Deskripsi tentang sengketa rokok beraroma antara Indonesia dan AS yang dibahas dalam WTO

1. SENGKETA ROKOK
BERAROMA (INDONESIA-AS)
ARIYADI DWI GUSTA PRAKOSO

2. FAKTA
Amerika pada tanggal 22 Juni 2009 menerapkan Family
Smoking Preventation Tobacco Control Act yang melarang
peredaran rokok beraroma
Family Smoking Preventation Tobacco Control Act
bertujuan untuk mencegah bertambahnya jumlah perokok
di AS
Peredaran rokok produk dalam negeri yang
mengandung Menthol masih diperbolehkan, padahal
Menthol termasuk like product dari rokok beraroma
Indonesia merupakan produsen rokok beraroma
terbesar di dunia dan pasar AS merupakan salah satu
pangsa pasar terbesar dari produk rokok dari Indonesia

3. ISU
Indonesia menggugat AS dengan
anggapan bahwa Family Smoking
Preventation Tobacco Control Act
merupakan unnecessary
UU tersebut bersifat diskriminatif terhadap
produk impor dari Indonesia

4. ATURAN DAN PASAL
GATT Pasal III ayat 4 tentang National Treatment :
“The products of the territory of any contracting party
imported into the territory of any other contracting party
shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that
accorded to like products of national origin in respect of
all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their
internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation,
distribution or use …”

5. CONT’D……..
 GATT Pasal XX (b) tentang General Exception :
“Necessary to protect human, animal or plant life
or health”

6. CONT’D…….
GATT pasal XXIII ayat 1 (a) tentang kewajiban
negara anggota WTO :
“The failure of another contracting party to carry
out its obligations under this agreement”

7. CONT’D………..
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Pasal 2.1
“Members shall ensure that in respect of
technical regulations, products imported from
the territory of any Member shall be accorded
treatment no less favourable than that
accorded to like products of national origin
and to like products originating in any other
country”

8. CONT’D…….
Pasal TBT 2.2
“Members shall ensure that technical regulations are not prepared,
adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating
unnecessary obstacles to international trade. For this purpose,
technical regulations shall not be more trade-restrictive than necessary
to fulfil a legitimate objective, taking account of the risks non-fulfilment
would create. Such legitimate objectives are, inter alia: national
security requirements; the prevention of deceptive practices;
protection of human health or safety, animal or plant life or health, or
the environment. In assessing such risks, relevant elements of
consideration are, inter alia: available scientific and technical
information, related processing technology or intended end-uses of
products”

9. CONT’D……….
TBT Pasal 2.3
“Technical regulations shall not be maintained if
the circumstances or objectives giving rise to
their adoption no longer exist or if the changed
circumstances or objectives can be addressed in
a less trade-restrictive manner”

10. Cont’d………
TBT Pasal 2.5
“A Member preparing, adopting or applying a technical
regulation which may have a significant effect on trade of
other Members shall, upon the request of another
Member, explain the justification for that technical
regulation in terms of the provisions of paragraphs 2 to 4.
Whenever a technical regulation is prepared, adopted or
applied for one of the legitimate objectives explicitly
mentioned in paragraph 2, and is in accordance with
relevant international standards, it shall be rebuttably
presumed not to create an unnecessary obstacle to
international trade”

11. Cont’d…….
TBT Pasal 2.8
“Wherever appropriate, Members shall specify
technical regulations based on product
requirements in terms of performance rather
than design or descriptive characteristics”

12. Cont’d…..
TBT Pasal 2.9
“Whenever a relevant international standard
does not exist or the technical content of a
proposed technical regulation is not in
accordance with the technical content of
relevant international standards, and if the
technical regulation may have a significant effect
on trade of other Members……”

13. Cont’d…..
TBT Pasal 2.9.2
“Notify other Members through the Secretariat
of the products to be covered by the proposed
technical regulation, together with a brief
indication of its objective and rationale. Such
notifications shall take place at an early
appropriate stage, when amendments can still
be introduced and comments taken into
account;”

