Across 1- Purchase of the financial guarantee of a large insurance com.pdf
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Across 1: Purchase of the financial guarantee of a large insurance company to raise funds. 4: Firms specializing in the sale of new securities to the public, typically by underwriting the issue. 8: Choosing the particular securities to include in a portfolio. 11: Realigning the proportions of assets in a portfolio as needed. 13: Choosing the particular securities to include in a portfolio. Down 1: Describes securities purchased with money borrowed from a broker. Current maximum margin is 50%. 4: are land, buildings, and equipment that are used to produce goods and services. 6: Buying a well-diversified portfolio to represent a broad-based market index without attempting to search out mispriced securities. 8: Equities, or equity securities, issued as ownership shares in a publicly held corporation. Shareholders have voting rights and may receive dividends based on their proportionate ownership. 10: Commitment of current resources in the expectation of deriving greater resources in the future..
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. 1) What are the two ways corporations pay out cash to shareholders?
2) What companies are more likely to pay dividends?
3) What companies are not likely to pay dividends? Give examples.
4) Name and describe the 4 dividend dates.
5) What do states prohibit in regards to dividends?
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1(I) Dividends: This is the most common way to payout cash to shareholders. Dividend is paid
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company.
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dividend; instead, the seller of the stock will be entitled to that dividend. Investors who purchase
the stock before the ex-dividend date will receive the dividend.
(IV) Payment Date: The date, on which the declared dividend will be paid.
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refers to the sum of assets contributed to a company by shareholders when they are issued shares.
Capital Surplus Account: Corporation are prohibited from paying dividends using the funds from
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b. The place where assets can be bought or sold is considered as market. Also there are many
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Physical market has tangible assets like machine, real estate, products etc. while financial
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List four major sources of external financing for the non-financial firms in developed economies
and provide a brief explanation of the relevant importance of those sources using the United
States as an example.
Explain the relevant importance of debt vs. equity financing and the reasons for the mass-media
preoccupation with equity markets (2 points)
Explain the relevant importance of marketable securities vs. non-marketable securities (1 point)
Explain the relative importance of direct vs. indirect finance (1 point)
Solution
exteranal funds refers to the funds that firms obtain from outside of the firm, means the persons
are not beonging to the firm.
the major sources are: Debenture capital, Term laons,Deferred credit and leasing and Hire
Purchase.
Debenture capital: A debenture is a marketable legal contract whereby the company promises to
pay its owner, a specified rate of interest for a defined period of time and the capital repayment
on maturity date.
Term Loans: these constitute one of the major sources of debt finance for a long term project.
term loans are generally repayable in more than one year but less than 10 years. these loans are
offered by financial institutions like IDBI, IFCI and ICICI etc. the sailent features of term loans
are the fixed interest rates, and longer periods.
Deferred Credit: This facility is offered by the supplier of a machinery , where the buyer can pay
the purchase price in installments spread over a period of time. Bill Rediscounting, Supplier\'s
Line of Credit, Seed Capital investment are the some of the examples.
Leasing and Hire Purchase: Leasing is a contractual agreement between the lessor and the lessee,
where in companies can enter into lease deal with the manufacturer of the equipment and the
payment will be like their agreement. once the conrtact is over, the ownership should return to
the owner.
in hire purchae, the process is same, but once the payments are over the ownership transfered to
the lessee.
debt financing is the best example of external financing, where the company has to repay the
capital along with predetermined interest to the provider. in equity markets, all the investors who
bought share are called owners of the company and they carries some obligations and rights.
these shareholders have voting rights in decision making.
marketable securites can be easily convertible into currency, which are carrying liquidity feature,
where as non marketable securities carries lesser liquidity.
direct finance facilitates to control or to get some power or authority in the firm where as indirect
finance dont have the facility..
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Hire purchase syatem
The document discusses hire purchase financing provided by banks and financial institutions in India. It defines hire purchase as a method of selling goods where the buyer makes periodic installment payments and ownership passes after the final payment. Key points include:
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2) Banks can provide hire purchase financing through subsidiaries and must follow guidelines like limiting direct involvement and investment amounts.
3) When providing credit, banks assess customers, goods being financed, amount, repayment period and obtain security like hypothecation of goods. Monitoring of repayments is also important.
