1.3.1 Anne Kavanagh
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1.3.1 AWHN Conference 2010 Chancellor 2: Health inequities: where does gender fit in? Anne Kavanagh Director, The Centre for Women’s Health, Gender and Society Melbourne School of Population Health The University of Melbourne
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1.3.1 Anne Kavanagh
- 1. Health inequities: where does gender fit in? Anne Kavanagh Director, The Centre for Women’s Health, Gender and Society Melbourne School of Population Health The University of Melbourne
- 3. Gender Equity/ Inequity • “Fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men (World Health Organization 2001)”. • Social and material resources and decision-making powers of households, communities or countries should be fairly and justly distributed between men and women.
- 4. Gender, SE & Health • Do the relationships between health and socio-economic circumstances vary by gender? • How does gender equity affect health and do this relationships differ by gender?
- 5. SEP and health, relationships by gender • And the answers is: Well it depends… on the outcome – Strong relative socio-economic differences between education and income and obesity for women but not for men. Longitudinally women and men in lower status occupations have greater weight gain perhaps stronger for women. – Relative socio-economic inequalities in all-cause mortality, cancer mortality, mortality from external causes greater for men while social gradient for CVD mortality is larger for women (Saurel-Cubizolles, 2009) – Stronger SEP gradients for metabolic syndrome in women. The gradient was better explained by health behaviours for women (Louks, 2007)
- 6. SEP and health, relationships by gender and it depends on the socio-economic measure Household social control and social position and incidence CHD 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Low household social control Low household social position Hazardratio men women Chandola et al. Social Science & Medicine 58 (2004) 1501–1509
- 7. Gender and socio-economic disadvantage shape health • Women are more likely to be in precarious employment • Women in precariously employed are 12 times more likely to experience sexual harassment at work than the permanent employees (Lamontagne 2009)
- 8. Relationships between health and socio- economic circumstances (health selection) • Obesity – National Longitudinal Study of Youth, US. For white women, increase 2 standard deviations from mean weight (+ 64 pounds) was associated with 9% reduction in wages (equivalent to 1.5 years education, 3 years work) (Cawley 2004) – Several other studies including Hammarström A, et al. Soc Sci Med. 2005
- 9. Gender equity and health
- 10. More evidence • Female life expectancy increases with increases in women status incl. educational status, economic status, reproductive autonomy (Soci Sci Med 1997;45(2):305-17 • Maternal mortality rates: increases in women’s status incl. education, age of first marriage, reproductive autonomy associated with reduced maternal mortality and multinational corporate investment associated with increases in mat mortality (Soc Sci Med 1997;49(2):197-214)
- 11. Gender equity and men and women’s drinking • Men in all countries drink more than women • Gender differences in alcohol consumption decreased with modernisation and with increased gender equity (Rahav, 2006)
- 12. Conclusion • So does gender matter for understanding socio-economic inequalities in health – YES and in many different ways
Editor's Notes
- sex/gender; socio-economic disadvantaged and health are linked Journey through a terrain that has been surprisingly absent of theoretical and empirical investigation although perhaps each parts of the puzzle have been unpacked in different ways, each relying on different theoretical and disciplinary traditions.
- Diagramatic representation Venn diagram represents each of these fields as stand alone concepts which each intersect with one another. pace that occupies the intersection of sex, gender and health has led to research that considers the differences and similarities in women and men’s health and the ways in which gendered behaviours, exposures and vulnerabilities shape the health of men and women. gender and socio-economic disadvantage leads to thinking about the ways in which poverty is gendered or notions such as gender equity in education or political participation. space where socio-economic disadvantage and health overlap comes a rich tradition of inquiry which has repeatedly, and convincingly, demonstrated how health is socio-economically patterned with the least well off fairing much worse than their more privileged counterparts on almost any measure of health. theoretical and empirical understandings of these two-way relationships may be relatively developed the three ways intersection of gender, socio-economic disadvantage and health is less well theorised or the focus of empirical investigation. In this presentation I want to dissect each component of this Venn diagram, the individual components; the two-way intersections; and the three way intersections. I will conclude by reflecting upon how a richer understanding of the three-way relationship between gender, socio-economic disadvantage and health might be gained by a more thorough application of the other components of the Venn diagram. I should preface this presentation by highlighting that things are of course much more complicated. Each of these concepts intersects with yet other social and cultural processes like race/ethnicity; disability; and place, to name just a few. But let’s continue with the more simplified approach for the time being. Let’s start with sex/gender.
- What do we mean by gender equity. One aspect is the distribution of economic and social resources. The ways in which gender and socio-economic processes and conditions are connected and contribute to each other is manifold, I want to start by considering the ways in which socio-economic resources are distributed. Worldwide women are more likely to live in absolute poverty than men. That is, they a greater proportion of women than men do not have sufficient income to cover the basic living costs. Even within countries like Australia where absolute poverty is low, or non-existent, relative poverty (which is takes account that the minimal standard of living fluctuates with the rest of society) women are more likely to live in poverty in part because they are more likely to be single parents with children relying on lower wages and income support.
- Whitehall study of women and men. For men occupation works better as a marker o social position. This marker of household social position is based on financial security and works better for women. Whitehall study of women and men. For men occupation works better as a marker o social position. This marker of household social position is based on financial security and works better for women
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