4. Introduction
Operations management is the management of an
organization’s productive resources or its production
system.
A production system takes inputs and converts them
into outputs.
The conversion process is the predominant activity of
a production system.
The primary concern of an operations manager is the
activities of the conversion process.
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5. Organizational Model
Finance
Sales HRM
OM
QA
Marketing
MIS Accounting
Engineering
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6. Entry-Level Jobs in OM
Purchasing planner/buyer
Production (or operations) supervisor
Production (or operations) scheduler/controller
Production (or operations) analyst
Inventory analyst
Quality specialist
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7. Historical Milestones in OM
The Industrial Revolution
Post-Civil War Period
Scientific Management
Human Relations and Behaviorism
Operations Research
The Service Revolution
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8. The Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution developed in England in the
1700s.
The steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1764,
largely replaced human and water power for factories.
Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in 1776 touted
the economic benefits of the specialization of labor.
Thus the late-1700s factories had not only machine
power but also ways of planning and controlling the
tasks of workers.
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9. The Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution spread from England to
other European countries and to the United Sates.
In 1790 an American, Eli Whitney, developed the
concept of interchangeable parts.
The first great industry in the US was the textile
industry.
In the 1800s the development of the gasoline engine
and electricity further advanced the revolution.
By the mid-1800s, the old cottage system of
production had been replaced by the factory system.
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10. Post-Civil War Period
During the post-Civil War period great expansion of
production capacity occurred.
By post-Civil War the following developments set the
stage for the great production explosion of the 20th
century:
increased capital and production capacity
the expanded urban workforce
new Western US markets
an effective national transportation system
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11. Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor is known as the father of scientific
management. His shop system employed these steps:
Each worker’s skill, strength, and learning ability
were determined.
Stopwatch studies were conducted to precisely set
standard output per worker on each task.
Material specifications, work methods, and routing
sequences were used to organize the shop.
Supervisors were carefully selected and trained.
Incentive pay systems were initiated.
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12. Scientific Management
In the 1920s, Ford Motor Company’s operation
embodied the key elements of scientific management:
standardized product designs
mass production
low manufacturing costs
mechanized assembly lines
specialization of labor
interchangeable parts
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13. Human Relations and Behavioralism
In the 1927-1932 period, researchers in the
Hawthorne Studies realized that human factors were
affecting production.
Researchers and managers alike were recognizing
that psychological and sociological factors affected
production.
From the work of behavioralists came a gradual
change in the way managers thought about and
treated workers.
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14. Operations Research
During World War II, enormous quantities of
resources (personnel, supplies, equipment, …) had to
be deployed.
Military operations research (OR) teams were formed
to deal with the complexity of the deployment.
After the war, operations researchers found their way
back to universities, industry, government, and
consulting firms.
OR helps operations managers make decisions when
problems are complex and wrong decisions are
costly.
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15. The Service Revolution
The creation of services organizations accelerated
sharply after World War II.
Today, more than two-thirds of the US workforce is
employed in services.
About two-thirds of the US GDP is from services.
There is a huge trade surplus in services.
Investment per office worker now exceeds the
investment per factory worker.
Thus there is a growing need for service operations
management.
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16. The Computer Revolution
Explosive growth of computer and communication
technologies
Easy access to information and the availability of
more information
Advances in software applications such as Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP) software
Widespread use of email
More and more firms becoming involved in E-
Business using the Internet
Result: faster, better decisions over greater distances
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17. Today's Factors Affecting OM
Global Competition
Quality, Customer Service, and Cost Challenges
Rapid Expansion of Advanced Technologies
Continued Growth of the Service Sector
Scarcity of Operations Resources
Social-Responsibility Issues
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22. Outputs of an Operations System
Direct
Products
Services
Indirect
Waste
Pollution
Technological Advances
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23. Production as an Organization Function
US companies cannot compete with marketing,
finance, accounting, and engineering alone.
We focus on OM as we think of global
competitiveness, because that is where the vast
majority of a firm’s workers, capital assets, and
expenses reside.
To succeed, a firm must have a strong operations
function teaming with the other organization
functions.
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24. Decision Making in OM
Strategic Decisions
Operating Decisions
Control Decisions
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25. Strategic Decisions
These decisions are of strategic importance and have
long-term significance for the organization.
Examples include deciding:
the design for a new product’s production process
where to locate a new factory
whether to launch a new-product development plan
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26. Operating Decisions
These decisions are necessary if the ongoing
production of goods and services is to satisfy market
demands and provide profits.
Examples include deciding:
how much finished-goods inventory to carry
the amount of overtime to use next week
the details for purchasing raw material next month
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27. Control Decisions
These decisions concern the day-to-day activities of
workers, quality of products and services, production
and overhead costs, and machine maintenance.
Examples include deciding:
labor cost standards for a new product
frequency of preventive maintenance
new quality control acceptance criteria
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28. What Controls the Operations System?
Information about the outputs, the conversions, and
the inputs is fed back to management.
This information is matched with management’s
expectations
When there is a difference, management must take
corrective action to maintain control of the system
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29. Wrap-Up: World Class Practice
OM important in any organization
Global competition forces rapid evolution of OM
Decision based framework focus of course
Strategic, Operating, and Control
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1700’s Cottage Industry.... Machine power for human power.... factory system which resulted in greater productivity. 1790 Eli Whitney invented concept of interchangeable parts. Forced consistent production of parts. Variation evil. 1865 -1900 Joint stock companies formed changing capital structure of companies. Expansion into West created demand for products, development of rail lines provided quick, cheap transportation of goods. Also influx of labor from farm to urban centers. Early 1900’s Frederick Taylor developed the concept of Shop System. Henry Ford put concepts into practice with assembly lines that utilized modern scientific management concepts..... Standardized product design, mass production for low mfg. costs, mechanized the lines, specialization of labor, & interchangeable parts. 1927 -32 Hawtorne studies at Western Electric plant demonstrated human factors also impacted production. World War II required enormous qty’s of supplies, people, etc. Operations Research teams formed to develop models to manage the complex logistics. Linear programming, PERT/CPM, forecasting developed/refined. Accelerated after WWII, 2/3’s workforce in service and 2/3’s GNP generated by service industry.
Table 1.5 discusses the concepts, Figure 1.2 shows the model of inputs, conversion, and outputs, and Table 1.6 shows the diversity of production systems. Table 1.7 shows various jobs available in OM. Highly paid, active market right now. More companies recognize strategic importance of OM. E.G.. Assets management..... inventory. Millions of $ tied up that could be applied to NPI, process improvement, R&D. Strategic ... what kind of product, process, and facility... location.. LONG-TERM Operating .... Planning production to meet demand Control .... Day-to-day activity of workers, product, process