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The document provides an overview of the financial system and its key components. It discusses how financial markets and institutions help channel funds from savers to borrowers, allowing for investment and economic growth. It then covers the major types of financial markets and instruments, including debt vs equity markets, primary vs secondary markets, money markets, capital markets, and derivatives. It also discusses the internationalization of financial markets through foreign bonds, Eurobonds, and Eurocurrencies.
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. 1) What are the two ways corporations pay out cash to shareholders?
2) What companies are more likely to pay dividends?
3) What companies are not likely to pay dividends? Give examples.
4) Name and describe the 4 dividend dates.
5) What do states prohibit in regards to dividends?
6) Companies are not allowed to pay dividends past what point?
7) Describe stock dividends and stock splits.
8) What is stock repurchases?
9) Name and describe the 4 methods of stock repurchases.
10) What is green mail?
11) What are some manager’s dividend policies? Describe \"smoothing dividends\".
12) Describe good and bad news regarding stock dividends.
13) What does Modiligliani and Miller\'s argument state?.
Solution
1(I) Dividends: This is the most common way to payout cash to shareholders. Dividend is paid
annually & the decision to payout dividends totally depends upon the management of the
company.
(II) Repurchase of Shares: This is another way to payout cash. The repurchase can be done in
multiple ways. The most common way is to buy the shares back from the open market on the
prevailing prices. The other way is accelerated buy-back.
2) Companies with no better projects & future investment plans are more likely to payout
dividends as the company doesn’t have any future projects, which can earn higher return than the
market return & hence, they prefer to payout most of the profit through dividend.
3) Companies with a promising future projects, which have potential to generate higher returns,
are very less likely to pay dividends as it’s always better to invest in a project with higher returns
as it will stimulate growth & increase the value of the company.
4)(I) Declaration Date: The date, when dividends are announced by the board of directors.
(II) Date of Record: The date, on which the company will determine its shareholders, or
\"holders of record,\" and the company will use this date to establish to whom it will send
financial reports, proxy statements and other information.
(III) Ex-dividend Date: After the company sets the date of record, the ex-dividend date is set by
either the stock exchange or the National Association of Securities Dealers. If an investor
purchases a stock on or after its ex-dividend date, he or she will not receive the declared cash
dividend; instead, the seller of the stock will be entitled to that dividend. Investors who purchase
the stock before the ex-dividend date will receive the dividend.
(IV) Payment Date: The date, on which the declared dividend will be paid.
5) Legal-Capital: States prohibit corporations to pay cash dividends from its “Legal Capital”. It
refers to the sum of assets contributed to a company by shareholders when they are issued shares.
Capital Surplus Account: Corporation are prohibited from paying dividends using the funds from
the capital surplus account.
Retained Earnings: States also prohibit corporations from paying dividends using their ret.
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This document provides an overview of the investment environment and key participants. It discusses the difference between real and financial investments and how financial assets derive their value from underlying real assets. Individual investors have different financial objectives over their lifetimes based on factors like risk tolerance. Financial intermediaries like investment companies and banks bring together borrowers and lenders while also providing expertise. Recent trends in the investment environment include globalization, financial engineering, securitization, and increased information availability through technology. The document also notes some agency problems that can arise between executives, analysts, and auditors due to conflicts of interest.
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This document provides an overview of various investment instruments, focusing on equities, bonds, and money market instruments. It defines equities as securities representing a claim on the earnings and assets of a corporation. Equity returns come from dividends and capital appreciation. While equity offers high return potential, it also carries high risk since investors' capital is last in line to be paid out. Bonds are defined as debt securities where the issuer promises to repay the principal and pay interest to bondholders. Bonds generally have lower risk than equities but also lower expected returns. Features of bonds include maturity date, coupon rate, and credit quality, which determines risk.
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a. Three primary ways in which capital is transferred between savers and borrowers:
b. The place where assets can be bought or sold is considered as market. Also there are many
types of financial (financial product markets) other than physical asset markets.
Physical market has tangible assets like machine, real estate, products etc. while financial
markets claim to have a part in that assets which can be traded at the exchanges (i.e. financial
markets).
Spot markets are the place where assets are bought and sold in the market on spot with delivery
while future markets are the place where in participants agree to buy at a future date.
Money market is the market where securities are traded with less than one year maturity (i.e.
short term) while long term securities trades in capital market.
