4. INTRODUCTION
THE GENITALTRACT
• Genital tract The organs involved in reproduction. In a male, they
include the penis, testicles, prostate and various tubular structures to
transport seminal fluid and sperm.
• In a female, they include the clitoris, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian
tubes and ovaries.
5. INFECTION
An infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease -
causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to
the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease,
also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an
illness resulting from an infection.
11. • Infection or inflammation of the vagina or vulva. This can result in
discharge, itching and pain.
• Very common (More than 1 crore cases per year in India )
• Transmitted through sexual contact .
12. Causes
• Bacteria,
• yeast,
• viruses,
• chemicals in creams or sprays, and even clothing can cause vaginitis.
• Sometimes, it occurs from organisms that are passed between sexual partners.
Also, a number of different factors can affect the vagina.
• These include your overall health, your personal hygiene, medicines, hormone .
13. Symptoms
• Burning sensation in the vagina
• Itching
• Pain while urinating
• Pain during intercourse
• Change in the colour and amount of the discharge
• White, grey or yellow vaginal discharge, with an unpleasant smell
• Vaginal spotting or bleeding
14. Treatments
• Treatment depends on the type of vaginitis.
• Medication
• Antifungals: In case of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
• Ketaconazole
• Topical vaginal oestrogen: In case of atrophic vaginitis.
• Oestrogen
• Self care: Contact dermatitis
• Removal of causative agent
• Triamicolone ointment
• Wet compress
• Hydrocortisone
• Therapies: Pain management
15. Bartholin's Cyst
• A fluid-filled swelling (cyst) in the Bartholin's glands, located at the either side
of the vagina opening, due to infection or injury.
• Common (More than 10 lakh cases per year in India)
• Fluid filled sacs are formed when the opening of the Bartholin's gland, becomes
obstructed due to an infection or injury. Commonly noted symptoms include
pain, swelling and discomfort. Treatment depends on the size and severity of
the condition. Many time home cares would be suffice. Medications or surgery
may be necessary in severe cases.
16.
17. Causes
• Cysts are formed due to the blockage of Bartholin's gland,which could be due to:
• Infection
• Injury
• Sexually transmitted diseases
Symptoms
• A small, non-infected Bartholin's cyst may not be noticeable unless it grows.
• If the cyst becomes infected, symptoms may include pain and discomfort.
• Pain in the pelvis during sexual intercourse
• Tender, painful lump around the vaginal opening
• Discomfort in walking or sitting
• Fever
18. Treatments
• Treatment depends on the size and severity of the condition. Many time home cares
would be suffice. Medications or surgery may be necessary in severe cases.
• Medication
• Antibiotics: If infection is seen.
• Penicillin
• Self care: Sitz bath is recommended.
• Sit in a tube filled with warm water for few minutes everyday for two to three days. The
cyst will rupture and drain out on its own.
• Medical procedures: Drainage Marsupialization
19. • Vaginal infections can cause pain and discomfort. Without treatment, they
may lead to complications that can adversely affect a person’s health.
However, people can treat or manage most vaginal infections.
• Common symptoms
• unusual vaginal discharge
• vaginal discharge that has a strong odor
• irritation and swelling of the vagina and vulva
• pain and burning sensations while urinating
20. CAUSES
• Bacterial infections
• Yeast infections
• This vaginal infection is caused by a protozoan parasite that can be contracted
through sexual intercourse.
• Vaginal atrophy. This condition commonly occurs after menopause. It can also
develop during other times in your life when your estrogen levels decline, such as
while breastfeeding. Reduced hormone levels can cause vaginal thinning and
dryness. These can lead to vaginal inflammation.
21. • Irritants. Soaps, body washes, perfumes, and vaginal contraceptives can
all irritate your vagina. This can cause inflammation.
• Tight-fitting clothes may also cause heat rashes that irritate your vagina.
Treatments
• A person can take antibiotics to treat .
• A doctor will prescribe either metronidazole or tinidazole.
22. • Cervicitis is an irritation or infection of the cervix.
• A number of different organisms can cause it.
• Cervicitis can be either acute, meaning symptoms start suddenly and are
severe, or chronic, lasting over a period of months or longer.
23. Causes
• Cervicitis is most often caused by an infection that is caught during
sexual activity. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that can cause
cervicitis include .
