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‫نا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ / ‫م‬ ‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دم‬ ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يغ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةيزك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫إلا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫زا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫اريغ‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ةما‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ةمد‬ ‫ق‬ ‫م‬
… ‫ضرعال‬ ‫ةياه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫عم‬ ‫؟يرار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫د‬  ‫؟خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬  ! ‫؟خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يغ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫بس‬‫ا‬‫ب‬ ‫أ‬  ‫؟مال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ةيخ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نمال‬ ‫ت‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أ‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬  ‫؟‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يغ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ثأ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رصم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬  ! ‫؟اهفادهأ‬ ‫تققح‬ ‫لهو‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةيمالعال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫اجتس‬‫ب‬‫ة‬ 
‫يرارحال‬ ‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تازا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫رودو‬ ‫خان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫س‬ ‫ق‬ ‫طال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ةقال‬ ‫عال‬ ! ‫يرش‬‫؟‬ ‫ب‬ ‫مأ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ط‬ : ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يغت‬ ‫ن‬‫ظ‬‫ير‬‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬ ‫ةلحر‬ ‫اضفال‬‫ء‬ ‫ةصالخال‬ ‫اقحال‬‫ئ‬‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نومهاسمال‬
‫ي‬‫ه‬‫ا‬‫؟‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تال‬ ‫ةقطنمال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫سقطال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬‫ف‬ !
‫دمأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ق‬ • ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قوأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نم‬ ‫تق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةال‬ ‫ح‬ • ‫ةدودحم‬ ‫ةقطنم‬ • ‫ةعرس‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫نك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ • ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نم‬ • ‫نم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ط‬ ‫تاون‬ ‫س‬ ‫طسوتم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫سقطال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رم‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫جراخ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫سقطال‬ ‫نآلا‬ ‫دمأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ • ‫ي‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫اظ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةال‬ ‫ح‬ • ‫ةعسا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةقط‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ • ‫ةي‬ ‫م‬ ‫سوم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ • ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫زال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ل‬‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وط‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ىدم‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫اق‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬ • . ‫سقطال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ . ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫سقطال‬
‫يو‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫غ‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫نمض‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ . ‫سقطال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ . ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫سقطال‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كي‬ ‫م‬ ‫انيد‬ ‫حطسأ‬ ‫ةطسا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫يسمشال‬‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يالو‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫س‬‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ءوض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ 1 ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ةجر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫يدؤي‬ ‫ةج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ضرأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫را‬ ‫رح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫شألا‬ ‫صا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ءزج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫حمسي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ضرأل‬ ‫ا‬ 3 ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ُ ‫ال‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ك‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫يمال‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫زورت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سكأ‬ ‫ءام‬ ‫ال‬ ‫راخب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ءزج‬ ‫لو‬‫ك‬‫ن‬ ‫بك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ءفد‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫يو‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ير‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫سال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ضرأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رحال‬ ‫سا‬ ‫بتحال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تازاغ‬ 4 ‫ةعشأ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫ضرأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نم‬ 2
%6 %23 ‫بحسالو‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫هساكعنا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىرخأ‬ ‫ةرم‬ ‫اضفال‬‫ء‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫دوعي‬ ‫ةيضرألا‬ ‫ةركال‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ةطقاسال‬ ‫سمشال‬ ‫ةعشأ‬ ‫نم‬ %25  ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ةطقاسال‬ ‫سمشال‬ ‫ةعشأ‬ ‫نم‬ %23  ) ‫ليوطال‬‫ة‬ ‫تاجومال‬ ‫تاذ‬ ‫ءارمحال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫ةعشأ‬ ( ‫ةيرارح‬ ‫ةقاط‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ع‬ ‫راحبالو‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫ةطساوب‬ ‫يو‬‫م‬‫ت‬‫ص‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫تخي‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ %52  ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫جال‬ ‫فال‬ ‫غال‬ ‫جراخ‬ %6 ‫اه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫جرخي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫تاج‬ ‫و‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫ءا‬ ‫رمح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حت‬ ‫ةعشألا‬  ‫لل‬‫م‬‫ةظفاح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬‫ي‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫نازتالا‬ ‫يف‬‫ح‬‫ثد‬ ‫ءامال‬ ‫راخبو‬ ‫اثيمالو‬‫ن‬ ‫نوبركال‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫يس‬‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫لثم‬ ‫تازاغال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫يكرت‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ةطساوب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ %46  ‫ض‬ ‫رألا‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ةا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫حال‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ %46 CO2 N2O CO2 WE CH4 CO2 WE
‫يرارحال‬ ‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تازا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫رود‬ : ‫ل‬‫م‬‫ةي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫د‬ ‫ةيرظنال‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬ ‫ةلحر‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةصالخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اقحال‬‫ئ‬‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نومهاسمال‬
‫يس‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫شال‬ ‫ةعومجمال‬ ‫بكا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬
‫بك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةجر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ط‬ ‫سو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةجر‬ ‫د‬ 223- ‫يال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫فو‬ ‫اهي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بكاوكال‬ ‫يرا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫سا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ادج‬ ‫ةراح‬ ‫بك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةجر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ط‬ ‫سو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةجر‬ ‫د‬ 457 ‫يال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫رهز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫تف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بكاوك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يرار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ادج‬ ‫ةدراب‬ ‫يحصال‬‫ح‬ ‫نزاوتال‬ ‫اهيدل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بكاوكال‬ ‫سا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫نكس‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ضرأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةجر‬ ‫د‬ 15 ‫ط‬ ‫سو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫سنال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةحال‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ةعومجمال‬ ‫بكاوك‬ ‫ةرارح‬ ‫ديدحت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫مهاست‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫سابتح‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫ةيسمشال‬
‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تازا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ازيكر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ةداي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رشبال‬ ‫نال‬‫ش‬‫ا‬‫ط‬ ‫مهاس‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ثود‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غالب‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫؟‬ ) ‫يمال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ني‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ستال‬ ‫ةرها‬ ‫ظ‬ ( ‫ةيرظنال‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬ ‫ةلحر‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةصالخال‬ ‫اقحال‬‫ئ‬‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نومهاسمال‬
‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تال‬‫ح‬‫يرسالرض‬‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ : ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬
‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يرسال‬‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ : ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫يمال‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫نوبركال‬ ‫ةرود‬ ‫لثم‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تح‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫تازاغل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫تارودال‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫طيحمال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ارود‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫تاطيحمالو‬ ‫نال‬ ‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عا‬ ‫لمع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ه‬ ‫بركال‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬‫د‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫س‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هتداعاو‬ ‫يوجال‬
‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ : ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫تحالل‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫بسمال‬‫ب‬‫ة‬ ‫تازاغال‬ ‫تسم‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ةدايز‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫تدأ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬‫ش‬‫ير‬‫ة‬ ‫تاطاشنال‬ ‫ةدايز‬ ‫رض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يرسال‬‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ، ‫تاباغال‬ ‫ةالزإو‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫رت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىدأ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫و‬ ‫تحالل‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫تازاغال‬ ‫عيمج‬ ‫تازاغال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫بو‬‫ع‬‫ث‬ ، ‫يرارحال‬ ‫أت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫اهل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لخمال‬‫ق‬‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ثم‬‫ل‬ ‫لفورديهال‬‫و‬‫انوبركر‬‫ت‬ ‫عمو‬ ، ‫ضرألا‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ةرارحالب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬‫ب‬‫ي‬‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تح‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫ةرهاظ‬ ‫يمالعال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ةرهاظ‬ ‫تادب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬ ‫تازاغال‬ ‫ارت‬‫ك‬‫م‬ ‫ةدايز‬
‫يرا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ابتح‬‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تازا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ) ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ ( ‫نوبركال‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬  ) ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫فلخمالو‬ ‫ة‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫زال‬ ( ‫يمال‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ، ‫ةدمسألا‬ ‫تاعانص‬ ( ‫نال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫زو‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫يس‬‫د‬  ) ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ارأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مادخ‬ ‫تسا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ( ‫لفورديهال‬‫و‬‫اكور‬‫ر‬‫نوب‬ ‫تابكرم‬  ) ‫ي‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لأل‬‫م‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫عانص‬ ، ، ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ربتال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫زا‬ ‫غ‬ ( ‫نوبراك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ولفوريبال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بكر‬ ‫م‬  ) ‫ي‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لأل‬‫م‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ةعان‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةلزاعال‬ ‫داومال‬ ) ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لف‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫سدا‬ ‫س‬  ) ‫ءا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫هكال‬ ‫عاطق‬ AirFlowEngineeredSystems, Inc. Florida,USA
‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫وصرمال‬ ‫حطسأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫سمشال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫عش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫تمت‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ، ‫تارا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ج‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ةيعانصال‬ ‫تآ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مالو‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫د‬ ‫يزمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ 3 ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫يالعال‬‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫بمال‬‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ءاو‬ ‫هال‬ ‫عراو‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫تاعا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ 2 1 ‫ن‬ ‫خاس‬ ‫ء‬ ‫اوه‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ : ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ةيرضحال‬ ‫ندمال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫عضوال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫م‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫يدؤي‬ ‫تال‬‫ح‬‫رض‬ ‫ةدايزو‬ ‫نارمعال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫رض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يرسال‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫إ‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ص‬‫ا‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫رواحم‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ندمال‬ ، ‫ةيعان‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫سمال‬ ‫ةدايزو‬ ‫مخضا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫سا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رهاظمال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬ ‫هرارضأو‬ ‫لت‬‫و‬‫ث‬ ‫نم‬ ‫نارمعلل‬ ‫ةبحاصمال‬ ‫ةيرارحال‬ ‫رزجال‬ ‫ةرهاظ‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫ءاوهلل‬ ‫ندمالب‬ ‫عراوشال‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ةرارحالب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ةيرارحال‬ ‫رزجال‬ ‫ةرهاظ‬
‫يغ‬‫ر‬‫؟‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬‫ف‬ : ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اكس‬‫ن‬ ‫ةنراقم‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫ب‬‫ر‬ ‫ندمال‬ ‫ناكس‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫تال‬‫أ‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫رهظت‬ ‫رضحالو‬ ‫يراحصالو‬ ‫فيرال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ةنراقمال‬ ‫فيرال‬ ‫ى‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رادق‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دمال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رد‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ . ‫اهب‬ ‫ةطيحمال‬ ‫قطانمال‬ ‫نع‬ ‫ةيوئم‬ ‫تاجرد‬ 5 ‫ابمالو‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫قرطال‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫ةرهاظال‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫عجرت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الوط‬ ‫اهنزختو‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ى‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫د‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫مو‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هنال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫يغ‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ثو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رد‬ ‫ع‬ ‫فر‬ ‫ةنيدمال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يراجت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫مال‬ ‫طسو‬
‫؟‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫رب‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ةنوخس‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ألا‬ ‫دادز‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬
‫؟‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫رب‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ةنوخس‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ألا‬ ‫دادز‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫يدشال‬‫د‬‫ة‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ىرخأ‬ ‫قطانم‬ ‫كانه‬ ، ‫سراقال‬ ‫بال‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫قطانمال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ءاوهال‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫يال‬ ‫عال‬ ‫طغضال‬ ‫قط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫لقأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طغضال‬ ‫قط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نم‬ ‫دا‬ ‫د‬ ‫زت‬ ‫ضرأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ح‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫كال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ن‬ ‫نم‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫ث‬‫ر‬ ، ‫ائفد‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يال‬ ‫مشال‬ ‫ةيضرألا‬ ‫ةدوربال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫س‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ةد‬ ‫و‬ ‫ربال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ق‬ ‫طال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫فد‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫قيرط‬ ‫نع‬ ‫بونجال‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫المشال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫يال‬ ‫عال‬ ‫طغضال‬