Primary markets is the market wherein companies/corporations raise money by issuing new
securities while in Secondary markets, these securities are being traded by investors which are
already issued
A Private market is a place where in transaction takes place between two investors or two parties
directly, while Public Market is a place where there are standard contracts trading at market
place available to multiple investors.
c.Healthy economy is depended on fund transfers from its citizens. Without the transfer of
money economy can not function effectively. Economic development is related with the
development and efficiency of financial markets. Economic transfers are necessary to run the
financial markets so that companies can grow and hence economy.
d. The financial asset whose value can be defined by any other underlying asset is Derivatives.
Majorly they are used to reduce risks. Company can reduce its risks by purchasing them when its
value increase and currency decreases. On the other hand speculation also happens some times
which is not considered good and it can increase risk factors.
e.
Investment banks: Institution which helps business financing by selling, distributing or
underlying new securities to help that company
Commercial Banks: They help in traditional way of stock broking services, insurance or any
other services required for the system for supply of money
Financial Services of Corporations: When many financial services are provided under one roof
by large financial conglomerate.
Pension Funds: Retirement plans funded by corporations or government bodies which can be
used after the age of retirement, usually part of these finds trade in stocks, bonds. They can also
be provided by insurance agencies which cover the insurance of the person also
Mutual Finds: The corporations which takes large pool of money from many small investors and
further invests in capital market and purchases securities, bonds etc. This diversifies the portfolio
for an investor and hence reduces the risks and increases the returns.
Exchange traded funds: Commonly known as ETF\'s are traded on stock exchanges they are
usually governed by mutual find companies and f.
Financial needs & sources of finance of a part 1
The document discusses the different financial needs and sources of finance for businesses over short, medium, and long term periods. It outlines that long term needs are for fixed assets and the sources include issuing shares, debentures, loans, and reinvesting profits. Medium term needs are for activities like building renovations and sources involve preference shares, debentures, public deposits, and financial institutions. Short term needs are for working capital and sources include bank loans, trade credit, and customer advances. The document then provides further details on various long term sources of finance for businesses.
1.nlt wsbs stock lecture notes
The document provides an overview of financial markets and their key functions. It discusses how financial markets channel funds from those with surplus capital to those with a shortage, through the borrowing and lending of funds. The main types of financial markets are money markets, which deal in short-term debt, and capital markets, which deal in long-term debt and equity shares. Capital markets include the buying and selling of stocks, bonds, and other securities. Financial markets play an important role in price determination, risk sharing, and improving market efficiency.
Fund%20based%20financial%20services.pptx
Fund based financial services provide financing through the use of company assets. They include venture capital, leasing, factoring, forfaiting, housing finance, and infrastructure financing. Venture capital finances new businesses and ideas. Leasing allows use of an asset in exchange for periodic payments. Factoring converts receivables into immediate cash. Forfaiting finances international trade receivables. Housing finance provides loans for housing construction, purchase, and repairs. Infrastructure financing develops projects like roads, railways, and airports.
Em
The document discusses equity markets and capital markets in India. It provides information on primary and secondary markets, and the types of investors and companies that participate in equity markets like investment companies, portfolio management companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, and institutional investors. It also discusses the key players that facilitate equity trading like share brokers, depository participants, and registrars. The growth of the Indian economy and equity markets is summarized.
Shares - Economics PPT.pdf
Shares represent a unit of ownership in a company. When a company issues shares, it raises money from investors in exchange for ownership in the company. Shares entitle the owner to a portion of the company's assets and earnings. There are two main types of shares - preference shares, which offer fixed dividends but limited voting rights, and equity shares, which represent ownership and voting rights but dividends may vary. Major stock market indices like NIFTY 50 and SENSEX track the performance of leading companies listed on the Indian stock exchanges.
Debt securitisation
This document discusses securitization and housing finance in India. It begins by defining securitization as the process of liquidating illiquid long-term assets like loans and receivables by issuing marketable securities against them. It then outlines the key parties and stages involved in securitization. Some benefits of securitization include additional funding, profitability, and risk spreading. Housing finance and the role of the National Housing Bank in promoting affordable housing are also summarized. Securitization has grown the Indian debt market and housing finance sector.