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Herpes virus
• Human papilloma virus
24. Symptoms
• While each woman may experience symptoms differently, the
following are the most common symptoms of cervicitis:
• Purulent discharge (containing pus)
• Pelvic pain
• Bleeding between periods or after sexual intercourse
• Urinary problems
26. Prevention
• Cervical cancer risks can be prevented by:
• Getting vaccinated against HPV ( Human papilloma virus )
from age 9 to 26. Vaccine is effective if administered before they turn
sexually active
• Regular pap smear tests to detect the cancerous conditions of the cervix
after 35 years
• Safe sexual practices such as using condoms
• Avoid smoking
27. Endometritis
Endometritis is inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium).
Causes
• The exact cause of endometriosis is not known. The commonly associated
causes are:
• Retrograde menstruation: Normally, the menstrual blood flows from uterus
through cervix and vagina. In retrograde menstruation, menstrual blood flows
back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity
• Hormonal imbalance in the body
• Surgical scars: from surgeries such as a Caesarean (C-section) or hysterectomy
• Immune system problems
• Genetics
28. Symptoms :-
• fever
• lower abdominal pain, and abnormal vaginal bleeding or
discharge.
• It is the most common cause of infection after childbirth.
• It is also part of spectrum of diseases that make up pelvic
inflammatory disease.
29. Diagnosis
• Blood testing A complete blood count, or CBC, can be used to monitor for
possible infection or assess inflammatory conditions.
• Cervical cultures The doctor may take a swab from the cervix to look for
chlamydia, gonorrhea, or other bacteria.
• Wet mount Discharge from the cervix may be collected and looked at under a
microscope. This can help to identify other causes of an infection or
inflammation.
• Endometrial biopsy This is a brief procedure performed in the doctor’s office,
where the cervix is dilated to allow a small instrument into the uterus. The
instrument takes a small sample of the endometrial lining, which is then sent to
the lab for analysis.
• Laparoscopy or hysteroscopy These surgical procedures allow the doctor to
look directly at the uterus.
30. Treatment
• Antibiotics :- These are used to fight the bacteria causing the uterus lining
inflammation. If the infection is very severe, a person may need intravenous
antibiotics in the hospital.
• Further tests:- Cervical cultures or an endometrial biopsy to ensure that the
infection is completely gone after finishing the course of antibiotics. If not, a
different antibiotic may be needed.
• Removing tissue:- If there is any tissue left in the uterus after childbirth or a
miscarriage, the surgeon may need to remove it.
• Treating any abscesses:- If an abscess forms in the abdomen from the
infection, surgery or a needle aspiration will be needed to remove the
infected fluid or pus.
• If the infection is sexually transmitted, a woman’s sexual partner may need to
be treated also.
31. Complications
• Endometritis, if it is left untreated, may cause the following complications:
• infertility
• pelvic peritonitis (general pelvic infection)
• abscess in the pelvis or uterus
• septicemia (bacteria in the bloodstream)
• septic shock
• Outlook
• The outlook for a woman with endometritis is very good, especially if she is
treated with antibiotics. Seeing the doctor and starting treatment early will
significantly reduce the risk of complications.
32. • collection of pus in the uterine cavity is called pyometra .
• occlusion of the cervical.
• enough sources of pus formation inside the uterine cavity .
• presence of low grade infection .
CAUSE:-
• Obstetrical
• endocervical carcinoma
• Infected hematometra
• Tubercular endometritis
33. • Purulent discharge per vaginam
• Abdomenal pain
• Fever
• Bodyache
•Pyometra is drained by simple dilatation of the cervix.
•Hysterectomy
34. Salpingitis is a type of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID refers to an
infection of the reproductive organs. It develops when harmful bacteria enter
the reproductive tract. Salpingitis and other forms of PID usually result from
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that involve bacteria, such as chlamydia or
gonorrhea.
Salpingitis causes inflammation of the fallopian tubes. Inflammation can spread
easily from one tube to the other, so both tubes may become affected.
35. causes
have had an STI
have unprotected sex
have multiple sexual partners
have one partner who has multiple sexual partners
36. symptoms
• foul-smelling vaginal discharge
• yellow vaginal discharge
• pain during ovulation, menstruation, or sex
• spotting between periods
• dull lower back pain
• abdominal pain
• nausea
• vomiting
• fever
• frequent urination
37. • oral or intravenous antibiotics
• clear the bacterial infection. Your sexual partners will also require antibiotics.
