NANOBIOSENSOR Biosensor on the Nano-scale size

1. Advanced Topics in Biotechnology
Nanobiosensors
Azad KHALID
1
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2. Contents
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▪ Introduction.
▪ Block Diagram of Biosensors.
▪ History of Biosensor
▪ Working Principle of A Biosensor.
▪ Components of a Biosensor.
▪ Classifications of Biosensors.
▪ Theory.
▪ Principles of Detection.
▪ Biosensors on the Nanoscale.
▪ Advantage of Nanobiosensor.
▪ Disadvantage of Nanobiosensor.
▪ Applications of Nanobiosensors.
▪ Future of Nanobiosensors.

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NANOBIOSENSOR
Biosensor on the Nano-scale size

4. Introduction
▪ The word “sensor” find its origin from the Latin word “sentire”, which basically means
‘to identify’ anything
▪ sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment, (light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of
other environmental phenomena).
▪ The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable
(Ali et al., 2017)
(whatis.techtarget)
4

5. Introduction
“Biosensor” once referred to any device which responds
to chemical species in biological samples or using
biological components.
Current Definition for Biosensors:
A sensor that integrates a biological element with a
physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal
proportional to a single analytic which is then conveyed to a
detector.
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6. Principle of Biosensors
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7. Block Diagram of Biosensors
a)Biocatalyst b) Transducer c) Amplifier d) Processor e) Monitor
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8. Working Principle of Biosensors
▪ The principle of detection is the specific binding of the analyte of
interest to the biorecognition element immobilised on a suitable
support medium.
▪ The specific interaction results in a change in one or more physico-
chemical properties (pH change, electron transfer, mass change, heat
transfer, uptake or release of gases or specific ions) which are
detected and may be measured by the transducer.
(Velasco-Garcia et al., 2003).
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9. Working Principle of A Biosensor
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10. Components of a Biosensor
Touhami, A. (2014).
Figure 1
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11. History of Biosensor
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▪ 1962- first description of a biosensor of : an Amperometric enzyme electrode (Glucose
▪ sensor) by Clark.
▪ 1969- first potentiometric biosensor : urease immobilized on an ammonia electrode to
detect urea by Guilbault & Montalva.
▪ 1970- ion-selective Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) by Bergveld.
▪ 1975- fiber-optic sensor with immobilized indicator to measure carbon-di-oxide or oxygen
by Lubbers & Optic.
▪ 1975- first commercial biosensor (Yellow Spring Instrumental Biosensor) .
▪ 1975- first microbe based biosensor (first Immunosensors)..
▪ 1976- first bedside artificial pancreases.
▪ 1980- first fiber-optic pH sensor for in-vivo blood gases by Peterson.
▪ 1982- first fiber-optic based biosensor for glucose.
▪ 1983- first surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) Immunosensors.
▪ 1984- first mediated Amperometric biosensor.
▪ 1987- Blood Glucose biosensor launched by Medi-sense Exact Tech.
▪ 1990- SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIA Core.
▪ 1992- hand-held blood biosensor by i-STAT..
▪ 1996- launching of Gluco-card.
▪ 1998- blood glucose biosensor launched by Life-scan Fast Take.
▪ 2000- nanotechnology biosensor, chip, quantum dots etc..

12. Classifications of Biosensors
❑ Biosensors can be classified by their Bio recognition/Transducer system.
❑ The main biological materials used in biosensor technology are:
▪ enzyme - substrate
▪ antibody - antigen
▪ nucleic acids - complementary sequences
▪ microorganisms
▪ animal or plant whole cells and tissue slices
12

13. Classifications of Biosensors
❑ Depending on the method of signal transduction, biosensors
can also be divided into different groups:
▪ electrochemical
▪ optical
▪ thermometric
▪ piezoelectric
▪ magnetic
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14. Types of Nanobiosensors
▪ Optical Biosensors
▪ Nanotube Based Biosensors
▪ Electrical Biosensors
▪ Viral Nano sensors
▪ Electrochemical
▪ Biosensors Nano shell Biosensors
▪ Nanowire Biosensors
14

