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                                                                                                                                         80%
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        20%                                                                                                                              60%
                                                                                                                                         50%
Frequency




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                                                                                                                                         40%
        10%                                                                                                                              30%
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                                                                                                                                         10%
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                 118
                       218
                             221
                                   223
                                         225
                                               228
                                                     231
                                                           233
                                                                 235
                                                                       237
                                                                             239
                                                                                   242
                                                                                         245
                                                                                               252
                                                                                                     255
                                                                                                           259
                                                                                                                 263
                                                                                                                       270
                                                                                                                             283
                                                                                                                                   326
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5




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5
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                                                     >   2# &




Dakar
n(37)         Niamey
               n(43)
                                                    Djibouti
                                                     n(42)
     South
    Danané
     n(118)



C                          $<       =;                 &
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         0.34
AXE II




         -0.34
                                                      Sites
         -1.02                                         Danané
                                                       Dakar
                                                       Djibouti
         -1.70                                         Niamey
             -3.0      -1.5           0.0       1.5
                              AXE I
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:                            :
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                      θ=0.189
                      (0.121-0.265)
                      (0.121-
 Dakar
             Niamey
                                                                     Djibouti
                              θ=0.210
                             (0.152-0.272)
                             (0.152-




    Sud                           θ=0.246
                                  (0.166-0.321)
                                  (0.166-
   Danané
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L >
 > A     K
>> >
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M BA
 >       N
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:                                   :
                                        $              !                B> <-W
                                                                          >   2# &

                                θ=0.189
                                (0.121-0.265)
                                (0.121-
 Dakar
                   Niamey
                                                                         Djibouti
                                        θ=0.210
                                       (0.152-0.272)
                                       (0.152-
θ=0.105
(0.081-0.172)
(0.081-         θ=0.084
                (0.074-0.171)
                (0.074-

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                                            (0.166-0.321)
                                            (0.166-
     Danané
   >      K                                                 %
L >
 > A      K
>> >
  6
  A =A    #
>=A >
  6 BA    /                                  6 (            0            #      H
M BA
 >        N
    =     -          5                                          0   0
= 6 (                                           ( 0/
                                                 $              !             B> <-W
                                                                                >   2# &

                                         θ=0.189
                                         (0.121-0.265)
                                         (0.121-
 Dakar
                            Niamey
          θ=0.026                                                              Djibouti
         (0.008-0.048)
         (0.008-                                 θ=0.210
                                                (0.152-0.272)
                                                (0.152-
θ=0.105
(0.081-0.172)
(0.081-                  θ=0.084
                         (0.074-0.171)
                         (0.074-

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                                                     (0.166-0.321)
                                                     (0.166-
     Danané
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L >
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            %
No Linkage
disequilibrium
   Dakar                            Linkage Disequilibrium
                    No Linkage            Djibouti
                   disequilibrium
                     Niamey


    No Linkage
  disequilibrium
      Sud
     Danané
Q    9   / ,       4   X   '


    61
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Ja         Monthly incidence of clinical malaria attacks
   n




       0
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   19
      97
   M
     ar
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     ay
   Ju
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                                                1998




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                                                                                                                                    (




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                                                                                                                                    G




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   M 1
                                                                                                                                    +




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   Ju
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  n v
                                                       sampling periods of clinical malaria isolates, Djibouti-city, CHA Bouffard




   20
      0
   M 2
     ar
   M
                                                2002




     ay
                                                                                                                                      > == =; B=
                                                                                                                                    B> AO @ 6@ &
6       6                      6 ;                                !
                                        #G6
                         Isolates with only one allele detected by locus
                            $!      (                             G        +   B> AO @ 6@ &
                                                                                 > == =; B=
percentage

                                 1998    1999       2002
   80



   60



   40



   20



    0



    K1       Mad20   RO33                            3D7                           FC27
         msp1 block2                                       msp2
                 Q
%     1        0
                                         6        >                             0 &'
                                                                                   ''                /
                                                              $!   (                       G   +         B> AO @ 6@ &
                                                                                                           > == =; B=

