Punctuation Guide

1. Punctuation Aliaakudmani.ak@gmail.com

2. Punctuation 1. Quotations 2. Parenthesis 3. Capitalizations 4. Commas 5. Apostrophes 6. Full stop / period 7. Colons 8. Semicolon 9. Dash 10. Hyphen 11. Ellipses 12. Question marks 13. Exclamation mark 14. Bracket 15. Slash, stroke, solidus 16. Space tis2016english@gmail.com “hi “ (hi) L ,hi hi` hi. hi: hi; hi_ hi- … ? ! [hi ] hi/

3. QUOTATIONS tis2016english@gmail.com

4. 1. Introduce a quotation with an initial phrase and a comma or an initial clause and a colon: -According to Jones, “Blah blah blah.” QUOTATIONS tis2016english@gmail.com

5. 2. If the sentence continues after the quotation, you’ll usually need a comma AFTER your quotation but BEFORE your final quotation mark: -“I wish this workshop were over,” John said. -“Not me,” Mary replied, “I’ve got to go to the dentist this afternoon.” QUOTATIONS tis2016english@gmail.com

6. 3. If the quotation ends in an exclamation point or question mark, omit the comma: -“I hate going to the dentist!” John bellowed. -“Why are you talking so loudly?” asked Mary. QUOTATIONS tis2016english@gmail.com

7. 4. If the sentence ends with the quotation (and if there is no parenthetical citation), put your final mark of punctuation INSIDE the quotation marks: -“I don’t think so; Denalis are quite large.” QUOTATIONS tis2016english@gmail.com

8. 5. If your sentence ends with a footnote, put the superscript number AFTER your final mark of punctuation: -According to Car and Driver, the Denali is “among the most agile of full-sized sport utility vehicles.”15 QUOTATIONS tis2016english@gmail.com

9. 6. If you have a quotation within a quotation, standard American usage indicates that you double the outermost quotes (“”) and use single quotes for the inner quotations (‘’). My dad said to me, “Your long- haired, so-called ‘best friend’ was just over here asking if you could loan her some money. I told him ‘absolutely not.’” QUOTATIONS

10. 1. Introduce a quotation with an initial phrase and a comma or an initial clause and a colon: -According to Jones, “Blah blah blah.” 2. If the sentence continues after the quotation, you’ll usually need a comma AFTER your quotation but BEFORE your final quotation mark: -“I wish this workshop were over,” John said. -“Not me,” Mary replied, “I’ve got to go to the dentist this afternoon.” 3. If the quotation ends in an exclamation point or question mark, omit the comma: -“I hate going to the dentist!” John bellowed. -“Why are you talking so loudly?” asked Mary. 4. If the sentence ends with the quotation (and if there is no parenthetical citation), put your final mark of punctuation INSIDE the quotation marks: -“I don’t think so; Denalis are quite large.” 5. If your sentence ends with a footnote, put the superscript number AFTER your final mark of punctuation: -According to Car and Driver, the Denali is “among the most agile of full- sized sport utility vehicles.”15 6. If you have a quotation within a quotation, standard American usage indicates that you double the outermost quotes (“”) and use single quotes for the inner quotations (‘’). My dad said to me, “Your long-haired, so-called ‘best friend’ was just over here asking if you could loan her some money. I told him ‘absolutely not.’” QUOTATIONS tis2016english@gmail.com

12. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com

13. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Parentheses (always used in pairs) allow a writer to provide additional information.

14. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Correct: The president (and his assistant) traveled by private jet. Incorrect: The president (and his assistant) were expected to arrive by 10:00 a.m.

15. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Rule 1. Use parentheses to enclose information that clarifies or is used as an aside. Example: He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not understand the question. If material in parentheses ends a sentence, the period goes after the parentheses. Example: He gave me a nice bonus ($500).

16. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Rule 2. Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the parentheses. Example: Please read the analysis. (You'll be amazed.) This is a rule with a lot of wiggle room. An entire sentence in parentheses is often acceptable without an enclosed period: Example: Please read the analysis (you'll be amazed).

17. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Rule 3 Take care to punctuate correctly when punctuation is required both inside and outside parentheses. Example: You are late (aren't you?). Note the question mark within the parentheses. The period after the parentheses is necessary to bring the entire sentence to a close.

18. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Rule 4. Parentheses, despite appearances, are not part of the subject. Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome. If this seems awkward, try rewriting the sentence: Example: Joe (accompanied by his trusty mutt) was always welcome.

19. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Rule 5. Commas are more likely to follow parentheses than precede them. Incorrect: When he got home, (it was already dark outside) he fixed dinner. Correct: When he got home (it was already dark outside), he fixed dinner.

20. Parenthesis tis2016english@gmail.com Rule 1. Use parentheses to enclose information that clarifies or is used as an aside. Example: He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not understand the question. If material in parentheses ends a sentence, the period goes after the parentheses. Example: He gave me a nice bonus ($500). Rule 2. Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the parentheses. Example: Please read the analysis. (You'll be amazed.) This is a rule with a lot of wiggle room. An entire sentence in parentheses is often acceptable without an enclosed period: Example: Please read the analysis (you'll be amazed). Rule 3. Take care to punctuate correctly when punctuation is required both inside and outside parentheses. Example: You are late (aren't you?). Note the question mark within the parentheses. The period after the parentheses is necessary to bring the entire sentence to a close. Rule 4. Parentheses, despite appearances, are not part of the subject. Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome. If this seems awkward, try rewriting the sentence: Example: Joe (accompanied by his trusty mutt) was always welcome. Rule 5. Commas are more likely to follow parentheses than precede them. Incorrect: When he got home, (it was already dark outside) he fixed dinner. Correct: When he got home (it was already dark outside), he fixed dinner.

22. Capitalization

23. 1. Always capitalize the first word of a sentence. Capitalization

24. 1. Always capitalize the first word of a sentence. 2. Always capitalize proper names or official titles. Capitalization

26. Commas

28. Apostrophes

30. Full Stop / Period

32. Colons

34. Semicolon

36. Dash

38. Hyphen

40. Ellipses

42. Question Marks

44. Exclamation Mark

46. Bracket

48. Slash, stroke, solidus

50. Space

52. Title and Content Layout with List • Quotation • Parenthesis • Capitalization • Commas • Apostrophes • Full stop / period • Colons • Semicolons • Dashes • Hyphens • Ellipses • Question mark • Exclamation mark • others -sentence fragments -tense shift -run-on sentence -its vs. it’s error -subject-verb agreement -vague pronoun reference -no comma in a compound sentence -possessive apostrophe error -pronoun agreement error -wrong/missing prepositions -no comma after introductory element -wrong word -lack of commas in a series -unnecessary shift in person -wrong/missing inflected endings -comma splice -no comma in nonrestrictive element -dangling or misplaced modifier -unnecessary comma with restrictive element -wrong tense or verb form (Connors and Lumsford)

Punctuation Guide

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Punctuation Guide