‫تازا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫تازيك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ايز‬ ‫اب‬‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغالب‬ ‫يرار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫سابتح‬
‫اه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫شن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫بال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫عي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫سور‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ألل‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫بابسأ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نسال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫فالآلا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رشع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫خ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كلف‬ ‫ةروثال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ازيكرت‬‫ت‬ ‫نع‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫سابتح‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫ةدايز‬  ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫شنأل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫جي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫تال‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نصال‬ ‫تازاغال‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ةطساوب‬ ‫ةصتممال‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫ةيمك‬ ‫ةدايزل‬ ‫ىدأ‬ ‫ةديازتمال‬ ‫اللخ‬ ‫اثدحم‬ ‫ةيضرألا‬ ‫ةركلل‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ىوتحمال‬ ‫ةدايز‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫ىدأ‬ ‫امم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ض‬ ‫رأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ةر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رد‬ ‫طسوت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رارحال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةايحال‬ ‫الكشأ‬ ‫ىلع‬ ‫تادودرم‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫امو‬ ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫اريغتال‬‫ت‬ ‫لتخمال‬‫ف‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬° 0.76 ‫رادقمب‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫ةرارح‬ ‫ةجرد‬ ‫طسوتم‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ع‬ ‫كلذل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ة‬  ‫ةيوئم‬ ‫ةجرد‬ 18.5 ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ناك‬ ‫يذالو‬ ‫انصال‬‫ع‬‫ةي‬ ‫ةروثال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ام‬ ‫نع‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةينعمال‬ ‫ةيلودال‬ ‫ةيموكحال‬ ‫لل‬‫ه‬‫ةئي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫اب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةم‬ ‫د‬ ‫قت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫لو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫صا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رشبال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫اشنال‬ ‫ةعارزالو‬ ‫ةعانصالو‬ ‫دوقوال‬ ‫قرح‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةجتانالو‬ ‫ومنال‬ ‫يمالعال‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يالحال‬ ‫ال‬‫ت‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫اهيال‬ ‫ىزعي‬ ‫يتالو‬
‫ةيخ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نمال‬ ‫ت‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أت‬ ‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ةيرظنال‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬ ‫ةلحر‬ ‫اضفال‬‫ء‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫مهاسمال‬ ‫ةصالخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اقحال‬‫ئ‬‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬
‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫اط‬ ‫يحمال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ط‬ ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫اف‬‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إ‬‫ر‬ ، ‫بط‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ال‬‫ق‬ ‫نا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫وذ‬ ‫ال‬‫د‬‫ل‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫لو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫غ‬ ‫فافج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬‫ف‬‫ي‬‫ض‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ، ‫ر‬ ‫اطمأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫امن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫التخ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬‫ن‬‫ات‬‫ج‬‫ةي‬ ‫ا‬‫ئ‬‫ةي‬ ‫مال‬ ‫اهتاجايت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ق‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عال‬ ‫ةح‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬‫ة‬
27 A sandstorm covered Cairo on June 27 - 2015. Credit: Enas El Masry
28 Torrential rain in Alexandria, Egypt. Ibrahim Ramadan/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
‫؟دع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫م‬ ‫مأ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ط‬ ).. ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ةرار‬ ‫ح‬ ( ‫تم‬‫ط‬‫ةفر‬ ‫ةيخ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ثادحأ‬ ‫ثادحأ‬ ‫ةيخان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةصالخال‬ ‫اقحال‬‫ئ‬‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نومهاسمال‬ ‫ةيرظنال‬
‫؟ةايحال‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫يخان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫للخال‬ ‫ثؤي‬‫ر‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫نمز‬ ‫ذن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫تال‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اقال‬‫س‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫سقطال‬ ‫فورظ‬ ‫اللخ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫تاجرد‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ . ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مظ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةردق‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ماظنال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تالالتخالا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ، ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نم‬ ‫لل‬‫خ‬‫رط‬ ‫ةضرعال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫لك‬‫م‬‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫إ‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةرجاهمال‬ ‫رويطال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ • ‫نم‬ ‫يدعال‬‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ، ‫يونسال‬ ‫اهترجه‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هر‬ ‫ص‬ ‫قت‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اذإ‬ ‫ةضرع‬ ‫ا‬‫أل‬‫ثك‬‫ر‬ ‫يه‬ ‫لمال‬‫ق‬‫تاح‬ • ‫ريغ‬ ‫ةيمسومال‬ ‫اهترجه‬ ‫أ‬‫ص‬‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ت‬ . ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هدز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ةن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذخآ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫روذب‬ ‫إ‬‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ج‬ • ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫لس‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫الا‬ ‫تح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ . ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫سإلا‬ ‫طخ‬
‫ةي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ئاك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫هجو‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫رطخ‬ ‫هجاوت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حب‬ ‫ضارق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إلا‬ 2050 ‫ماع‬
‫؟‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انمال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ثأ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫؟‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫أت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةضرع‬ ‫ي‬‫ض‬‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ !
‫ةيمالعال‬ ‫ةحصال‬ ‫ةمظنم‬ ‫قت‬‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ثدح‬ ‫يذال‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫قي‬ 1970 ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫ذنم‬ ‫صخش‬ 140،000 ‫نم‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫ث‬‫ر‬ .‫نس‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫ةيذ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ءوس‬ • ‫يرارحال‬ ‫داهجإلا‬ • ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫قال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫شف‬ • ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫زاه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫سح‬ • ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رط‬ ‫نع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ألا‬ • ‫ءامال‬ ‫ةطسا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ألا‬ • ‫تارشحال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ألا‬ • ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫رال‬ ‫ضر‬ ‫م‬ • ‫رصم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫تاجوم‬ ‫أوسأ‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةدحاو‬ ‫تدهش‬ 2014 • ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فوال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ل‬‫ة‬ ‫ج‬ ‫سم‬ ‫ةال‬ ‫ح‬ 116 ‫ددع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫زاهجال‬ ‫ضارمأ‬ ‫نم‬ ‫اعي‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫سانال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ • ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫را‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫قرح‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رض‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫طا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةطساوب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ضارمألا‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ر‬ • ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عدي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ، ) ‫ل‬ ‫قالا‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ( ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةيناكمال‬ ‫ةماعال‬ ‫ةحصال‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ألا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةم‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫الم‬ ‫فو‬ ‫رظ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ردق‬ ‫دق‬ • ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الب‬4 ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫فو‬ ‫ةال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ 2 ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ك‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫الهس‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ةال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫؟ةماعال‬ ‫ةحصال‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫يخان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫للخال‬ ‫ثؤي‬‫ر‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬‫غ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةضرع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬
