3. The differences among individuals, that
distinguish or separate them from one
another and make one as a unique
individual in oneself.
E.g: Sizes
Shapes
Colors
Appearances
Personality
4. INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve
problems, and to adopt to new situation.
Men & women have almost identical intelligence, but men have more
variability in their IQ sources than women do.
IQ: Intelligence Quotient
Scale to measure intelligence
6. CONCRETE INTELLIGENCE
This is related to concrete material
.this type of intelligence to
applicable when the individual is
handling concrecte objects or
machines.
For example :-
Machinery
7. 2)Social Intelligence
It is the ability of an individual to react to social situations in the daily
life.
3) Abstract Intelligence:
It is the ability to respond to words ,numbers, letters.
8. PERSONALITY
Personality describes the unique patterns of thoughts ,feelings,and
behaviours that distinguish a person from others.
Example; personality can be found in how we describe other peoples….
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY
1) Both psychological and physiological:
Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is
also influenced by biological posesses and needs
2) Affects behavior and Actions:
Personality not only influences how we move and respond in our environment, but
it also causes us to act in certain
3) Multiple Expressions:
Personality is displsyed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in our
feeling close relationships and other social interactions.
11. CONSISTENCY
There is generally a recognigiable order and regularity to behaviors.
Essentially people act in same way or in similar ways in a variety of
situations.
12. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Definition:
A psychological disorder is a mental condition or behavioral pattern involving atypical or upsetting
thoughts and feelings.
DSM-5 definition of mental disorder. A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant
disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the
psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
Causes:
Childhood abuse, trauma, or neglect. Social isolation or loneliness. Experiencing discrimination and
stigma, including racism. Social disadvantage, poverty.
Your life experiences such as stress, and history of abuse, especially if they happen in childhood.
13. TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Eating disorder
Bipolar disorders
Anxiety
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Acute stress disorder
Schizophrenia
Here we discuss some disorders.
14. EATING DISORDER:
Eating disorder means the disorder in which the individual’s behaviour related to eating
and drinking is severely affected.These disorders are generally related to the eating and
drinking habits of the individual. The patients cuts down on food drastically or vomits
immediately after overeating. Apart from vomiting , the individual also adopts some after
means of mitigate the effects of eating .
TYPES OF EATING DISORDERS:
It is basically of two types:
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
15. ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Anorexia means loss of appetite and nervosa means emotional causes. In other
words, the person suffering from this disorder apparently loses appetite because of
emotional factors.
This Photo by
Unknown
Author is
16. CAUSES:
The loss of weight begins with reduced diet.
Initially the individual excludes high calorie from his diet and gradually diminishes his diet a lot.
Apart from reduced diet, they employ additional methods, e.g. taking emetics, diuretics or laxatives, self-induced vomiting, doing too
much exercise to reduce weight, etc.
People include very few things in their diet.
SYMPTOMS:
The most important symptom of this disorder is that the patient sheds his weight drastically. The patient’s weight falls even below the
lower normal limit.
The individual always fears that he will gain weight and become fat.
When such patients have shed their weight drastically, they begin to show symptoms of depression.
When others try to convince them they are not fat, they insist that some parts of their body, e.g. buttocks, legs, etc are very fat.
OTHER INFORMATION:
It has been observed that 85% underweight people believe themselves to be the normal weight.
The number of women affected by this disorder is greater than men. This disease is relatively high in Canada,Europe,America, Australia,
Japan.
70% of anorectic patients recovers completely; but their complete recovery involves six to seven years treatment.
17. BULIMIA NERVOSA
Bulimia is a Greek word that means OX’s or Bull’s hunger. It can also be described as
an emotional attack of hunger.
ASPECTS:
BINGE EATING:
He rapidly eats a lot of food. The individual cannot restrain himself from eating. He
feels helpless before food. It is called binge eating.
18. SYMPTOMS:
He eats as much in two hours as cannot be consumed by others.
He has no control over eating.
He is not conscious of how much he has eaten.
If individual show binge eating at least twice a week and this behavior of his persists for
three months, he is unmistakably diagnosed with this disorder.
TREATMENT:
The patient of eating disorder refuses to be treated. But they need psychotherapy as
well as medical treatment.
Maintain the required level of health and weight of the patient.
Behavioural therapy is more suitable in this regard.
19. BIPOLAR DISORDER
A mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, activity levels, and
concentration.It also known as manic depression.
SYMPTOMS:
Feeling sad, helpless.
Loss of interest in everyday activities.
Feeling of guilt and despair.
Self-doubt.
Lacking energy.
Difficulty concentrating and remembering things.
Mood swings.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
20. BIPOLAR AFFECT MEMORY:
Many people with bipolar disorder report memory loss and or difficulty remembering
things. These individuals may have trouble with short and long-term memory, struggle
to think things through at a quick speed.
AGE:
Bipolar disorder can occur at any age, although it often develpes between the age of
15 and 19 and rarely develops after 40.also appears to be more common in women
than men.
21. ACUTE STRESS DISORDER
Is a mental health problem that can occur in the first month after a traumatic event.
One of the least damaging type of stress. It is also most common type. We experience
multiple times throughout the day.
EXAMPLE:
NATURAL DISASTERS, floods earthquakes etc.
SYMPTOMS:
A feeling of sickness
Chest pain
Headaches
Nightmares
Sleep disturbance
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
SA
22. CAUSES:
• Serious accidents.
• Physical or sexual assault, including domestic abuse.
• Combat.
• Terrorist attacks.
• Sudden death of a loved one.
• Receiving a life-threatening diagnosis.
TREATMENT
Psychotherapy (talking therapy)is the main treatment of ASD. Unique form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) called
trauma-focused CBT. CBT can reduce the risk of further developing PTSD
23. SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenia is the combination of two Greek words Schizen means to SPLIT and phren
means the MIND. As a whole, it means Splitting of the mind and Breaking of the mind into
pieces.
That adversely affects the thinking, behavior, emotions, and feelings of the individual.
The patient suffers from muddled thinking, unreal perception, and shattered attention. His
feelings are improper and hollow.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS:
Disorganized speech
Delusion
Hallucination
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
NC-ND
25. ACHIEVEMENTS
Achievements refers to the accomplishment or attainment of a goal or objective. It can
be measured in a variety of ways, including through academic, occupational or
performance on standardized test.
TYPES OF ACHIEVEMENTS
There are three main types of achievement.
Academic achievement
Occupational achievement
Personal achievement
26. ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
Academic achievement describes academic outcomes that indicate the extent to which a
student has achieved their learning goals. Academic achievement may refer to completing
educational benchmarks such as a bachelor's degree.
For example:
grades, honors, awards, competitive results and experiences that demonstrate your academic
prowess, engagement in student life, contributions to your community and resilience.
OCCUPATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
Occupational success is the development of a record of achievement in ones chosen
occupation.
PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT
Achievement, in positive psychology, is about more than getting top marks in the class. When
students can see their own progress in learning and mastering a subject or skill, they will feel a
sense of achievement.
27. TYPES OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
In his achievement motivation theory, McClelland proposed that there are two kinds of
achievement motivation.
Avoid failure:
a capacity for reacting with shame and embarrassment when the outcome of per-
formance is failure
Positive goal of attaining success:
Setting goals helps trigger new behaviors, helps guides your focus and helps you
sustain that momentum in life. Goals also help align your focus and promote a sense
of self-mastery. In the end, you can't manage what you don't measure and you can't
improve upon something that you don't properly manage.