14. Cont’d……
TBT Pasal 2.9.3 ;
“upon request, provide to other Members
particulars or copies of the proposed technical
regulation and, whenever possible, identify the
parts which in substance deviate from relevant
international standards”

15. TBT…….
TBT Pasal 2.10
“Subject to the provisions in the lead-in to
paragraph 9, where urgent problems of safety,
health, environmental protection or national
security arise or threaten to arise for a Member,
that Member may omit such of the steps
enumerated in paragraph 9 as it finds necessary,
provided that the Member, upon adoption of a
technical regulation………”

16. TBT…….
TBT Pasal 2.12
“Except in those urgent circumstances referred
to in paragraph 10, Members shall allow a
reasonable interval between the publication of
technical regulations and their entry into force in
order to allow time for producers in exporting
Members, and particularly in developing country
Members, to adapt their products or methods of
production to the requirements of the importing
Member……”

17. Cont’d…..
TBT Pasal 12
“Special and Differential Treatment of
Developing Country Members”

18. Cont’d…..
Pasal TBT 12.3 ;
“Members shall, in the preparation and application
of technical regulations, standards and conformity
assessment procedures, take account of the special
development, financial and trade needs of
developing country Members, with a view to
ensuring that such technical regulations, standards
and conformity assessment procedures do not
create unnecessary obstacles to exports from
developing country Members”

19. ANALISA
1. Menurut laporan dari TPSAC jumlah perokok Menthol di AS lebih banyak dari
jumlah perokok kretek selain itu rokok menthol juga menyebabkan bertambahnya
jumlah perokok di AS
2. Laporan dari TPSAC tersebut mematahkan argumen AS bahwa Family Smoking
Preventation Tobacco Control Act (selanjutnya disingkat Tobacco Control Act)
bertujuan untuk mencegah bertambahnya jumlah perokok di AS
3. Melihat laporan tersebut tujuan sebenarnya dari Family Smoking Preventation
Tobacco Control Act adalah mengurangi jumlah produk rokok impor beraroma di
AS

20. CONT’D……….
Amerika memiliki kewajiban untuk merevisi
kebijakan Tobacco Control Act
Putusan yang dikeluarkan oleh WTO sampai saat
ini belum dijalankan oleh Amerika (sumber: Tom
Miles, REUTERS)
Indonesia dapat melakukan upaya retaliasi
dengan meminta ganti rugi sebesar $ 16
Juta/Tahun

21. KESIMPULAN
Amerika melanggar perjanjian TBT pasal 2.1, 2.9.2 dan 2.12
Amerika melanggar perjanjian TBT pasal 2.1 karena AS
memberlakukan aturan yang diskriminatif antara barang impor dan
barang produk lokal meskipun barang-barang tersebut berkategori
like product
Amerika melanggar perjanjian TBT pasal 2.9.2, karena AS tidak
mampu menginformasikan tentang aturan baru kepada anggota
WTO yang lain melalui kantor sekertariat WTO
Amerika melanggar perjanjian TBT pasal 2.12, karena AS tidak
memberikan jangka waktu kurang lebih enam bulan dari publikasi
aturan baru serta penerapan aturan baru tersebut
Amerika tidak melanggar perjanjian TBT pasal 2.2, 2.5, 2.8,
2.9.3,12.3

22. Cont’d…………
 Amerika meminta reasonable of time sampai 24 Juli 2013
 Apabila putusan tidak dijalankan oleh AS sampai dengan 20
hari pasca reasonable of time, maka Indonesia berhak
mencabut konsensi dan menaikkan tarif
 Amerika Serikat memiliki kewajiban untuk merevisi atau
mencabut UU Tobacco Control Act karena melanggar aturan-
aturan yang diberlakukan oleh WTO