2. Part I
The four principles of instructional design are: contrast, repetition, alignment, and proximity (CRAP).
• Contrast refers to the idea of making the elements in a work look different from each other. Within
these elements, size, color, font, images, shape, and space among other can be taken into
account to make, for example, some of them more evident or less obvious in a page depending
on the focus and the purpose of what is created. This first principle is very important because it
reflects the characteristics that will make a reader pay attention or just ignore a page.
• Repetition means to repeat elements in a page that will be key to convey a certain meaning or an
idea that has to be transmitted. All the elements in a page can be repeated, but it depends on the
intention that the creator has to choose if the color, fonts, sizes, or any other element needs or not
to be repeated because at the end they will give unity to the entire concept.
• Alignment has to do with knowing where every element in the page should be placed , not just
by chance, but because there should be a connection among the elements in the page that will
create a sense of order and cleanness in the work.
• Proximity is when the elements in a page are organized together if they have similar elements;
therefore, the elements will become units that help the reader to understand the organization and
functioning of the page because the information is presented in “blocks” rather than separated
words.
3. In my opinion, these principles are necessary because they help not only the producer, but
also the user. In the case of the producer, these principles establish a logical order that makes an
application easier to be produced, managed, changed, and proved. For the user, these principles
give an unity to the product that will make it easier to use because, in theory, the product will have a
clear organization and steps that will guide the reader through all the program, including extensions
for the application that might be needed to fulfill a certain objective.
In addition, many people could think that following the CRAP principles can limit the
originality and creativity in the production part, but for me what these principles do is that they help to
guide and standardize a work: originality and creativity do not mean disorder; they mean taking
advantage of the parameters and coming up with innovative ideas out of the ordinary. Moreover, the
way that we approach these principles will give any work our own signature. Finally, if we want our
work to be seen, used, and suitable to be teaching material, there should be a logic behind the
position of each element, colors, fonts, units because all this will help to have a more organized,
clean, and friendly presentation that aims to help the user and the producer at the same time.
4. Part II
ADDIE is an instructional design model that consists on: analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate.
These are parts of the development process of an application or program in order to make this process
more organized and to keep documentation of each one of the parts for further analysis if necessary;
indeed, documentation is vital for the development of future project. Dividing the development process helps
the developer to create each application or program because it makes a guide of each part. After the whole
work is finished, the final parts of the process help to the constant enhancement of the application, and the
development of more efficient and accurate future versions. In the first part of the model, the developer has
to analyze the target audience and the needs of that audience to plan the steps to follow. Then, the
developer has to design the application or program that has all what is needed. In this stage, the
advantages and disadvantages are studied to then develop the idea itself using the previous aspects that
were consider . During the implementation part, the program is tested in real life situation to look for faults or
aspects that should be corrected or even redesigned, and evaluate the product in general after all the steps
were finished, and in case of need, it has to go back to other steps up to have the program ready.
5. In my opinion, ADDIE is important when developing a courseware because it gives the steps to follow when
designing a program. Moreover, it provides a kind of outline of what has to be done, and it helps to have an
idea of what is next and to have a record of what was done and what needs to be done. In this way, it is
easier to keep track of the progress in a specific project, and in case that any changes have to be done, it is
easier to go back. In addition, it saves time because all the steps that have to be followed are already
planned, and it is just a matter of following the procedures.
6. Part III
Principles of presentation Design:
Tips on how to think like a
designer
By Allen Quesada
Full Professor, M,A. in TESOL
UNIVERSIDAD DE
COSTA RICA
7. Part IV
Visual Learner Assessment
YOUR SCORE:
24
POINTS
Visual
WHAT’S IT
20+ You’re highly
MEAN? visual
19-20 You’re moderately visual
<10 You’re minimally visual
Finish
