bariatric and metabolic surgery

1. Presentor – Dr. Bharat Chaudhary
PG resident
Dept. of General Surgery

2. Obesity is becoming the plague of the 21st century. With
overweight becoming the norm in most western countries
and newly resource-rich countries, two-thirds of adults are
overweight or obese.
Obesity and lack of physical activity have the second largest
public health impact after smoking. Severe obesity increases
the risk of cancer, is associated with multiple other diseases,
affects quality of life and reduces life expectancy by 5–20
years.

3. Obesity runs in families and social networks
and very few obese people have an identifiable
genetic, hormonal basis such as Prader–Willi
syndrome.
Surgeons encounter the problem of obesity on
a daily basis as it affects the treatment of
nearly every abdominal pathology in terms of
approach and outcomes.
Dieting, increasing energy expenditure
through exercise, and intensive lifestyle
intervention, are successful for most obese
people in helping them lose 6–8% body weight
in the short term, up to 1–3 years.

4. Currently there is no available pharmacotherapy
that is safe and clinically or cost-effective in the
long term, and there is none on the horizon
remotely as effective as bariatric surgery.
Bariatric surgery is the branch of surgery
involving manipulation of the stomach and/or
small bowel to aid weight loss. Severe and
complex obesity is a phrase commonly used for
patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥35 and
obesity-related disease, or BMI ≥40 by itself .

8. Due to the tendency for basal metabolic rate to decrease
with dieting, most people will regain all their weight,
returning to the previous homeostatic set point.
Bariatric surgery appears to alter this mechanism and
‘reset’ this point, with 15–25% weight loss maintenance up
to 20 years .
Bariatric surgery leads to long-term survival benefit and
improves obesity-related disease and quality of life.

9. Metabolic’ or ‘diabetes’ surgery is increasingly being used
in conjunction with, or instead of, ‘bariatric surgery’ due to
the highly effective way surgery improves the metabolic
syndrome, with weight loss being a welcomed additional
effect. Type 2 diabetes is part of the ‘metabolic syndrome’
that includes high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia and
polycystic ovary syndrome.
The term refers to the marked effects of some operations
on diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, which may have
an impact more important than weight loss itself.

10. The improvement in type 2 diabetes may be additional to
the weight loss.
Surgery is very cost effective since medications reduce or
stop as glycaemic control improves.

11. Bariatric surgery is a treatment option for anyone with a
BMI ≥40.
 Offer an expedited assessment for people with a BMI ≥35
with onset of type 2 diabetes in the past 10 years.
Consider an assessment for people with a BMI of 30–34.9
with onset of type 2 diabetes within 10 years.

12. Consider an assessment for people of Asian origin with onset of
type 2 diabetes at a lower BMI than other populations.
 Bariatric surgery is the option of choice for adults with BMI
>50 when other interventions have not been effective.
 People fitting the above criteria are also required to be
receiving, or to receive, assessment in a specialist weight-
management service before referral to a surgical team.

13. NICE-accredited guidance on the make-up of the medical
and surgical bariatric multidisciplinary team.
Bariatric physician in primary (can be the general practitioner) or
secondary care (usually a diabetologist).
Dietitian
 Specialist nurse
Appropriately trained mental health professional Bariatric
surgeon

14. Bariatric surgeon
Anaesthetist
Radiologist
± Exercise therapists
Other secondary care specialities, e.g. respiratory/sleep
medicine, cardiology

15. Multidisciplinary assessment
Every patient should be assessed and managed by a coherent and
well-functioning team of healthcare professionals with a varied
background and expertise.
 Improved outcomes are usually achieved in high-volume,
specialised units.
 Data collection and submission to national registries are
recommended to provide quality assurance and long-term
outcome data

16. An international survey by IFSO ( International Federation
for Surgery of Obesity) in 2013 indicated that there were
nearly 5,00,000 procedures done annually. Gastric bypass
comprised 45%, sleeve gastrectomy 37%, gastric banding
10% and biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch (BPD/
DS) 1.5%.
 The variety of procedures usually reflects surgeon expertise
and surgeon and patient preference.
Sleeve gastrectomy is rapidly gaining popularity at the
expense of gastric banding and to a lesser extent gastric
bypass.

17. Although adjustable gastric banding is declining in the UK
and elsewhere, it did boost the popularity of bariatric
surgery due to the perioperative safety, the lack of
nutritional complications and its relative ease and
availability.
The pars flaccida technique (through the window of the
lesser omentum) is now standard practice with a band
placed just below the oesophagogastric junction, making a
small ‘virtual’ gastric pouch .
The band is sutured into place anteriorly with
gastrogastric tunneling sutures to reduce slippage.

19. The access port is routinely sutured to the rectus sheath in the
upper abdomen for ease of access by a non-coring, Huber needle
for band adjustments.
The initial surgical placement is only the beginning of the
treatment. Specialist nurses, physicians and surgeons do
‘band consultations’ to assess eating habits and then perform an
adjustment with injection or aspiration of saline if indicated.
Follow-up should be monthly to begin with as needed during
the first year, with full MDT support to help patients get the
best use out of their bands.

21.  This operation is less challenging to perform than gastric
bypass.
 The lesser curve-based gastric tube is constructed over a size
32–36 Fr bougie, although some advocate that even larger
sizes reduce the risk of staple line leakage.
 Linear stapling devices are used and again there is variation in
the different techniques between how wide the staplers should
be and whether reinforcement strips should be used.
 However, the sleeve is considered to be associated with lower
perioperative risk and similar weight-loss outcomes to gastric
bypass up to 3 or more years.

23. BPD, described by Scopinaro in Naples, produces greater
weight loss than other procedures, but is associated with a
higher nutritional complication rate.
The mechanism of action appears to be mainly
malabsorption of calories.
The DS is a variant of the BPD

24.  A sleeve gastrectomy is followed
by division of the duodenum just
distally to the pylorus. The ileum
is divided with a linear stapler,
followed by a duodenoileostomy
and ileoileostomy with the
objective to create a common
channel of 75–125 cm and an
alimentary channel of 100–250
cm.

25. Single anastomosis duodenoileal bypass with sleeve
gastrectomy (SADI-S) is a novel procedure based on the BPD-
DS.
A sleeve gastrectomy is followed by an end-to-side duodenoileal
anastomosis.
The length of the common channel–alimentary limb is 200 cm.
Potential advantages include the preservation of the pylorus,
elimination of one anastomosis compared to the DS, reduced
operating time and reduced risk of perioperative complications.

27. Shared-care arrangements with surgeons/physicians and
primary care need to be in place so that diabetes and
hypertension medications and dosage can be appropriately
reduced as weight is lost.
Every diabetic needs at least an annual review. Although
gastric banding, gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy do not
cause protein–calorie malabsorption, bariatric surgery can
cause severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies, amplifying
pre-existing deficiencies caused by being obese.

28. All patients should have routine metabolic and nutritional
monitoring lifelong . Patients need regular multivitamins/trace
element supplements. The minimum frequency of assessment
is 3–6 monthly in the first postoperative year, 6–12 monthly in
the second year and at least annually thereafter.
Folic acid supplementation should be considered in all sexually
active women of child- bearing age, due to the risk of neural
tube defects. This is especially important as fertility often
improves after surgery.
The MDT also needs to support the small number of patients
who develop severe mental health issues after surgery, as
there is a slightly increased risk of suicide after gastric bypass.

29.  Bailey & Love’s short practice of surgery ( 27th edition)