                              100%
Unbiased expected heterozygocity


                                                                                                     msp1 block2
                                                                                                     msp2
                                   80%



                                   60%



                                   40%



                                   20%        #                             %          1              /

                                   0%
                                               1998                       1999                      2002
                                         (Sept.-Dec., n=46)            (April, n=61)           (March-May, n=32)
B




        5   V/       5


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                     5

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                 5

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            ำ
9                           6
                                         $       !               B> A
                                                                   >        &

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             +R

Trans < 1 b/pers/y
   P rate <5%             Trans < 1 b/pers/y               Trans < 1 b/pers/y
     Dakar                P rate <5% 30%                      P rate <5%
                               Niamey                          Djibouti


             Trans > 300 b/pers/y
                 P rate >80%
                      south
                     Danané

                      9
                           @                 =
9                              6
                                        $    !               B> A
                                                               >        &

             2                වൺ#                වV9                ව
             +R

Trans < 1 b/pers/y
 Mean Mult.: 1.41       Trans < 1 b/pers/y             Trans < 1 b/pers/y
     Dakar               Mean Mult.: 1.63               Mean Mult.: 1.31
                              Niamey                       Djibouti


             Trans > 300 b/pers/y
               Mean Mult.: 2.68
                      south
                     Danané

         #                                        :
H=0.73
Dakar     H=0.76
          Niamey               H=0.53
                               Djibouti
 H=0.76
  South
 Danané


                   #
          3            %   1
X                /:
                            :

H=0.73
Dakar         H=0.76
          Niamey                H=0.53
                                Djibouti
 H=0.76
  South
 Danané



                       #
                 :
, VK                 /:


H=0.73
Dakar         H=0.76
          Niamey                        H=0.53
                                        Djibouti
 H=0.76
  South
 Danané



          #
                       !   6
                   /           %    1
#                                                                             S                                   '
                                      Multiplicity         Heterozygosity
                   3                                                              1
                                                                                  0,9
                  2,5                                                             0,8




                                                                                        H etero z yg o sity
                   2                                                              0,7
M u ltip licity




                                                                                  0,6
                  1,5                                                             0,5
                                                                                  0,4
                   1                                                              0,3
                  0,5                                                             0,2
                                                                                  0,1
                   0                                                              0
                           Djibouti      Dakar        Niamey        Danané
                        L= J     JY   L= J      JY L = J   JY      M> J
                                                                    @>       JY

                            /                         A        0             %          1 6                   %
!




/           :
    6           V
    6
%
                                                                    TIPTENGA
                       THIAGO
                                                                    FATI
             TEMEYE SALANE
                                                                    N
                    SANINTE
                 NDIAKHAYE                                                                KAT
                         MALLA                                                            E
                                                                                          BOCKI
                                                          NIOKO II S26
                                                          S29-30
                                                          S29-
                                                   PISSY S17                                       TCHOLLIRE
                                                                                                           II
                                                                                          SAKDJE      YOUKOUT

       Dakar
                                          Niamey
                                                                                                    Djibouti




                                                          Dienga
                                 Danané
                                 Danané
       THIOBO                                                                      MELEN/
SAMAL BANTATA                                               NIENA                  NKOLAFENDEK
                                                                                       MIATTA / DJOUZE
 ASSONI TIABEDJI                                                                   ENDEGUE/          ZOEBEFAM/
    LANDE                                                                          ABDELON        NKOLEMBOULA
  RUNDE/BAITIL
                                                                                       YEN/
                                            TENASSO           Q. DOGONA                MEBAN II
                                                           Q. SAMAGAN Q. KUINIMA
Unité de Recherche en         Ministère de          HIA Laveran
Biologie & Epidémiologie    la Santé Djibouti         E. Garnotel
  Parasitaires - IMTSSA        M.A. Kamil
        C. Rogier
       B. Pradines
         T. Fusai             INSERM U399            Centre Muraz
      H. Bouchiba            Laboratoire de       & Institut P. Richet
                             Parasitologie et         M.C. Henry
          IRD                   Mycologie              S.B. Assi
      Montpellier,
      F. Renaud                 P. Parola
       P. Durand
                                                   Hôpital National
    Institut Pasteur         Hôpital Principal
                                                     de Niamey
         à Paris                 de Dakar
                                                    E. Adehossi
      O. Puijalon               B. Wade

