1. Alexander the Great conquered much of the known world including the lands of Israel and Judah after defeating King Darius of Persia. He ruled for over 20 years before his death.
2. After Alexander's death, his generals divided up his empire among themselves. His successors and their descendants increasingly oppressed the Jewish people.
3. The Seleucid King Antiochus Epiphanes desecrated the Temple in Jerusalem, banned Jewish religious practices, and tried to force the Jews to assimilate into Greek culture. He was a cruel persecutor of the Jews.