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Powerpoint for Critical Thinking Through Debate Chapters 1 and 2.

The Nature of Argumentation Analyzing Debatable Claims

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Case Study / 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study Introduction to the Case Study This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue. The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade. This chapter won't present any new exposition. Instead, we provide some relevant review notes that have been excerpted from the earlier chapters. You can consult these notes if you need a refresher as you work through the final videos, articles, and questions in the course. REVIEW NOTES Arguments To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts: 1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim 2. conclusion – the claim being supported Common Fallacies Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning 1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion. 2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit. 3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." 4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion. 5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments. 6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true. 7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man." 8. False dichotomy: fallacy where the arguer inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation with the intent of prese ...

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Online Lecture Rationale Objectives 1. To understand the purpose of Rationale in mapping a simple argument. 2. To be able to apply the Golden Rule, the Rabbit Rule and the Holding Hands Rule 3. To have a working knowledge of the structure of a Rationale diagram What is Rationale? Rationale is a method of graphically representing ethical dilemmas and working towards the development of logical arguments. In particular it assists people to: • Engage in critical thinking • Participate in discussions • Formulate well reasoned arguments • Writing clear and concise essays / reports Graphical representation. Rationale The following slides will provide a brief introduction to the Rationale software. At the end of this lecture I will provide to you a link to the Tutorials and also a summary document on Rationale that I have generated Components of an argument Claim + Evidence + Reasoning = Proof How a simple argument works ….. Premise 1Premise 1 Premise 2Premise 2 Conclusion / Main claim Conclusion / Main claim The co-premise supports the claim Collectively these two. or more, supporting premises are referred to as co-premises The hierarchical nature of an argument Claim/conclusionClaim/conclusion SupportSupport ObjectionObjection SupportSupport ObjectionObjection SupportSupport ObjectionObjection SupportSupport ObjectionObjection Structured argument Claim/conclusionClaim/conclusion SupportSupport ObjectionObjection SupportSupport ObjectionObjection SupportSupport ObjectionObjection SupportSupport ObjectionObjection An objection refutes the claim/conclusion by providing contrary evidence. This then becomes a counter-claim An objection refutes the claim/conclusion by providing contrary evidence. This then becomes a counter-claim A supporting premise provides evidence in support of the claim/conclusion A supporting premise provides evidence in support of the claim/conclusion Claims and counter- claims are argued in exactly the same way Claims and counter- claims are argued in exactly the same way The main claim is expressed as an ethical issue. The main claim is expressed as an ethical issue. Simple argument Computer hacking produces positive results Computer hacking produces positive results Positive results are good for the community Positive results are good for the community Computer hacking is good for the community Computer hacking is good for the communityComputer hacking produces positive results and is good for the community Computer hacking produces positive results and is good for the community Computer hacking is good for the community Computer hacking is good for the community Note: Only one idea to a premise Do not include words such as ‘and’ or ‘because’ (joining words) Simple argument Computer hacking is good for the community Computer.

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Toulmin Model of Argument: The twentieth-century British philosopher Stephen Toulmin noticed that good, realistic arguments typically will consist of six parts. He used these terms to describe the items. Data: The facts or evidence used to prove the argument Claim: The statement being argued (a thesis) Warrants: The general, hypothetical (and often implicit) logical statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data. Qualifiers: Statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under which the argument is true. Rebuttals: Counter-arguments or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true. Backing: Statements that serve to support the warrants (i.e., arguments that don't necessarily prove the main point being argued, but which do prove the warrants are true.) Toulmin's diagram of arguments typically looks something like this example: An argument written in this manner unfolds to reveal both the strengths and limits of the argument. This is as it should be. No argument should pretend to be stronger than it is or apply further than it is meant to. The point here isn't to "win" or "beat" all the counter-arguments; the point is to come as close to the truth or as close to a realistic and feasible solution as we possibly can. Note that opening structure of "Data" leads to "Claim with qualifiers" is similar to the structure of a thesis in the form of an enthymeme, in which [one clause presenting a reason or evidence] leads to [another clause presenting an argument.] Toulmin's model reminds us that arguments are generally expressed with qualifiers and rebuttals rather than asserted as absolutes. This lets the reader know how to take the reasoning, how far it is meant to be applied, and how general it is meant to be. Here is an example from John Gage's The Shape of Reason in which the various parts of an argument are labeled: Congress should ban animal research (Claim #1) because animals are tortured in experiments that have no necessary benefit for humans such as the testing of cosmetics (Data). The well being of animals is more important than the profits of the cosmetics industry (Warrant). Only congress has the authority to make such a law (Warrant) because the corporations can simply move from state to state to avoid legal penalties (Backing). Of course, this ban should not apply to medical research (Qualifier). A law to ban all research would go too far (Rebuttal). So, the law would probably (qualifier) have to be carefully written to define the kinds of research intended (claim #2). The Toulmin model is useful for analyzing an argument you are reading. That was Toulmin's original purpose--the analysis of how arguments work. On the other hand, some students find it useful to use the Toulmin model as a basis for structure and organization. We might organize our essay in the following manner: I. I ...

