language
2. Introduction to Java Programming Language
Java Programming is a general-purpose object-oriented programming language, designed for the
development of software for consumer electronic devices such as TVs, VCRs, toasters, etc.
Java is a platform neutral language, which means it is not tied to any particular hardware or
operating system. It guarantees users to ‘write once, run anywhere’. Java language is supported
by almost every operating system such as Sun Solaris, RedHat, Windows etc.
Java Tutorial- Introduction to Java Language
Java programming language was developed by Sun Microsystems of the USA in 1991, it was
originally called Oak by James Gosling, who was one of the inventors of the language. The main
goal for the developers was to make the language highly reliable, portable and simple.
The team for the development of Java language included Patrick Naughton, who discovered that
the existing languages such as C and C++ had some major drawbacks in terms of reliability and
portability. They modeled the new language Java on C and C++ while removing some features
which they considered as constraints. This made Java a really simple, portable and powerful
language. To learn java basics, let’s revise Java syntax.

2. 3. Java Tutorial – History of Java
There is a chronicle of events that occurred during the whole course of development of the Java
language.
 1990-A team of Sun Microsystems programmers decided to develop a special software to
manipulate consumer electronic devices. The team headed by James Gosling
 1991-The team studied various languages present at that time, viz., C and C++ and
announced the new language to be “Oak”.
 1992-The team at Sun known as Green Project demonstrated the application of their new
language. For example, to control a list of home appliances using a hand device with the
tiny touchscreen.
 1993-The World Wide Web came to the internet and transformed the text-based Internet
into the graphical rich environment. The Green Project team came up with an idea of
developing Web applets (tiny programs) that could run on all types of computers
connected to the internet.
 1994-The team developed a web browser called “HotJava” to locate and run applet
programs on the internet. This made it immensely popular amongst the internet users.
 1995-Oak was renamed as “Java”, due to some legal snags. Java is a name, no acronym.
 1996-Java programming was established as the leader for internet programming and also
as a general-purpose object-oriented programming language. Sun releases Java
Development Kit 1.0.
 1997-Sun releases Java Development Kit 1.1 (JDK 1.1)
 1998-Sun releases the Java 2 with version 1.2 of the Software Development Kit (SD K
1.2)
 1999-Sun releases Java 2 platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) and Enterprise Edition
(J2EE)
 2000-Release ofJ2SE with SDK 1.3.
 2002-The release of J2SE with SDK 1.4.
 2004-The release of J2SE with JDK 5.0 (instead of JDK 1.5), known as J2SE 5.0.
 2006- The release of Java SE 6.
 2011- The release of Java SE 7.
 2014- The release of Java SE 8.
 2017- The release of Java SE 9.
4. Features of Java Programming
Java Tutorial- Features of Java Programming Language
The main goal of the inventors was to design a language which could offer solutions to the
problems encountered in modern programming. The goal being the language to be reliable,
portable and distributed and at the same time simple, compact and interactive.
a. Compiled and Interpreted

3. Java language combines both of these approaches thus making Java a two-stage system. This
approach was never offered before, as any language before was either compiled or interpreted.
Firstly, Java compiler translates source code into bytecode instructions, bytecodes are not
machine instructions.
Secondly, Java interpreter generates machine code that can be directly executed by the machine
that is running the Java program.
b. Independent and Portable
Java programs can be easily moved from one system to another, anywhere and anytime. Changes
or any upgrade in the operating system, processors and system resources will not force any
changes in Java programs.
Java programming ensures portability in two ways: firstly, Java compiler generates bytecode
instructions that can be implemented on any machine, and secondly, the size of the primitive data
types are machine independent.
c. Object-oriented
Almost everything in Java language is an object, which makes it a true object-oriented language.
All program code and data reside within objects and classes. Java comes with an extensive set of
classes, arranged in packages, which are used in program inheritance.
d. Robust and Secure
Java language provides many safeguards to ensure reliable code. It has strict run-time checking
for data types. It is designed as a garbage collected language, i.e., it captures series errors and
eliminates any risk of crashing the system.
Java systems verify all the memory access and thus ensures that no virus is communicated with
an applet.
e. Distributed
Java programming facilitates both, sharing of data and programs. Java applications can open and
access remote objects on Internet as easily as on any local system.
f. Simple, Small and Familiar
Java is a simplified version of C++, which is why it is familiar and yet different as it eliminates
all the redundant and unreliable code. For example, Java does not use pointers, preprocessor
header files, and many others. It also eliminates operator overloading and multiple inheritances
in Java.

4. g. Multithreaded and Interactive
Multithreaded means handling different tasks simultaneously. Java language supports
multithreaded programs, which means that we need not have to wait for one task to finish for
another to start. This feature of java greatly improves the interactive performance of graphical
applications.
h. High Performance
Java programming performance is very impressive considering the fact that is an interpreted
language, mainly because of the bytecodes. Java architecture is designed to reduce overheads.
i. Dynamic and Extensible
Java is a dynamic language, it is capable of dynamically linking in new class libraries, methods,
and objects. It can also determine the type of class through query.
j. Ease of Development
Java 2 standard edition (J2SE) 5.0 supports features such as Generics, Enhanced for loop,
Autoboxing or unboxing, Typesafe enums, varargs, Static import and Annotation. These java
features make it easy for the java programmer by shifting the responsibility of creating the
reusable code to the compiler, and also the resulting code is free from bugs.
k. Scalability and Performance
J2SE 5.0 improves the startup time and reducing the amount of memory used in Java 2 runtime
environment. Learn more features of Java.
5. Java Tutorial – C vs Java vs C++
Java Tutorial – C vs C++ vs JAVA
a. C vs Java
The major difference between C vs Java Programming language is that Java is an Object
Oriented language and has a mechanism to define classes and objects in java. The features of C
which are not included in Java are:
 No unique statement keywords of C size and typedef.
 No data types such as struct and union.
 Java does not define the type modifier keywords such as auto, extern, register, signed and
unsigned.
 No support for pointer type.
 Non-availability of preprocessor