DGA (Dynapop), Société Pathologie Exotique, SANOFI – Impact Malaria
                  Service de Santé des Armées
                                       hervebogreau @ yahoo.fr
#
                                                 !



    S                     9

               ($    &F       J$   Z   &
               ($    &F       J$   Z   &




S   $ & F ($        &:        ำ
        F($       &Z $
                    (    &
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                  $    $   $       &FB($   &($   &
#
                                                      !



    S                     9
                          $   &F P   $   &FC
               ($    &F       J$     Z    & F PJ =B
               ($    &F       J$     Z    & F CJ =B




S   $ & F ($        &:        ำ
        F( $      &Z $
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           $      $        $    $   $          &($    &
        F B $ B J @& $ = J @ F CJ I
                             &
#
                                                          !



               S            9
                                -

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                             =5 =

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                             =5 B        ( (
                                          B5 B

           -           (    ( (
                             =5          ( (
                                          B5      (5(

    "   F=6[
#
                                                          !



               S            9
                                -

                            -        =   -    B   -
                                    (=       (B       (

-          -       =   (=   ( (
                             =5 =

           -       B   (B   ( (
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    "   F=6[
#
                                                                   !



                 S               9
                                     -

                                 -        =   -     B   -
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    "   F=6[  F =       .$BJ@ Z $=J@ 0F =
                              &     &           .AJI F C
                                                      0   JI

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Génétique des populations de Plasmodium falciparum en Afrique