Encourage them to get tested for STIs. If you clear the infection .
• laparoscopic surgery
38. • Oophoritis is an inflammation of the ovaries. It is often seen in combination with
salpingitis. It may develop in response to infection.
symptoms :- pain in the lower abdomen and pelvis
• menstrual bleeding that’s heavier than usual
• bleeding between menstrual cycles
• pain or bleeding during intercourse
• heavy vaginal discharge, which may have a foul odor
• burning sensations or pain during urination
• difficulty urinating
39. causes
• The partner is having STDs
• Insertion IUD without following sterilization and also lack of
personal hygiene cause the possibilities infectious agent’s entrance.
• Douching also promotes the infection of the uterus and gradually
spread to the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
• Infections of the cervix also lead to tubo-ovarian abscess formation.
40. • Antibiotics
• drain infected abscesses. Surgery may also be used to remove blockages or
pelvic adhesions
• hormone replacement therapy
• Analgecis
41. Parametritis
Parametritis, is an inflammation of the parametrium. It is considered a form of
pelvic inflammatory disease. It is a type of a Puerperal infection or postpartum
infection, which is an infection that occurs when bacteria infect the uterus and
surrounding areas after a woman gives birth. It's also known as a postpartum
infection.
42. causes
• Abortions
• Inflammation of neighboring organs (rectum, appendix, etc.). The
causative agents in this case penetrate the peritoneal tissue, usually by
a lymphogenous route.
43. SYMPTOM
• pain in the lower abdomen, radiating to the sacrum and waist.
• Parametritis always accompanied by fever, sometimes with chills.
Depending on localization and distribution process disturbed activity of
adjacent organs.
• redness, increased blood and lymphatic vessels, edema
44. Treatment
• In the acute stage of the disease used antibiotics and sulfa drugs.
Before you apply a particular antibiotic, you need to install a
pathogen and its resistance to this antibiotic. Sulfa drugs should be
combined with antibiotics. Need peace, strict bed rest, ice on his
stomach, care bowel enema, light saline laxatives), pain - narcotic and
antispasmodic.
45. PELVIC ABSCESS
• A tender mass filled with pus caused due to infection. The abscesses can
develop in any part of the body. They are usually red, warm and painful.
• Most common causes are bacterial infection. Warmth or redness in the area,
fever, and chills are the common symptoms. Treatment depends on the type of
abscess. Surgery may be necessary, and the type of surgery depends on the
location of the abscess.
46. • A smooth swelling under the skin that may feel hard or firm
• Pain and tenderness in the affected area
• Warmth and redness in the affected area
• A visible build-up of white or yellow pus under the skin in the affected area
• A high body temperature (fever)
• Chills
Signs of skin abscess are:
47. Signs and symptoms of an internal
abscess are:
• Discomfort in the area of the abscess
• Fever
• Increased sweating
• Feeling sick
• Vomiting
• Chills
• Pain or swelling in the tummy (abdomen)
• Loss of appetite and weight Loss
• Extreme tiredness (fatigue)
48.
49. MANAGEMENT
• Treatment depends on the type of abscess.
• Surgery may be necessary, and the type of surgery depends on the location of
the abscess.
Medication :-
• Antibiotics: For bacterial infections.
• Flucloxacillin · Clindamycin · Cephalosporins
• Medical procedures: Drainage
50.
51. CONCLUSION
Infection in the genital tract is common in men as well as women and it is
caused by various bacteria, fungus and viruses. Genital tract infection can
develop after a sexual intercourse where one partner is infected and transmits
the disease to other; these infections are known as sexually transmitted
diseases or STD.
52. • Dutta DC.Text book of Gyneacology 7th ediction jaypee The health Sciences Publishre New
Delhi London Philadelphia panama , pg No-131-145 .
• Dutta DC.Text book of obstetrics including perinatal and contraception central publication
7th edition jaypee brothers medical publishers (p)LTD New delhi .
• Jacob annama,text book of comprehensive text book of midwify and gynecology nursing
jaypee publication3rd edition jaypee brothers medical publishers (p)LTD New delhi
• https://www.slideshare.net/SharonAntony8/genital-tract-infections .
• https://www.slideshare.net/HelenMadamba/infections-of-the-genital-tract .
• https://www.slideshare.net/HelenMadamba/infections-of-the-genital-tract .
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