15. Theory
Principle of Detection
▪ Piezoelectric Mass
▪ Electrochemical Electric distribution
▪ Optical Light intensity
▪ Calorimetric Heat
15

16. Principles of Detection
Electrochemical Biosensors
Principle
Many chemical reactions produce or consume ions or electrons
which in turn cause some change in the electrical properties of
the solution which can be sensed out and used as measuring
parameter.
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17. Electrochemical Biosensors
Classification
▪ Amperometric Biosensors
▪ Conductimetric Biosensors
▪ Potentiometric Biosensors
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18. Electrochemical
❑ Amperometric Biosensors
▪ This high sensitivity biosensor can detect
electro-active species present in biological
test samples.
▪ Since the biological test samples may not
be intrinsically electro-active, enzymes are
needed to catalyze the production of
radio-active species.
▪ In this case, the measured parameter is
current. 18

19. Electrochemical Biosensors
❑ Conductimetric Biosensors
▪ The measured parameter is the electrical conductance / resistance of the solution.
▪ When electrochemical reactions produce ions or electrons, the overall conductivity or
resistivity of the solution changes. This change is measured and calibrated to a proper
scale(Conductance measurements have relatively low sensitivity.).
▪ The electric field is generated using a sinusoidal voltage (AC) which helps in minimizing
undesirable effects such as Faradaic processes, double layer charging and concentration
polarization.
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20. Electrochemical Biosensors
❑Potentiometric Biosensors
▪ In this type of sensor the measured parameter is
oxidation or reduction potential of an
electrochemical reaction.
▪ The working principle relies on the fact that when a
ramp voltage is applied to an electrode in solution, a
current flow occurs because of electrochemical
reactions.
▪ The voltage at which these reactions occur indicates
a particular reaction and particular species.
▪ Urea Biosensor is an example of these biosensors.
Experimental set up of a potentiometric Biosensor
20

21. Principles of Detection
Optical Biosensors
❑ Colorimetric for color:
▪ Measure change in light adsorption as reactants are
converted to products.
❑ Photometric for light intensity:
▪ Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent process
can be detected with photomultiplier tubes or photodiode
systems
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Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)c
Surface plasmons are
electromagnetic
waves that propagate between a
metal and a dielectric material

23. Principles of Detection
Calorimetric Biosensors
▪ Many enzyme catalysed reactions are exothermic, generating heat which may be used
as a basis for measuring the rate of reaction and, hence, the analyte concentration.
▪ The analyte solution is passed through a small packed bed column containing
immobilized enzyme; the temperature of the solution is determined just before entry of
the solution into the column and just as it is leaving the column using separate
thermistors.
▪ An example is the use of glucose oxidase for determination of glucose.
▪ 10 23

24. Principles of Detection
• The frequency of this oscillation depends on their thickness and cut.
• Others use gold to detect the specific angle at which electron waves
(surface plasmons) are emitted when the substance is exposed to
laser light.
Piezo-Electric Biosensors ( Acoustic Wave Biosensors)
The change in frequency is proportional to the mass of
absorbed material
▪ Acoustic sensors use piezoelectric materials, typically quartz crystals, in order to generate acoustic waves.
▪ Their surface is usually coated with antibodies which bind to the complementary antigen present in the sample solution.
▪ This leads to increased mass which reduces their vibrational frequency; this change is used to determine the amount of
antigen present in the sample solution
24

25. Biosensors on the Nanoscale
Nanowires Biosensors
As solid material in the form in a wire with the diameter smaller than
about 100 nm
25

26. Nanowires Biosensors
Nanowire Field Effect Nanobiosensors (FET)
▪ The semiconductor channel is fabricated using nanomaterials such carbon
nanotubes, metal oxide nanowires or Si nanowires.
▪ Very high surface to volume radio and very large portion of the atoms are
located on the surface. Extremely sensitive to environment
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27. Nanowires Biosensors
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28. Nanotube
▪ Nano tube is hollow nanowire, typically with a wall thickness or the order of molecular dimension
▪ The smallest ( and most interesting ) nanotube is the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNAT)
consisting of a single Graphene sheet rolled up into a tube.
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29. Single-wall carbon nanotube based field-effect
transistors(FETs)
29
Kannan & Marko (2006)