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  • 42. ! / A / 5 , K- $--2& ! R = $-222-2& ! $-2& ! R @ R B $ J &
  • 43. ' # B6@,
  • 44. =& # 5 B& 1 S : A> @A> <>
  • 45. 1 K- Q K- K- 14 , K- $ K-&
  • 46. " 1> 0 / 4 / #D 8" 6 1> < = ; #D =;
  • 47. E 1 2
  • 48. 6 0 0 ; 1 0 / U T # # ! !
  • 49. 1/ 0 / 80% 25% 70% 20% 60% 50% Frequency 15% 40% 10% 30% 20% 5% 10% 0% 0% 118 218 221 223 225 228 231 233 235 237 239 242 245 252 255 259 263 270 283 326 91 94 98 101 110 - S /: : : /: # :
  • 50. ,E 1 " 0 / " 0 / / )# " 6 ( / +" / 1/ 0 / <
  • 51. !" < F &9 5 7 B ( ' 7 @! # 3# + 3 '
  • 52. 5 ! 6 - K : '
  • 53. 5 $ ! B> <-W > 2# & Dakar n(37) Niamey n(43) Djibouti n(42) South Danané n(118) C $< =; & - V( : : : $ 5 5&
  • 54. =!> ( 0 / @ $ ! B> <-W > 2# & 1.70 1.02 0.34 AXE II -0.34 Sites -1.02 Danané Dakar Djibouti -1.70 Niamey -3.0 -1.5 0.0 1.5 AXE I
  • 55. 6 ( ( 0= : J : 2 2 ( =F( B ( =ำ ( B F> F= > K L > > A K >> =A A6> # >=A6>BA / M BA > N = - 5
  • 56. : : $ ! B> <-W > 2# & θ=0.189 (0.121-0.265) (0.121- Dakar Niamey Djibouti θ=0.210 (0.152-0.272) (0.152- Sud θ=0.246 (0.166-0.321) (0.166- Danané > K L > > A K >> > 6 A =A # >=A > 6 BA / M BA > N 3 6 ( = - 5 / #G6 0
  • 57. : : $ ! B> <-W > 2# & θ=0.189 (0.121-0.265) (0.121- Dakar Niamey Djibouti θ=0.210 (0.152-0.272) (0.152- θ=0.105 (0.081-0.172) (0.081- θ=0.084 (0.074-0.171) (0.074- Sud θ=0.246 (0.166-0.321) (0.166- Danané > K % L > > A K >> > 6 A =A # >=A > 6 BA / 6 ( 0 # H M BA > N = - 5 0 0
  • 58. = 6 ( ( 0/ $ ! B> <-W > 2# & θ=0.189 (0.121-0.265) (0.121- Dakar Niamey θ=0.026 Djibouti (0.008-0.048) (0.008- θ=0.210 (0.152-0.272) (0.152- θ=0.105 (0.081-0.172) (0.081- θ=0.084 (0.074-0.171) (0.074- Sud θ=0.246 (0.166-0.321) (0.166- Danané > K K : , 6K L > > A K >> > 6 A =A # >=A > 6 BA / , ! M BA > N = - 5
  • 59. 9 / ; / 5 &' @+ # ; D / 1 #G6 @ @& @ , & @+8 @8 # H @ ! @& @ ? /6 6( & B > "
  • 60. 5 # 5
  • 61. ! 1 , 3 ' θ = 0.193 &' @+ # ; D / 1 #G6 @ @& @ , & @+8 @8 # H @ ! @& @ ? /6 6( & B > " 0 & B > "
  • 62. = -
  • 63. F &9 5 F 9 5 7 @! # 3# + 3 '
  • 64. K / , 4 / , 4 ! K : K 1 %
  • 65. No Linkage disequilibrium Dakar Linkage Disequilibrium No Linkage Djibouti disequilibrium Niamey No Linkage disequilibrium Sud Danané
  • 66. Q 9 / , 4 X ' 61 6G 5 61
  • 67. 3 ; < 6 / " " " 1 " " ! " #
  • 68. Ja Monthly incidence of clinical malaria attacks n 0 50 100 150 200 250 19 97 M ar M ay Ju l Se p Ja No n v 19 9 M 8 ar M ay Ju l Se p $! Ja No n v 1998 19 9 M 9 ar M ( ay 1999 Ju l Se p Ja No n v 20 0 M 0 ar M ay Ju l Se p G Ja No n v 20 0 M 1 + ar M ay Ju l Se p Ja No n v sampling periods of clinical malaria isolates, Djibouti-city, CHA Bouffard 20 0 M 2 ar M 2002 ay > == =; B= B> AO @ 6@ &
  • 69. 6 6 6 ; ! #G6 Isolates with only one allele detected by locus $! ( G + B> AO @ 6@ & > == =; B= percentage 1998 1999 2002 80 60 40 20 0 K1 Mad20 RO33 3D7 FC27 msp1 block2 msp2 Q