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Argument structure: The Aristotelian argument The Aristotelian argument is the framework upon which most academic, thesis-driven writing is based. You can use this template any time you need to take a position on a topic.* Before getting started, make sure that your thesis is argumentative and non- obvious. When determining how to support your thesis, try to group all of your supporting evidence into distinct piles which have thematic similarities. Finally, develop each claim in its own section of text, making sure that each point is proportionate to the others. The back of this handout contains a template you can use to get started. 1. Start broad and contextualizes the argument (e.g. Why is your topic relevant to the course content?). 2. End with a specific argumentative claim--your thesis (e.g. “In Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal dilemmas still relevant to modern life.”). You may also opt to preview the progression of your argument (e.g. “In Augustine’s Confessions, we find many personal dilemmas still relevant to modern culture, evidenced by his greed, his theological experimentation, and his sense of despair when faced with personal loss.”) 3. Start each body paragraph with a distinct topic sentence; this tells the reader how the paragraph functions in the context of the argument (e.g. “One way in which Augustine’s confessions are still relevant to modern society is his greed, shown in his willingness to steal the pears despite being well-fed and otherwise content”). 4. Each paragraph should have distinct content based on some organizational principle (e.g. ethics, history, financial, legal, biblical, thematic (as in this example), etc.) 5. If your thesis is controversial, you may also opt to include a concession. This acknowledges a typical argument your opposition would present to you (e.g. “However, some theologians have claimed that the realities of the modern world have made Augustine less relevant to modern theological dilemmas. One example is Dr. NoName, who states…”). 6. Immediately following, and in about as much space, refute the opposition using evidence which undermines their criticism. 7. Conclude and broaden the scope of your argument, and this time, contextualize it in terms of relevance to your audience and society. *The example above is for illustration only. Placement of the thesis my vary; the number of points (and paragraphs composing them) can change. The Center for Writing 3 Bockman Hall 651.641.3465 www.luthersem.edu/writing Context & Relevance: Concession: Refutation: Topic Sentence 3: Supporting claims: Topic Sentence 2: Supporting claims: Topic Sentence 1: Supporting claims: Relevance & Context: Thesis: marci Note Note: This template lacks a Background Section. This section answers the questions: (1) Why is this a problem?; (2) What are the origins/causes of the problem?Aristoteli ...