‫س‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫لل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫نعمال‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫لودال‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ةيموكحال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ماع‬ ‫لحب‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ليصاحمال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ، 2030 ‫ا‬‫ن‬‫خ‬‫اف‬‫ض‬ ‫دهشت‬ ‫فوس‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫الا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫الد‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رإ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دؤ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ . ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫شب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫سألا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫سو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دمإل‬ ‫ا‬ • ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫سأ‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ • ‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ • ‫ةيذ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ءوس‬ • ‫ةحصال‬• ‫رصم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ام‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫يعا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫زال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رت‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رص‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ث‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫رص‬ ‫م‬ ، ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ذغال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫صرف‬ ‫ىلع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةعار‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ريغ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫شب‬ . ‫ة‬ ‫درو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫سمال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫سأ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫؟يئاذغال‬ ‫نمأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫يخان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫للخال‬ ‫ثؤي‬‫ر‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬‫غ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةضرع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬
‫ةايح‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫يخانمال‬ ‫للخال‬ ‫رثأ‬ ‫يك‬‫ف‬ ‫؟يضامال‬ ‫دقعال‬ ‫لالخرشبال‬
2030 ‫ةيومنتال‬ ‫فادهألا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫دق‬ ‫كلذكو‬
‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫دال‬ ‫ةبا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫تسالا‬ ‫ةيرظنال‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬ ‫ةلحر‬ ‫اضفال‬‫ء‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫مهاسمال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫باج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫الا‬ ‫لودال‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫اقحال‬‫ئ‬‫ق‬ ‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫آل‬ ‫ا‬
‫ةيمالعال‬ ‫ةباا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يمال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ها‬ ‫ج‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ى‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ 1992 ‫ماع‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫قافتا‬ ‫عض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫هذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ش‬ ‫قانمل‬ ‫ن‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ى‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عال‬ ‫انم‬‫ق‬‫اش‬‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ . ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عال‬ ‫ةم‬ ‫زألا‬ ‫نم‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫فدهب‬ ‫انم‬‫ق‬‫اش‬‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫هذ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫نم‬ ‫اءز‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رصم‬ ‫مازت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫وبر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫تال‬‫ك‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫ل‬‫و‬‫يج‬‫ا‬ ‫نو‬‫ق‬‫ل‬ ‫تال‬‫م‬‫يو‬‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةمدقتمال‬ ‫لودال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫يك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫مان‬ ‫ال‬ ‫لود‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫عاسمو‬ ‫نود‬ ‫لوحي‬ ‫امب‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ا‬‫إل‬‫تح‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫يكرت‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وه‬ ‫يمالعال‬ ‫ماعال‬ ‫فدهال‬  ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ص‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ذنم‬ ‫فدهال‬ ‫اذه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫مالعال‬ ‫لود‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫هخي‬ ‫ىتحو‬ ، ‫يويحال‬ ‫ماظنال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ريطخ‬ ‫لخدت‬ 1994 ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يق‬‫ة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬
، ‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫جح‬ ‫نم‬ ‫دحالو‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تح‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ثآ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫إ‬ ‫نكم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫نج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫نكم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دإل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫اج‬‫ب‬‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يآل‬‫ة‬ ‫ىخ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫تاجرد‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تالو‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ، ‫ةيمالعال‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫ةجرد‬ ‫طسوتم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫خال‬ ... ‫طغضالو‬ ، ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طمألاو‬ ، ‫ةيم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لقإلا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ثآل‬ ‫تال‬‫ع‬‫ضر‬ ‫نم‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫دحالو‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اسخال‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬ ‫يلح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ى‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬‫غ‬ ‫ال‬
‫ضفخ‬ ‫تاعورش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةلثمأ‬ ) ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬( ‫تاثا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫بن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يال‬ ‫خ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اسي‬‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫نيجورديهال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫تسال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫شم‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫يس‬ ‫م‬ ‫شال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ني‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ستال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ضال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫يئ‬ ‫ابر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ايس‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬
‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫تاعورش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫لثمأ‬ ‫ةيخ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نمال‬ ‫اريغتال‬‫ت‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫طسأ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫تاهجاوالو‬ ‫قاوسأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫عراو‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لظت‬
‫نا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ع‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ / ‫م‬ ‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دم‬ ‫خا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يغ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةيزك‬ ‫ر‬ ‫مال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫إلا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫زا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ةيخانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫ت‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يسس‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ال‬‫م‬ ‫لك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬‫ه‬ ‫ينطوال‬ ‫و‬ ‫يلودال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬‫م‬‫س‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬
… ‫ضرعال‬ ‫ةياه‬ ‫ن‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ريغتال‬ ‫أشب‬‫ن‬ ‫يخ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تال‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫لد‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬  ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫مل‬ ‫و‬ ‫هكتس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رمتؤ‬ ‫م‬  ‫؟خانمال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫نع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫دال‬ ‫ةيم‬ ‫و‬ ‫كح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يه‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬  ‫ي‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اهتردص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةيم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫عال‬ ‫تال‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫مه‬ ‫أ‬  ‫؟خانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةيراطالا‬ ‫ةدحتمال‬ ‫ممألا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ام‬  ‫؟ينطوال‬ ‫تسمال‬‫و‬‫ى‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يسسؤمال‬ ‫بال‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ء‬ ‫وه‬ ‫ام‬  ‫رصم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يغ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫لما‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ 
‫نمزال‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬ ‫ةلحر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يضامال‬ ‫نم‬ ........ ‫؟خانمال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫تانوكم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫اوطبرو‬ ، ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫بح‬‫س‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تح‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫تردق‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫ءاملعال‬ ‫راشأ‬ ‫تم‬‫ى‬
John Tyndall, 1820-1893 “… comparing a single atom of oxygen with a single atom of aqueous vapour, we may infer that the action of the latter is 16,000 times that of the former. This was a very astonishing result …“ John Tyndall, 1862
Svente Arrhenius - predicting global warming … 1896 Svente Arrhenius, 1859-1927 “Tyndall in particular has pointed out the enormous importance of this question” “By the influence of the increasing percentage of carbonic acid in the atmosphere, we mayhope to enjoyages with more equable and better climates … ages when the Earth will bring forth much more abundant crops than at present, for the benefit of rapidly propagating mankind.” Svente Arrhenius, 1906
Guy Callandar - observing global warming … 1939 Guy Callandar, 1897-1964 “As man is now changing the composition of the atmosphere at a rate which must be very exceptional on the geological time scale, it is natural to seek for the probable effects of such a change.” Guy Callandar, 1939
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ابتح‬‫س‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫يكرت‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ةساردل‬ ‫لعال‬‫م‬‫ةي‬ ‫بال‬‫ع‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫روصعال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ير‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رحال‬ Greenland Ice Cores
trench
Climate proxy records from the tropics
Ice-core records from the high latitudes Ice Drill
Ice-core records from the high latitudes
Tree-ring records from the mid and high latitudes
photo © J.H. Speer Tree-ring records from the mid and high latitudes
‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫اريغتال‬‫ت‬ ‫عم‬ ‫لل‬‫ت‬‫اع‬‫م‬‫ل‬ ‫يمالعال‬ ‫لكيهال‬
)1972 ، ‫ملوهكوتسا‬( ‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ش‬‫ير‬‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ينعمال‬ ‫ةدحتمال‬ ‫ممألا‬ ‫رمتؤم‬ ‫عمجأ‬ ‫مالعال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫انتاءارجإ‬ ‫غوصن‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫خ‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ةطقن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دقل‬ “ ‫ةالابمالال‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫لهجال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىدأ‬ ‫برف‬‫م‬‫ا‬. ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اهبقاوع‬ ‫أشب‬‫ن‬ ‫صرحال‬ ‫دشأ‬ ‫نيخوتم‬ ‫يح‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫دامع‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫هجالع‬ ‫نكمي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬‫م‬ ‫سج‬ ‫ررض‬ ‫قاحإل‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫يخوتو‬ ‫لمكألا‬ ‫ةفرعمال‬ ‫لالخ‬ ‫نم‬ ‫نكمي‬ ، ‫كلذ‬ ‫نم‬ ‫سكعال‬ ‫ىلعو‬ . ‫انهافرو‬ ‫امؤاوت‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫ث‬‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أ‬‫ف‬‫ض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةايح‬ ‫لو‬‫ذ‬‫ير‬‫ت‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ققحن‬ ‫نأ‬ ، ‫لمعال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةمكحال‬ "… ‫مهال‬ ‫م‬ ‫آ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تاج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يتح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫افده‬ ‫أ‬‫ص‬‫ب‬‫ح‬ ‫الو‬‫م‬‫لبقتس‬ ‫رضاحال‬ ‫اليجأل‬ ‫اهنيسحتو‬ ‫ال‬‫ب‬‫ةيرش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نوص‬ ‫نإ‬ “ ” ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ناسنإل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫رمتؤمال‬ ‫نع‬ ‫رداصال‬ ‫نالعإلا‬ ‫نم‬ 6 ‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نم‬ ‫تقم‬‫ط‬‫اف‬‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةدحت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مم‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫جم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ءاشنا‬ •
‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةينعمال‬ ‫ةيلودال‬ ‫ةيموكحال‬ ‫ةئيهال‬ ‫ءاشنا‬ IPCC ‫خانمال‬ ‫ةيموكحال‬ ‫يهال‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةدحتمال‬ ‫ممألا‬ ‫جمانربو‬ ‫ةيوجال‬ ‫داصرألل‬ ‫ةيمالعال‬ ‫ةمظنمال‬ ‫تأشنأ‬ • .1988 ‫ماع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ )‫لجنإلاب‬‫ي‬‫ةيز‬IPCC ‫لع‬‫ي‬‫اه‬ ‫لطي‬‫ق‬ ‫تال‬‫ي‬ ( ‫خانمال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نعمال‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫لودال‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ : ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ماهمالب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫يهال‬ ‫ل‬‫ع‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ضت‬ • ‫سسألل‬ ‫يجال‬‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫م‬ ‫ةيرورضال‬ ‫تامولعملل‬ ، ‫زايحنا‬ ‫نودب‬ ، ‫تالو‬‫و‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫لمع‬‫ي‬‫تا‬ ‫ءارجإ‬ • . ‫ردصمال‬ ‫بال‬‫ش‬‫ير‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تمال‬‫ع‬‫ل‬‫ق‬‫ة‬ ‫راطخألل‬ ‫لعال‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ي‬‫ج‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫حارتقاو‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لمتحمال‬‫ة‬ ‫لل‬‫ت‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ال‬‫د‬‫يق‬‫ق‬‫ة‬ ‫ةساردال‬ . ‫يمالعال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ازاغ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ثاع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫نا‬ ‫قاطنال‬ ‫عساو‬ ‫اب‬‫ع‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ف‬ ‫ىظحت‬ ‫لع‬‫م‬‫ةي‬ ‫ثوحب‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫يهال‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫اهيرجت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫لمع‬‫ي‬‫تا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫د‬ • . ‫لبال‬‫د‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ ‫عيمج‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ءاملع‬ ‫تال‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫يرحت‬‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اشي‬‫ر‬‫ك‬ ‫امك‬ ، (Peer reviewed) . ‫اهتزوحب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تامولعمال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةيهانتم‬ ‫ةقدب‬ ‫تال‬‫ح‬‫قق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةيعامجال‬ ‫لمعال‬ ‫ةقيرط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ • ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ردص‬ ‫يذال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫لمع‬‫ي‬‫تا‬ ‫نع‬ ‫ارال‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فلؤم‬ 500 ‫نم‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫ث‬‫ر‬ ‫كراشو‬ • . ‫سماخال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫امالع‬ 831 ‫كراشو‬ ، 2007 ‫ماع‬
‫ةئيهال‬ ‫لكيه‬
‫ةئي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫لعال‬‫م‬‫ةي‬ ‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫اقت‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬
UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol Bodies EGTT Expert GrouponTechnologyTransfer SubsidiaryBodyforScientificandT echnologicalA dvice (SBSTA) Chair,ViceChair,Rapporteur recommendationsfordraftdecisions, conclusions CGE ConsultativeGrouponNon-AnnexI National Comm unications LEG Least DevelopedCountries Expert Group SubsidiaryBodyforImplementation (SBI) Chair, Vice-Chair, Rapporteur recommendationsfordraftdecisions, conclusions COP/MOP (KyotoProtocol) 175Parties COP (UNFCCC) 189Parties President, Bureau
‫ةئي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫لعال‬‫م‬‫ةي‬ ‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫اقت‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬
‫ةئي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةصاخال‬ ‫لعال‬‫م‬‫ةي‬ ‫اق‬‫ر‬‫ري‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬
‫ةئي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫لعال‬‫م‬‫ةي‬ ‫ي‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫اقت‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬
‫آل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ 2007 ‫ماع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫لل‬‫س‬‫مال‬ ‫ب‬‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ةزئا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تزاح‬ ) ‫ا‬‫أل‬‫قبس‬ ‫يكيرمألا‬ ‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬‫س‬ ‫ان‬‫ئ‬‫ب‬ (‫روغ‬ The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change".
‫لل‬‫ه‬‫ةئي‬ ‫ةصاخال‬ ‫ةيملعال‬ ‫اقتال‬‫ر‬‫ري‬