  • 70. % 1 0 6 > 0 &' '' / $! ( G + B> AO @ 6@ & > == =; B= 100% Unbiased expected heterozygocity msp1 block2 msp2 80% 60% 40% 20% # % 1 / 0% 1998 1999 2002 (Sept.-Dec., n=46) (April, n=61) (March-May, n=32)
  • 71. B 5 V/ 5 R :
  • 72. F &9 5 F 9 5 F 9 / % 15
  • 73. / FK J J /6 #% 1 1F K
  • 74. 9 F9 F G5 S F- S : , : ำ
  • 75. 9 6 $ ! B> A > & 2 වൺ# වV9 ව +R Trans < 1 b/pers/y P rate <5% Trans < 1 b/pers/y Trans < 1 b/pers/y Dakar P rate <5% 30% P rate <5% Niamey Djibouti Trans > 300 b/pers/y P rate >80% south Danané 9 @ =
  • 76. 9 6 $ ! B> A > & 2 වൺ# වV9 ව +R Trans < 1 b/pers/y Mean Mult.: 1.41 Trans < 1 b/pers/y Trans < 1 b/pers/y Dakar Mean Mult.: 1.63 Mean Mult.: 1.31 Niamey Djibouti Trans > 300 b/pers/y Mean Mult.: 2.68 south Danané # :
  • 77. H=0.73 Dakar H=0.76 Niamey H=0.53 Djibouti H=0.76 South Danané # 3 % 1
  • 78. X /: : H=0.73 Dakar H=0.76 Niamey H=0.53 Djibouti H=0.76 South Danané # :
  • 79. , VK /: H=0.73 Dakar H=0.76 Niamey H=0.53 Djibouti H=0.76 South Danané # ! 6 / % 1
  • 80. # S ' Multiplicity Heterozygosity 3 1 0,9 2,5 0,8 H etero z yg o sity 2 0,7 M u ltip licity 0,6 1,5 0,5 0,4 1 0,3 0,5 0,2 0,1 0 0 Djibouti Dakar Niamey Danané L= J JY L= J JY L = J JY M> J @> JY / A 0 % 1 6 %
  • 81. ! / : 6 V 6
  • 82. % TIPTENGA THIAGO FATI TEMEYE SALANE N SANINTE NDIAKHAYE KAT MALLA E BOCKI NIOKO II S26 S29-30 S29- PISSY S17 TCHOLLIRE II SAKDJE YOUKOUT Dakar Niamey Djibouti Dienga Danané Danané THIOBO MELEN/ SAMAL BANTATA NIENA NKOLAFENDEK MIATTA / DJOUZE ASSONI TIABEDJI ENDEGUE/ ZOEBEFAM/ LANDE ABDELON NKOLEMBOULA RUNDE/BAITIL YEN/ TENASSO Q. DOGONA MEBAN II Q. SAMAGAN Q. KUINIMA
  • 83. Unité de Recherche en Ministère de HIA Laveran Biologie & Epidémiologie la Santé Djibouti E. Garnotel Parasitaires - IMTSSA M.A. Kamil C. Rogier B. Pradines T. Fusai INSERM U399 Centre Muraz H. Bouchiba Laboratoire de & Institut P. Richet Parasitologie et M.C. Henry IRD Mycologie S.B. Assi Montpellier, F. Renaud P. Parola P. Durand Hôpital National Institut Pasteur Hôpital Principal de Niamey à Paris de Dakar E. Adehossi O. Puijalon B. Wade DGA (Dynapop), Société Pathologie Exotique, SANOFI – Impact Malaria Service de Santé des Armées hervebogreau @ yahoo.fr
  • 84. # ! S 9 ($ &F J$ Z & ($ &F J$ Z & S $ & F ($ &: ำ F($ &Z $ ( & F($ & ( & Z( & ( $ $ $ &FB($ &($ &
  • 85. # ! S 9 $ &F P $ &FC ($ &F J$ Z & F PJ =B ($ &F J$ Z & F CJ =B S $ & F ($ &: ำ F( $ &Z $ ( & F ( & ( & Z( & ( & F B ( $ $ $ $ $ &($ & F B $ B J @& $ = J @ F CJ I &
  • 86. # ! S 9 - - = - B - (= (B ( - - = (= ( ( =5 = - B (B ( ( =5 B ( ( B5 B - ( ( ( =5 ( ( B5 (5( " F=6[
  • 87. # ! S 9 - - = - B - (= (B ( - - = (= ( ( =5 = - B (B ( ( =5 B ( ( B5 B - ( ( ( =5 ( ( B5 (5( " F=6[
  • 88. # ! S 9 - - = - B - (= (B ( - - = (= $BJ@& - B (B ( ( =5 B $=J@& - ( ( ( =5 ( ( B5 (5( " F=6[ F = .$BJ@ Z $=J@ 0F = & & .AJI F C 0 JI