30. Properties of Nanotube and Nanowire
30

31. Lab on a Chip
▪ A lab on a chip (LOC) is a device
that integrates one or several
laboratory functions on a single
chip of only few millimeters to a
few square centimeters in size.
▪ Basically, LOC integrate
microfluidics, nanosensors,
microelectrics, biochemistry and
electronic components on the
same chip.
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An example of a microfluidic-based biosensor that can be incorporated onto a wristwatch. The lab-on-a-
chip system relies on manipulation of small volumes of fluid in microchannel using microvalves
(Prakash et al., 2012).

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Mechanical sensing Cantilever-based sensing
▪ Mechanisms of these biosensors are
based on cantilever in atomic force
microscopy (AFM).
▪ The magnitude of the surface stress
change depends on the type of
interaction taking place which
includes

34. Magnetic sensing
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Magnetic fields to
sense magnetic
nanoparticles that
have been attached
to biological
molecules.

35. Fluorescence sensors
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❑ Biological materials – using
• photo-biochemical reaction
• Photo induced luminescence
• photoluminescence
example: Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFP)
❑ Chemically induced florescence
▪ Bioluminescence -
Example: Lux
❑ Physical effects
▪ Luminescence from nanostructured materials
▪ Semiconductor Nano-particles,

36. Advantages of Nanobiosensor
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❖ Enhanced sensitivity
❖ Improved Speed and specificity in biodiagnostics.
❖ Low cost
❖ Reduction in sensor size provides great versatility for
incorporation
❖ into multiplexed, transportable, wearable, and even
implantable medical devices.

37. Disadvantage of Nanobiosensor
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❖ The major problem is that the biomolecule is turned
into a colloid by attaching it to a nanocrystal.
Because colloids have very different ‘solubility’ from
biomolecules, there is always a tendency for
coagulation within biological media.

38. Applications of Nanobiosensors
❑Biological Applications
▪ DNA Sensors;Genetic monitoring, disease
▪ Immunosensors; HIV, Hepatitis,other viral diseas, drug testing, environmental
monitoring…
▪ Cell-based Sensors;functional sensors, drug testing…
▪ Point-of-care sensors;blood, urine, electrolytes, gases, steroids,
▪ drugs, hormones, proteins, other…
▪ Bacteria Sensors;(E-coli, streptococcus, other): food industry,
▪ medicine, environmental, other.
▪ Enzyme sensors;diabetics, drug testing, other.
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39. Applications of Nanobiosensors
Environmental Applications
▪ Detection of environmental pollution and toxicity
▪ Agricultural monitoring
▪ Ground water screening
▪ Ocean monitoring
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40. Applications of Biosensor
Sagadevan & Periasamy (2014).Different field applications of nanobiosensors
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41. Future of Nanobiosensors
▪ Biosensor Technology Will Detect—and Potentially Prevent—Illness
▪ Is on the Verge of Changing how Diabetics Monitor Their Glucose Levels
▪ Biosensor Technology Could Put an End to Drunk Driving
▪ Greater use of nanotechnology and microfluidics (LAB N A CHIP)
▪ Intelligent control of medication delivery
▪ Greater use of home-based monitoring and treatment
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42. Conclusion
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▪ The increasing advancement of miniaturization and nanomaterials
research has stimulated the application of these materials for sensing
several key pathways and regulatory events.
▪ With the current progress and exhaustive research pace of nanomaterial
exploration, the sensing technology has become more and more versatile,
robust, and dynamic.

43. Conclusion
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The possibilities are endless!

44. REFERENCES
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▪ futurisms.thenewatlantis.com/2009/12/happy-birthday-nanotechnology.html
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87(S39), 154-161. 44

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The 59th Anniversary of Nanotechnology.
Years ahead of his time – physicist Richard Feynman
delivered his speech “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom” on December 29th , 1959.

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