5.  Java requires that the function with no argument must be declared with empty parenthesis
and with the void keyword.
 New Java operators such as instanceof and >>>.
 Java programming has labeled break and continue statements.
b. Java vs C++
The main difference between c++ vs Java is that Java is a true Object-oriented language while
C++ just adds an object-oriented extension to C. The increment operator in C++ indicates the
same thing.
The features listed below are intentionally omitted from Java language to make it better.
 No support for operator overloading.
 No template classes as in C++.
 A new feature called “interface” in Java programming and thus not supporting multiple
inheritances.
 Java language does not support global variables.
 Java uses a finalize () function instead of the destructor function.
 There are no header files in Java programming.
Let’s discuss Java Regular Expression and Java Array.
6. Java Tutorial – Java Language and the Internet
Java Tutorial – Java Language and Internet
Java is often called Internet language because the first application program written in Java was
HotJava, a Web browser to run applets on the Internet. Internet users can use Java to create
applets and run them locally using HotJava. A Java-enabled browser to download an applet
located anywhere on the Internet can also be used.
Java applets have made the Internet a true extension of the storage system on local computers.
Internet users can also set up their websites containing Java applets that could be used by remote
users.
7. Java Tutorial – Java Programming and World Wide Web
Java Tutorial – Java Programming Language with WWW
World Wide Web (www) is an information retrieval system where any information or file is
identified as Uniform source Locators (URLs) and are interlinked via hypertext links. WWW can
be accessed with the help of internet.

6. Internet and Java programming, both had the same philosophy and thus they were incorporated
with each other easily. Java made it possible for the World Wide Web to support animation,
graphics, games, and a wide range of special effects.
To communicate with any web page, Java uses APPLETs. The steps involved are –
1. The user requests for a hyperlink document to remote computer’s web server. (a web
server receives, processes, and sends the requested document)
2. The document contains the APPLET tag, which identifies the applet.
3. Java source code file compiles the bytecode for that applet, which is then transferred to
user’s computer.
4. The browser which is enabled by Java programming then interprets the bytecode and
provides the output.
8. Java Tutorial – Support Systems
The operations of Java language and Java-enabled browsers on the internet requires a variety of
support systems, namely,
 Internet Connection
 Web server
 Web Browser
 HTML- A language for creating hypertext for the web.
 APPLET tag
 Java code
 Bytecode
 Proxy Server-an intermediate server between the requesting client workstation and the
original server.
 Mail Server
9. Java Tutorial – Java Environment
It includes a large number of java development tools and java classes and methods.
The Java development tools are part of the system known as Java Development Kit (JDK) and
the classes and the methods in Java are a part of the Java Standard Library (JSL), also known as
the Application Programming Interface (API).
a. Java Development Kit
Java Development Kit includes-
 appletviewer (for viewing Java applets)
 javac ( Java compiler)
 java ( Java interpreter )

7.  javap ( Java disassembler )
 javah ( for C header files)
 javadoc ( for creating HTML files )
 jdb ( Java debugger )
b. Application Programming Interface
The Java Standard Library includes classes and packages, some most commonly used packages
are-
Language Support Package- A collection of Java classes and methods required for implementing
basic features of Java.
 Utility Package- To provide java utility functions.
 Input/output Package- For java input/ output manipulation.
 Networking Package- For communicating via the internet.
 AWT Package- The abstract window toolkit package contains classes that implement
platform independent graphical user interface.
 Applet Package- It allows to create Java applets.
c. Java Runtime Environment
It facilitates the execution of Java programs, comprising-
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) – It interprets the intermediate Java bytecode and generates the
desired output.
 Runtime class libraries- These are a set of core Java class libraries for execution of the
java program.
 User interface toolkits- Used for interaction with the Java application program.
 Deployment technologies
1)Java plugin- Enables the execution of a Java applet.
2) Java Web start- Enables an application to directly launch from the web browser without
installing. Learn more about Java Datatypes and Java Modifiers.
10. Java Tutorial – Constructs
Constructs are basically reserved keywords in any language, which cannot be used in rest of the
programs, i.e., as name of variables in Java, class or method. Java has around 50 such words,
they are-
abstractfornewenumsuperassertgotopackageextendsswtichbooleani
fprivatefinalsynchronizedbreakimplementsprotectedfinallythisbytei

8. mportpublicfloatthrowcaseinstance
ofcontinuewhilethrowscatchintdefaultreturntransientcharinterfaced
oshorttryclasslongdoublestaticvoidconstnativeelsestrictfpvolatile11.
Conclusion
Finally, In this Java tutorial, we learned about the history of Java programming language, java
features, how java is different from C and C++, how it is incorporated in World Wide Web with
help of Web browsers and the environment required for running Java applications.
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