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Name: Date: Test 6 (Units 6 and 7) Save this test on your computer, and complete the questions by marking correct answers with the “text color” function ( ) located on the “home” toolbar Section I.Multiple Choice/True and False 1. One of the central tenets of homeopathy is the (unfounded) assertion that water retains a "memory" of substances dissolved in it, even when the solution becomes so weak that no trace of the original substance is present. However, if we accept this hypothesis, then any quantity of tap water would have already acquired all the beneficial chemicals, and all the harmful ones too. This . . . scenario weakens the hypothesis of water memory. This refutation is a(n) a. reduction to the absurd b. counterexample c. appeal to countervailing evidence d. post hoc e. suppressio veri The premises of this argument are dependent: “Dogs make better pets than cats. They’re smarter, more sociable, more loyal, and easier to train.” True False 2. If we can show that any premise of an argument is false, that argument has been successfully refuted. True False 3. We may have good reason to question the credibility of a source if a. the source was not in a good position to judge accurately b. the source has proven unreliable in the past c. the issue is not one that can be settled by expert opinion d. all of the above 4. Showing that one of its crucial* premises is in principle unverifiable refutes (defeats) the argument True False *Note: What Bassham titles a “critical” premise I am referring to as a “crucial premise”, because I want to avoid the ambiguity involved in the former expression (between “critical” as essential and “critical” as criticizing.) 5. The premises of this argument are dependent: “Dogs make better pets than cats. They’re smarter, more sociable, more loyal, and easier to train.” True False 6. The circumstance that a crucial premise is unsupported always renders an argument bad. (careful) True False 7. The principle of rational acceptance is a crucial technique for evaluating any claim. (careful) True False 8 There are legitimate and important ways of criticizing an argument that still don’t contribute to refuting it. True False A fuzzy argument can still be a good argument due to its intrinsic merits. True False 9. A fuzzy argument can still be a good argument due to its intrinsic merits. True False Section II.Short Answers 10. Please indicate any two of the characteristics that might serve to justify accepting a claim as a legitimate premise. 11. Name any three of the conditions that might lead to question a claim based on your own sensory experience? 12. Please indicate any 2 of the methods for showing a premise to be dubious or false: 13. What is the principle of rational acceptance? 14. Glenn Beck: “The Federal Government threatening to take over the State Parks if the State Government decides to privatize its parks! That's sh ...

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Assessment task title: Essay (Critical Evaluation of Legal) Details of Task: "The directors of companies,... being managers of other people’s money than their own, it cannot well be expected that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which partners in a (...partnership...) frequently watch over their own. ... Negligence and profusion, therefore must always prevail more or less, in the management of the affairs of ...a company. ( Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Random House, New York :1937), 700) Support, refute or refine the above assertion in the light of corporate governance theories. Critically assess the success of the Codes of Corporate Governance Codes in addressing the problems identified by Adam Smith. Word limit: 1900- 2000 words Criteria for marking: The marking rubric will be posted on Moodle Learning objectives assessed: 2, 3 and 4 WRITING AN OPINION ON A LEGAL ISSUE Introduction The presentation of an opinion on a legal issue will be considered under two heads as follows: (a) The pre-writing stage; and, (b) The actual writing. The pre-writing stage encompasses the collection of data, making notes and making preliminary decisions about the information amassed and avoiding pitfalls. Very often, the position adopted – for or against – an issue is emotional and is part of the pre-writing stage.The validity of your position has to be tested against the facts, opinions and other data you compile even before you begin drafting your outline. Before the writing begins Normally, you will be given a set of facts involving one or more issues which may involve the law . The facts give rise to a difference of opinion with some arguing in favour of an issue and others arguing against it.. You are usually asked to support a given point of view or to rebut it or to refine it. Several preliminary matters must be considered before you actually put pen to paper. Legal issues are usually carefully crafted and are highly unlikely to contain any unnecessary facts. Thus every fact furnished is likely to be important. It is therefore necessary that you do not dismiss out of hand, any detail as “superfluous”. Even if you think that a fact is surplusage, consider it carefully to determine its impact on the issue; chances are that it does affect the legal position. Close consideration of such a fact will usually enable you to establish its relevance to the legal issue under scrutiny. Normally, the fact situation given is complete and you are not expected to supply any missing facts. This does not, however, mean that you cannot draw attention to facts that appear to have been omitted from the issue. One situation in which this must be done is where, in your opinion, the missing facts will drastically affect alter the legal position you are arguing.. However, before you do this, you must ensure that you have scrutinized all the given facts to ensure that the fact perceived to be missi.

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Effective data discovery is crucial for maintaining compliance and mitigating risks in today's rapidly evolving privacy landscape. However, traditional manual approaches often struggle to keep pace with the growing volume and complexity of data. Join us for an insightful webinar where industry leaders from TrustArc and Privya will share their expertise on leveraging AI-powered solutions to revolutionize data discovery. You'll learn how to: - Effortlessly maintain a comprehensive, up-to-date data inventory - Harness code scanning insights to gain complete visibility into data flows leveraging the advantages of code scanning over DB scanning - Simplify compliance by leveraging Privya's integration with TrustArc - Implement proven strategies to mitigate third-party risks Our panel of experts will discuss real-world case studies and share practical strategies for overcoming common data discovery challenges. They'll also explore the latest trends and innovations in AI-driven data management, and how these technologies can help organizations stay ahead of the curve in an ever-changing privacy landscape.

TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery

TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery

TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery

FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024

FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024

FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024

The Digital Insurer

Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024

Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024

Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024

The Digital Insurer

Created by Mozilla Research in 2012 and now part of Linux Foundation Europe, the Servo project is an experimental rendering engine written in Rust. It combines memory safety and concurrency to create an independent, modular, and embeddable rendering engine that adheres to web standards. Stewardship of Servo moved from Mozilla Research to the Linux Foundation in 2020, where its mission remains unchanged. After some slow years, in 2023 there has been renewed activity on the project, with a roadmap now focused on improving the engine’s CSS 2 conformance, exploring Android support, and making Servo a practical embeddable rendering engine. In this presentation, Rakhi Sharma reviews the status of the project, our recent developments in 2023, our collaboration with Tauri to make Servo an easy-to-use embeddable rendering engine, and our plans for the future to make Servo an alternative web rendering engine for the embedded devices industry. (c) Embedded Open Source Summit 2024 April 16-18, 2024 Seattle, Washington (US) https://events.linuxfoundation.org/embedded-open-source-summit/ https://ossna2024.sched.com/event/1aBNF/a-year-of-servo-reboot-where-are-we-now-rakhi-sharma-igalia

A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?

A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?

A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?

As privacy and data protection regulations evolve rapidly, organizations operating in multiple jurisdictions face mounting challenges to ensure compliance and safeguard customer data. With state-specific privacy laws coming up in multiple states this year, it is essential to understand what their unique data protection regulations will require clearly. How will data privacy evolve in the US in 2024? How to stay compliant? Our panellists will guide you through the intricacies of these states' specific data privacy laws, clarifying complex legal frameworks and compliance requirements. This webinar will review: - The essential aspects of each state's privacy landscape and the latest updates - Common compliance challenges faced by organizations operating in multiple states and best practices to achieve regulatory adherence - Valuable insights into potential changes to existing regulations and prepare your organization for the evolving landscape

TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments

TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments

TrustArc Webinar - Stay Ahead of US State Data Privacy Law Developments

Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024

Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024

Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024

The Digital Insurer

"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...

"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...

"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...

In the thrilling conclusion to 2023, ransomware groups had a banner year, really outdoing themselves in the "make everyone's life miserable" department. LockBit 3.0 took gold in the hacking olympics, followed by the plucky upstarts Clop and ALPHV/BlackCat. Apparently, 48% of organizations were feeling left out and decided to get in on the cyber attack action. Business services won the "most likely to get digitally mugged" award, with education and retail nipping at their heels. Hackers expanded their repertoire beyond boring old encryption to the much more exciting world of extortion. The US, UK and Canada took top honors in the "countries most likely to pay up" category. Bitcoins were the currency of choice for discerning hackers, because who doesn't love untraceable money?

Ransomware_Q4_2023. The report. [EN].pdf

Ransomware_Q4_2023. The report. [EN].pdf

Ransomware_Q4_2023. The report. [EN].pdf

Overkill Security

In this session, we will delve into strategic approaches for optimizing knowledge management within Microsoft 365, amidst the evolving landscape of Copilot. From leveraging automatic metadata classification and permission governance with SharePoint Premium, to unlocking Viva Engage for the cultivation of knowledge and communities, you will gain actionable insights to bolster your organization's knowledge-sharing initiatives. In this session, we will also explore how to facilitate solutions to enable your employees to find answers and expertise within Microsoft 365. You will leave equipped with practical techniques and a deeper understanding of how there is more to effective knowledge management than just enabling Copilot, but building actual solutions to prepare the knowledge that Copilot and your employees can use.

Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...

Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...

Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...

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A Year of the Servo Reboot: Where Are We Now?

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Chapters 1 & 2

1. The Nature of Argumentation Analyzing Debatable Claims

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Editor's Notes

Fact resolutions deal with statements that determine whether something is true or false or whether something exists or does not exist. Theoretically, a factual question can be answered in an objective manner, but at times, there are questions about truth claims. For our topic, the statement “subsidies help small farmers to survive” is a debatable, factual claim. Value resolutions deal with subjective evaluations of good or bad. For our topic, we could debate whether conservation subsidies are good for the environment or not. Policy topics are what we will debate in this class. They advocate an action, usually by the government.