Ocular drug delivery systems (part-2)- Methods to overcome ocular barriers

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Dr Ajay Kumar Tiwari

Ocular drug delivery systems (part-2) - Methods to overcome ocular barriers

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Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system. Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology. combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince. MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects. Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice. Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid Composed of water and mucin. Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm General composition of mucus Water…………………………………..95% Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5% Mineral salts……………………………1% Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1% The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage) Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage) Electronic theory Wetting theory Adsorption theory Diffusion theory Fracture theory Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT. Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site -Painless administration. -Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured. -Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling. -Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results. -costly drug delivery system

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Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.

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