Sources of financing to Non Govt. Organizations
This document discusses sources of financing for non-government organizations. It outlines both short-term and long-term financing options including personal investment, friends and family, venture capital, business incubators, loans, bonds, and issuing stocks. Short-term options include accounts payable, lines of credit, commercial paper, and letters of credit. Long-term options include loans, secured and unsecured bonds, convertible bonds, and preferred and common stocks. Proper financing is important as it can increase firm value, utilize funds effectively, maximize returns, minimize costs, provide liquidity and flexibility, and maintain shareholder control.
List four major sources of external financing for the non-financial .pdf
List four major sources of external financing for the non-financial firms in developed economies
and provide a brief explanation of the relevant importance of those sources using the United
States as an example.
Explain the relevant importance of debt vs. equity financing and the reasons for the mass-media
preoccupation with equity markets (2 points)
Explain the relevant importance of marketable securities vs. non-marketable securities (1 point)
Explain the relative importance of direct vs. indirect finance (1 point)
Solution
exteranal funds refers to the funds that firms obtain from outside of the firm, means the persons
are not beonging to the firm.
the major sources are: Debenture capital, Term laons,Deferred credit and leasing and Hire
Purchase.
Debenture capital: A debenture is a marketable legal contract whereby the company promises to
pay its owner, a specified rate of interest for a defined period of time and the capital repayment
on maturity date.
Term Loans: these constitute one of the major sources of debt finance for a long term project.
term loans are generally repayable in more than one year but less than 10 years. these loans are
offered by financial institutions like IDBI, IFCI and ICICI etc. the sailent features of term loans
are the fixed interest rates, and longer periods.
Deferred Credit: This facility is offered by the supplier of a machinery , where the buyer can pay
the purchase price in installments spread over a period of time. Bill Rediscounting, Supplier\'s
Line of Credit, Seed Capital investment are the some of the examples.
Leasing and Hire Purchase: Leasing is a contractual agreement between the lessor and the lessee,
where in companies can enter into lease deal with the manufacturer of the equipment and the
payment will be like their agreement. once the conrtact is over, the ownership should return to
the owner.
in hire purchae, the process is same, but once the payments are over the ownership transfered to
the lessee.
debt financing is the best example of external financing, where the company has to repay the
capital along with predetermined interest to the provider. in equity markets, all the investors who
bought share are called owners of the company and they carries some obligations and rights.
these shareholders have voting rights in decision making.
marketable securites can be easily convertible into currency, which are carrying liquidity feature,
where as non marketable securities carries lesser liquidity.
direct finance facilitates to control or to get some power or authority in the firm where as indirect
finance dont have the facility..
Debt vs equity
Companies can raise capital through either debt or equity financing. Debt financing involves taking a loan that must be repaid with interest, while equity financing involves selling ownership stakes in the company. There are several pros and cons to each approach. Debt is generally easier to obtain but subjects the company to fixed repayment obligations, while equity does not require repayment but dilutes ownership and control of the company. The best financing structure depends on the specific needs and risks involved for each business.
Buy Back
This document provides an overview of buybacks of shares and securities under various legal frameworks. It begins with definitions of key terms like "buyback" and discusses the history and rationale of buybacks in India. It then compares buyback regulations in the US, UK, and India. The US section outlines the main methods of open market, private, and tender offer repurchases allowed under SEC Rule 10b-18. Benefits of buybacks for companies and shareholders are increasing share price and EPS while returning excess cash. Overall the document provides a comprehensive introduction and comparison of buyback laws and practices.
Hire purchase syatem
The document discusses hire purchase financing provided by banks and financial institutions in India. It defines hire purchase as a method of selling goods where the buyer makes periodic installment payments and ownership passes after the final payment. Key points include:
1) Hire purchase allows buyers to obtain goods without full upfront payment and spreads costs over installments. Ownership remains with the seller until final payment.
2) Banks can provide hire purchase financing through subsidiaries and must follow guidelines like limiting direct involvement and investment amounts.
3) When providing credit, banks assess customers, goods being financed, amount, repayment period and obtain security like hypothecation of goods. Monitoring of repayments is also important.
An Overview of Financial System
The document provides an overview of the financial system and its key components. It discusses how financial markets and institutions help channel funds from savers to borrowers, allowing for investment and economic growth. It then covers the major types of financial markets and instruments, including debt vs equity markets, primary vs secondary markets, money markets, capital markets, and derivatives. It also discusses the internationalization of financial markets through foreign bonds, Eurobonds, and Eurocurrencies.
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