‫خانمال‬ ‫ر‬ ّ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةينعمال‬ ‫ةيلودال‬ ‫ةيموكحال‬ ‫ةئيهال‬ ‫اقت‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ . ‫خانمال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نعمال‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫لودال‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ةيموكحال‬ ‫يهال‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫المعأل‬ ‫يساسألا‬ ‫نال‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫لمع‬‫ي‬‫تا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ • ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ، ‫ةيعجرمال‬ ‫تاروشنمال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تالو‬‫ي‬ ، ‫ةئيهال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لعال‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫تامولعمال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ • . ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ةيراطإلا‬ ‫ةدحتمال‬ ‫ممألا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نومضم‬ ‫يدحت‬‫د‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اغالب‬ ‫أ‬‫ث‬‫ار‬ )1990( ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫لوألا‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اكف‬‫ن‬ • .1992 ‫ماع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تدم‬ ُ ‫تعا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أشب‬‫ن‬ .)1997( ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫لوكوتورب‬ ‫ماكحأ‬ ‫عضو‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫مساح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫هل‬ ‫اكف‬‫ن‬ )1995( ‫ثال‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫امأ‬ • ‫فادهألاو‬ ‫ئدابمال‬ ‫ءاسرإ‬ ‫لل‬‫م‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫يض‬‫ن‬ ‫يهال‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫اهيرجت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫المعألا‬ ‫ةدوج‬ ‫تحاتأ‬ ، ‫ةماع‬ ‫ةروصبو‬ • . ‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫س‬ ‫س‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تاجرد‬ ‫لدعم‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ءاوتحا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تمال‬‫م‬‫ث‬‫ل‬ ‫فدهال‬ ‫أب‬‫ن‬ 2010 ‫ماع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فارتعالا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ‫نمو‬ • ‫يزكرم‬ ‫فده‬ ‫وه‬ ‫نصال‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةنراقم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫تجردال‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫نود‬ ‫ةيمالعال‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫ادتال‬‫ع‬‫اي‬‫ت‬ ‫قاطن‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فقسال‬ ‫اذه‬ ‫زواجت‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫يهال‬‫ئ‬‫ة‬ ‫تراشأ‬ ‫امدعب‬ ، ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فارطألل‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ي‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ة‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬
Cautious Increasing confidence …with a 20 year history of science informing decisions 1990 First assessment report 1992 Rio 1995 Second assessment report 1997 Kyoto 2001 Third assessment report 2004 Marrakech 2006 Nairobi 2007 Fourth assessment report Post-Kyoto Negotiations >90% confidence Policy Development
‫سماخال‬ ‫يعيمجتال‬ ‫اقتال‬‫ر‬‫ري‬ ‫لل‬‫ه‬‫ةئي‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫سماخال‬ ‫يعيمج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رير‬ ‫ق‬ ‫تال‬ ‫ربوتكأ‬/ ‫لوألا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫رشن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تو‬‫ق‬ ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫تادلجم‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫سماخال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫س‬ ‫يئ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ص‬ ُ ‫خ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ .2014 : ‫يه‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ق‬ ّ ‫ق‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ةرار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ - 1 ‫نمو‬ ، 1880 ‫ماع‬ ‫ذنم‬ ‫ةيوئم‬ ‫ةجرد‬ 0,85 ‫لدعمب‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نسال‬‫و‬‫ي‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫تاجرد‬ ‫لدعم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ • .2100 ‫ماع‬ ‫لحب‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫ةيوئم‬ ‫ةجرد‬ 4,8 ‫و‬0,3 ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ارتي‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫لدعمب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫تمال‬‫و‬‫عق‬ 100 ‫ىإل‬90 ‫نم‬ ‫المتحا‬ ( ‫حجرألا‬ ‫ىلعو‬ . ‫ةروطخال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةياغ‬ ‫ةألسم‬ ‫لجال‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ةيطغألا‬ ‫نابوذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ • ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ٪ 4,1 ‫ىإل‬3,5 ‫نم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ت‬ ‫دق‬ ‫يالمشال‬ ‫دمجتمال‬ ‫طيحمال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لجال‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫نوكت‬ ‫نأ‬ ) ‫ةئامال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ، ‫نيرشعالو‬ ‫يداحال‬ ‫نرقال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نابوذال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫اهنأو‬ ، 2012 ‫و‬1979 ‫يماع‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫دحاوال‬ ‫دقعال‬ . ‫نرقال‬ ‫نم‬‫ت‬‫ص‬‫ف‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫لجال‬‫ي‬‫د‬ ‫نم‬ ‫الخ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ ‫يس‬‫ك‬‫نو‬ ‫يالمشال‬ ‫دمجتمال‬ ‫طيحمال‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫امم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ةديدجال‬ ‫تاساردال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ع‬ ( ‫بال‬‫ح‬‫ر‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫ىوتسم‬ ‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ةعقوتمال‬ ‫تالدعمال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ • ‫لج‬‫ت‬ ُ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تالب‬‫و‬‫اعق‬‫ت‬ ‫ةنراقم‬ ، 2100 ‫ماع‬ ‫لحب‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ 82 ‫ىإل‬26 ‫نم‬ ‫بال‬‫ح‬‫ر‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫ىوتسم‬ .)2100 ‫ماع‬ ‫لحب‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ 59 ‫ىإل‬18 ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫اهبجومب‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تر‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ارتي‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫تالو‬‫ي‬ 2007 ‫ماع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ) ‫رارتحالا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ءامال‬ ‫دد‬ ُ ‫مت‬ ( ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ددمتال‬ ‫امه‬ ‫احبال‬‫ر‬ ‫ىوتسم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تر‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫اذهل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مهأو‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬ ‫نابوذو‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫سماخال‬ ‫يعيمج‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رير‬ ‫ق‬ ‫تال‬ ‫ريغ‬ ‫تسم‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نال‬‫ي‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫يجو‬‫ن‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫يس‬‫د‬ ‫ثو‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫اثيمالو‬‫ن‬ ‫نوبركال‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫يس‬‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ • .‫ةقوبسم‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ام‬ ‫بقحال‬‫ة‬ ‫ذنم‬ ٪ 40 ‫لدعمب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةطشنألا‬ ‫نع‬ ‫مجانال‬ ‫نوبركال‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫يس‬‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ • .1958 ‫ماع‬ ‫ذنم‬ ٪ 20 ‫نم‬ ‫بو‬‫أ‬‫ك‬‫ث‬‫ر‬ ، )1750 ‫(ماع‬ ‫نصال‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫هجوب‬ ‫ىدأ‬ ‫امم‬ ‫ردصمال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نوبركال‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫يس‬‫د‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫نم‬ ٪ 30 ‫تاطيحمال‬ ‫تصتماو‬ • . ‫اهتضوم‬ ‫ح‬ ‫تر‬‫ف‬ ‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ةالزإو‬ ‫يروفحألا‬ ‫دوقوال‬ ‫قرح‬ ‫يه‬ ‫ال‬‫ر‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬‫س‬‫ة‬ ‫أو‬‫س‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةطشنألا‬ ‫نع‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تر‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫اذه‬ ‫مجن‬ • .‫تاباغال‬ ‫انك‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫يم‬ ‫العال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫دحال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ - 2 ‫اذإ‬ ، ‫انكمم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫تجردال‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫نود‬ ‫يمالعال‬ ‫رارتحالا‬ ‫ءاوتحا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تمال‬‫م‬‫ث‬‫ل‬ ‫فدهال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫الزي‬ ‫ال‬ • ‫رمتسم‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬‫افخ‬‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ 2020 ‫ماع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىوصق‬ ‫يق‬‫م‬‫ة‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫لج‬ ُ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫أب‬‫ن‬ ‫تال‬‫و‬‫اعق‬‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ةياهن‬ ‫لحب‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫تجردل‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫تاجرد‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫نم‬ ‫دحال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫امك‬ .2100 ‫ماع‬ ‫تح‬‫ى‬ ‫نم‬ ‫نمال‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ث‬ ‫نوبركال‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫يس‬‫د‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةمكارتمال‬ ‫ةيمكال‬ ‫تت‬‫ج‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نأ‬ 1870 ‫اعب‬‫م‬ ‫ةنراقم‬ ‫نرقال‬ ‫ا‬‫إل‬‫ن‬‫س‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ةطشنألا‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬‫ب‬‫ع‬ ‫ث‬‫ة‬ ‫نوبركال‬ ‫ةيمك‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ . ‫نوبركال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫نطاغيج‬ 800 ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةطشنألا‬ . ‫ال‬ ‫عف‬ ‫نط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غي‬ ‫ج‬ 531 ‫تغ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ 1870 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ذنم‬
‫ينط‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىوتسمال‬ ‫ىل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫يسسؤمال‬ ‫لكيهال‬
‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ص‬ ‫م‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ينمزال‬ ‫ططخ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ 73 SNC 2010 Second National Communic ation TNC 2016 Third National Communi cation NAP National Adaptati on Plan NAS 2011 National Adaptatio n Strategy SDS 2015 Egypt vision 2030 1992 Egypt signed UNFCCC 1994 Egypt Ratifie d UNFCC C 1999 Egypt Signed Kyoto Protocol 2005 Egypt Ratified Kyoto Protocol 2015 Egypt Signed Paris Agreem ent 2017 Egypt Ratified Paris Agreem ent INC 1999 Second National Communi cation Institutional Setup &Reporting Strategies Preparation and Coordination Actions on Ground
‫يسسؤ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ء‬ ‫انبال‬ ‫ىإل‬ ‫ليوحتو‬‫ه‬‫ا‬ ، 1996 ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئش‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫زاهجب‬ ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫تال‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ةدحو‬ ‫ءاشنا‬ • 2009 ‫ةيزكرم‬ ‫ةرادإ‬ ‫ةنجل‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫ليوحتو‬‫ه‬‫ا‬ ، 1997 ‫ماع‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةيرازوال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫لال‬‫ج‬‫ن‬‫ة‬ ‫ءاشنا‬ • 2015 ‫ماع‬ ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ينطو‬ ‫سلجم‬ ‫ىال‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ، 2007 ‫ماع‬ ‫ةيرازو‬ ‫ئش‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫بتاكم‬ ‫ريوطتو‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫لق‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫عورفالب‬ ‫تادحو‬ ‫اشنال‬‫ء‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هجوت‬ ‫كانه‬ • ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تاعوضوم‬ ‫عم‬ ‫لل‬‫ت‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬
‫ةدحتمال‬ ‫ممألا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ىنطوال‬ ‫غالبال‬ ‫اقت‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ر‬ ‫دادعا‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ةيراطالا‬ : ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىنطوال‬ ‫بال‬‫ال‬‫غ‬ ‫تشي‬‫م‬‫ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ص‬ ‫م‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ةالحل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ص‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةماع‬ ‫ةمدقم‬ - ‫ىرارحال‬ ‫ت‬‫ب‬‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫رصح‬ - ‫اهعم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ةعقوتمال‬ ‫تال‬‫أ‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ - ‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬ ‫ث‬‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إل‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةنكممال‬ ‫ق‬ ‫رطال‬ - ‫تال‬‫د‬‫ير‬‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةماعال‬ ‫يعو‬‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬ - ‫تاجا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تحإلا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬‫ح‬‫ثو‬ ‫ال‬ -
‫ةيعوتالو‬ ‫تاردقال‬ ‫نب‬‫ا‬‫ء‬ ‫تالاام‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةطشنأ‬ – ‫لخمال‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ت‬- ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ( ‫بركال‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫تاداهش‬ ‫الجم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫تارضاحم‬ ‫ءاقإلو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ • – ‫ةدمسألا‬- ‫–ةعانصال‬ ‫بال‬‫ت‬‫ر‬‫لو‬– ‫بال‬‫ن‬‫و‬‫–ك‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تس‬‫ث‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ر‬– ‫–يرال‬ ‫–ةعارزال‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ .)‫ةعانصال‬ ‫ارخؤم‬ ‫اهجمد‬ ‫تو‬‫م‬ ‫تسمالو‬‫ث‬‫م‬‫ير‬‫ن‬ ‫بالو‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫نينطاومال‬ ‫تل‬‫و‬‫يع‬‫ة‬ ‫تكال‬‫ر‬‫نو‬‫ي‬ ‫عقوم‬ 3 ‫ددع‬ ‫ءاشنإ‬ • ‫ة‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةرازو‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةيلهألا‬ ‫تايعمجال‬ ‫بو‬‫ع‬‫ض‬ ‫تاعماجالو‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ئش‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫زاهج‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫تارود‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ • . ‫بال‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫ط‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سلجمال‬ ‫عم‬ ‫تالب‬‫ع‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫تال‬‫و‬‫يع‬‫ة‬ ‫تالمح‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ددع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ • ‫أت‬‫ث‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ه‬‫ا‬ ‫ةهجاوم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دارفألا‬ ‫ةمهاسم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫تال‬‫غ‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ج‬ • ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫بال‬‫و‬‫تس‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫نم‬ ‫يدعال‬‫د‬ ‫ةعابط‬ • ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫عوضومب‬ ‫ةطبترم‬ ‫تاراعش‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تح‬‫ف‬‫ال‬ • 76
78 ‫او‬‫ال‬‫ةيزيلجن‬ ‫ةيبرعال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫اريغتال‬‫ت‬ ‫ةحفص‬ ‫نيرمثتسمالو‬ ‫ةحن‬ ‫امال‬ ‫تاهجالو‬ ‫ابالو‬‫ح‬‫نيث‬ ‫نينطاوملل‬ www.eeaa.gov.eg
‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫يفنتال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةيدا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تاعور‬ ‫ش‬ ‫مال‬ ‫نكت‬‫و‬‫ل‬‫و‬‫يج‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تس‬‫ر‬‫اش‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫تاعورشمال‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ددع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ • ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫زاغ‬ ‫قرحو‬ ‫عم‬ ‫ج‬ ‫عورشم‬ : ‫الث‬ ‫م‬ ‫اث‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عبنال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ضفخ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫اخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عاطقال‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫فدهب‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رمك‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫اط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ورش‬ ‫م‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ون‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تس‬‫ث‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ىلع‬ ‫ةظفاحمب‬ ‫ي‬‫ك‬‫س‬ ‫أ‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫عورشم‬ ‫الثم‬ ، ‫لخمال‬‫ف‬‫تا‬ ‫ةجالعمو‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةيرجشال‬ ‫اب‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غال‬ ‫ن‬‫ش‬‫ا‬‫ء‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ىموق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫جما‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ربالو‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ةيردنكس‬ ‫لودال‬‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اعت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ق‬ ‫اط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رم‬ ‫ةسارد‬ ‫داد‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ • 2003
‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫يفنتال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةيدا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تاعور‬ ‫ش‬ ‫مال‬ 2001 ‫ةقاطالو‬ ‫ءابرهكال‬ ‫ةرازوب‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ ‫افك‬‫ء‬‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫عورشم‬ • 2007 ‫ةعانصال‬ ‫عاطق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ ‫افك‬‫ء‬‫ة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫عورشم‬ • ‫ذنم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫تال‬‫ن‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫يآل‬‫ة‬ ‫الجم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫عورشم‬ )26( ‫ددع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ • ‫تاعو‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تس‬‫ث‬‫م‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يالمج‬ ‫إ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ، 2017 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تح‬‫ى‬ ‫و‬ 2005 ‫فخ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ، ‫رالود‬ ‫نويلم‬ 2000 ‫وحن‬ ‫لع‬‫ي‬‫اه‬ ‫اومال‬‫ف‬‫ةق‬ ‫تمت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نط‬ ‫نويلم‬ 12 ‫وحن‬ ‫لداعي‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تح‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫تازاغ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نس‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫ا‬ ‫اكم‬‫ف‬‫ئ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نوب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫كال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ك‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫لو‬ ‫ص‬ ‫وال‬ ‫ب‬ ‫رصم‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫نع‬ ‫نال‬ ‫عالا‬ • ‫ة‬ ‫دلومال‬ ‫ةقا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىالمج‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةدد‬ ‫ج‬ ‫تمال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةديد‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تاق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طال‬ ‫نم‬ %20 ‫لو‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حب‬ %20 ‫ب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ ‫كالهتس‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬ 2020 ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لو‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حب‬ .2022 ‫ماع‬
‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫الج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫يفنتال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ةيدا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫رت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تاعور‬ ‫ش‬ ‫مال‬ ‫معدب‬2013 – 2008 CCRMP ‫ةيخانمال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىرصمال‬ ‫جمانربال‬ • ‫فادهأ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬‫أل‬‫بس‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ي‬ ‫قودنصال‬- ‫يئامنإلا‬ ‫ةدحتمال‬ ‫ممألا‬ ‫جمانرب‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةدع‬ ‫لالخ‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫لماش‬ ‫ينطو‬ ‫جمانرب‬ ‫وهو‬ ، ‫ةيئامنإلا‬ ‫ا‬‫أل‬‫ل‬‫ف‬‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أدبم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ق‬ ‫يو‬‫س‬‫ت‬‫ه‬‫فد‬ ‫تاعاطقو‬ ‫تارازو‬ ‫ب‬‫ر‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫ج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نوك‬ ‫م‬ • ‫ةقا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ل‬ ‫جمال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ .1 ‫ةءافكو‬ ‫ةددجتمال‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ ‫تالاجم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لل‬‫ط‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ة‬ ‫ىلعألا‬ ‫سلجمال‬ ‫يس‬‫ا‬‫س‬‫ة‬ ‫فادهأ‬ ‫معد‬ ‫ةقاطال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةيمن‬ ‫تال‬ ‫يآل‬‫ة‬ ‫نوكم‬ .2 ‫ةديدج‬ ‫إ‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ص‬‫ا‬‫د‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫اف‬‫ئ‬‫د‬‫ة‬ ‫اضإل‬‫ف‬‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫تال‬‫ن‬‫م‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫يآل‬‫ة‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫تس‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫د‬‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ةيرا‬ ‫مثتسال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تاعورشملل‬
‫ت‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫اشرت‬‫د‬‫ةي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫تاعورش‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ام‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫دراومل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةلم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫كتمال‬ ‫ةراد‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫نو‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ .3 ‫ططخال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ى‬ ‫اهجاردإو‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫تاساكعنال‬ ‫تاهويرانيس‬ ‫عضو‬ ‫امال‬‫ئ‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫دراوملل‬ ‫لماكتمال‬‫ة‬ ‫ةرادإلل‬ ‫ةينطوال‬ ‫يعارزال‬ ‫عا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫قلل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬ .4 ، ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةي‬ ‫خ‬ ‫انمال‬ ‫فورظال‬ ‫لمح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬‫ى‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ةر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ا‬‫ص‬‫لي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ري‬ ‫و‬ ‫طت‬ ‫ةرار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تاجر‬ ‫د‬ ‫تر‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ةحولمو‬ ، ‫هايمال‬ ‫ص‬ ‫قنو‬
‫رواحمال‬ ‫مهأ‬ ‫قمال‬‫ب‬‫ل‬‫ة‬ ‫ةل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫اه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تال‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ز‬ ‫بولطمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ • ‫ةقاطال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫الجم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةددجتمالو‬ ‫ةديدجال‬ ‫لل‬‫ط‬‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ت‬ ‫هجوتال‬ • ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫تاعا‬ ‫ط‬ ‫قال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ةق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طال‬ ‫ةءا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ • ‫ةيع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رزالو‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫م‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫عم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫يود‬ ‫ت‬ • ‫ةصاخ‬ ‫نال‬‫ق‬‫ل‬ ‫يعاطق‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫لل‬‫غ‬‫ا‬‫ز‬ ‫دوقوال‬ ‫يوحت‬‫ل‬ • ‫يغصال‬‫ر‬‫ة‬ ‫ةعانصال‬ ‫و‬ ‫تالو‬‫ش‬‫يج‬‫ر‬ ‫اب‬‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غال‬ ‫ةع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رز‬ •
‫رواحمال‬ ‫مهأ‬ ‫قمال‬‫ب‬‫ل‬‫ة‬ ‫ةل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫رمال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ل‬‫ي‬‫اه‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تال‬‫ر‬‫يك‬‫ز‬ ‫بولطمال‬ ‫ال‬‫ت‬‫ك‬‫ي‬‫ف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ج‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ةرارحالو‬ ‫افجال‬‫ف‬ ‫لمحت‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ةرداق‬ ‫ةديدج‬ ‫ةيعارز‬ ‫فانصأ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ط‬ • ‫هايم‬ ‫داصحو‬ ‫بال‬‫ح‬‫ر‬ ‫هايم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫وحن‬ ‫هجوتالو‬ ‫هايمال‬ ‫كالهتسا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ • ‫نصال‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ي‬ ‫راطم‬ ‫تسال‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عور‬ ‫ش‬ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫طم‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بال‬‫ح‬‫ر‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ةددهمال‬ ‫ءىطاوشال‬ ‫قطانمب‬ ‫تاعورشم‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫مدع‬ • ‫لال‬ ‫خ‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةلودال‬ ‫ططخ‬ ‫نمض‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫م‬ ‫ف‬ ‫يكت‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫سايس‬ ‫جمد‬ • 2018 ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أد‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫نأ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫قوتمال‬ ‫و‬ NAP ‫ف‬ ‫يكت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ةينطوال‬ ‫ةطخال‬ ‫بال‬‫ح‬‫ر‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ف‬‫ا‬‫ع‬ ‫نم‬ ‫ةددهمال‬ ‫قطانمال‬ ‫ةيامح‬ • ‫اهتهجاوم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫خانمال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رطاخمب‬ ‫تال‬‫و‬‫يع‬‫ة‬ ‫ةدايز‬ •
! ‫ت‬‫ح‬‫؟كر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ب‬‫د‬‫أ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫مل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫م‬ : ‫ةصال‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةيرظنال‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬ ‫ةلحر‬ ‫اضفال‬‫ء‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫مهاسمال‬ ‫ةصالخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اقحال‬‫ئ‬‫ق‬ ‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫آل‬ ‫ا‬
‫نزاوتال‬ ‫يدل‬‫ه‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫بكوك‬ ‫لعجي‬‫ه‬ ‫امم‬ ‫بسانمال‬ ‫يخانمال‬ ‫نكس‬ ‫لل‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫عراس‬ ‫ت‬ ‫تدا‬ ‫نصال‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ط‬ ‫شن‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نص‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ةروثال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ىإل‬ 1800 ‫رض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫ق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫تائ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ذنم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نصال‬‫ا‬‫ع‬‫ي‬‫ة‬ ‫ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ك‬ ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ 40 ٪ ‫يالوحب‬ ‫لك‬ ‫أ‬‫ك‬‫ث‬‫ر‬ ‫ةرارحال‬ ‫تاجرد‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ماع‬ ‫ةصالخال‬ ‫نمزالرم‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫يوجال‬ ‫فالغال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يرارحال‬ ‫تحالل‬‫ب‬‫ا‬‫س‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫تازاغال‬
2015-1880 ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ه‬ ‫شل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫م‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حطسو‬ ‫ضرأل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫را‬ ‫رح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رد‬ ‫ط‬ ‫سو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬ ‫يرا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إلل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غال‬  ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تاطيحمال‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫و‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫ةرارح‬  ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫؟كرحتال‬ ‫ادبن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اذام‬ :‫خانمال‬‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫نمز‬ ‫ذن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬
‫قالطالا‬ ‫لع‬‫ى‬ ‫ةرارح‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ثك‬‫ر‬ ‫ماعال‬ 2016 ‫ماع‬ ‫ناك‬ ‫يرا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إلل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غال‬  ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تاطيحمال‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫و‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫ةرارح‬  ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رد‬ ‫طسو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬  ‫؟كرحتال‬ ‫ادبن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اذام‬ :‫خانمال‬‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫نمز‬ ‫ذن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬
‫؟كرحتال‬ ‫ادبن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫اذام‬ :‫خانمال‬‫ل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ط‬ ‫نمز‬ ‫ذن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫خانم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫يرا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫س‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إلل‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ‫ت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ا‬ ‫غال‬  ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تاطيحمال‬ ‫حطس‬ ‫و‬ ‫ضرألا‬ ‫ةرارح‬  ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ف‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ج‬ ‫رد‬ ‫طسو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫م‬  ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ازت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ثراوكال‬ 
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