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- 1. Accounting Information Systems Fifteenth Edition Chapter 1 Accounting Information Systems: An Overview Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
- 2. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives • Distinguish between data and information: – Discuss the characteristics of useful information. – Explain how to determine the value of information. • Explain the decisions an organization makes: – The information needed to make them. – The major business processes present in most companies. • Explain how an AIS adds value to an organization: – How it affects and is affected by corporate strategy. – The role of AIS in a value chain.
- 3. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Distinguishing Between Data and Information • Data are facts collected, recorded, and stored in the system – A fact could be a number, date, name, and so on. For example: 2/22/14 ABC Company 123, 99, 3, 20, 60
- 4. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Data versus. Information • The previous slide just showed data; if we organize the data within a context of a sales invoice, for example, it is meaningful and considered information. Invoice Date : 2/22/14 Invoice #: 123 Customer: ABC Company Item # Qty Price 99 3 $20 Total Invoice Amount $60
- 5. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Decision Quality • Information helps us make better decisions. • Too much information causing information overload can reduce decision quality. • Information Technology (IT) is used to help decision makers more effectively filter and condense information.
- 6. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Value of Information • Information is valuable when the benefits exceed the costs of gathering, maintaining, and storing the data. Benefit (i.e., improved decision making) - Cost (i.e., time and resources used to get the information) = value of information
- 7. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Makes Information Useful? (1 of 2) There are 14 general characteristics that make information useful: 1. Access restricted: limit access to authorized parties 2. Accurate: accurate, correct, and free of error 3. Available: available to users when needed 4. Reputable: perceived as true and credible 5. Complete: does not omit important aspects of events or activities 6. Concise: clear, succinct, brief, but comprehensive 7. Consistent: presented in the same format over time
- 8. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Makes Information Useful? (2 of 2) 8. Current: up to the present data and time 9. Objective: unbiased, unprejudiced, and impartial 10. Relevant: reduces uncertainty and improves decision making 11. Timely: provided in time for decision maker to make decisions 12. Useable: easy to use for different task 13. Understandable: easily comprehended and interpreted 14. Verifiable: two independent people can produce the same information
- 9. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Machine-Readable Format • Data is most useful when it is in a machine-readable format that can be read and processed by a computer. • XBRL is an example of a machine-readable format that can improve many of the characteristics that make information useful.
- 10. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Information Needs and Business Processes • Business organizations use business processes to get things done. A business process is a set of related, coordinated, and structured activities and tasks performed by people, machines, or both to achieve a specific organizational goal. • Key decisions and information needed often come from these business processes.
- 11. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.1 The Components of an Information System
- 12. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Transactional Information Between Internal and External Parties in an AIS • Business organizations conduct business transactions, which is an agreement between two entities to exchange goods, services, or any other event that can be measured in economic terms by an organization. • Transaction data is used to create financial statements and is called transaction processing. • The flow of information between these users for the various business activities involves a give-get exchange grouped into business processes or transaction cycles.
- 13. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.2 Interactions Between S&S and External and Internal Parties
- 14. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Basic Business Processes • Transactions between the business organization and external parties fundamentally involve a “give–get” exchange. These basic business processes are: – Revenue cycle: give goods / give service—get cash – Expenditure cycle: get goods / get service—give cash – Production cycle: give labor and give raw materials— get finished goods – Payroll cycle: give cash—get labor – Financing cycle: give cash—get cash
- 15. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Is an Accounting Information System (AIS)? • AIS is a system that collects, records, stores, and processes data to produce information for decision makers. • Consists of – People who use the system – Processes (procedures and instructions) – Technology (data, software, and information technology) – Controls to safeguard information • Thus, an AIS collects and stores data, transforms that data into information, and provides adequate controls.
- 16. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved How Does an AIS Add Value to an Organization? • A well thought out AIS can add value by: – Improving the quality and reducing the costs of products or services – Improving efficiency – Sharing knowledge – Improving efficiency and effectiveness of its supply chain – Improving the internal control structure – Improving decision making
- 17. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Artificial Intelligence • Artificial intelligence (AI) is the use of computer systems to simulate human intelligence processes such as learning, reasoning, and self-improvement. • AI can be used in the following fields – Business – Education – Finance – Healthcare
- 18. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Data Analytics • Data analytics is the use of software and algorithms to find and solve problems and improve business performance. • Analytics can help improve decision making by – Identifying a problem/issue for management to resolve. – Collecting the data needed to solve the problem, analyze it, and make recommendations to management on how to resolve it. – Integrating actionable insights into the systems used to make decisions.
- 19. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Blockchain • Blockchain represents individual digital records, called blocks, linked together using cryptography in a single list, called a chain. • Blockchain has several significant advantages, including – accuracy, transparency, data consistency, trust, – no need for third parties, single set of books, reduced cost, – decentralization, efficiency, privacy, security, and provenance • There are also significant challenges to its adoption including political and regulatory issues.
- 20. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cloud Computing, Virtualization, and the Internet of Things • Cloud computing is the use of a browser to remotely access software, data storage, hardware, and applications. • Virtualization is the running of multiple systems simultaneously on one physical computer. • Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the embedding of sensors in a multitude of devices (lights, heating and air conditioning, appliances, etc.) so that those devices can now connect to the Internet.
- 21. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved AIS and Corporate Strategy • An AIS is influenced by an organization’s strategy. • A strategy is the overall goal the organization hopes to achieve (e.g., increase profitability). • Once an overall goal is determined, an organization can determine actions needed to reach their goal and identify the informational requirements (both financial and nonfinancial) necessary to measure how well they are doing in obtaining that goal.
- 22. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved AIS in the Value Chain • The value chain links together the different activities within an organization that provide value to the customer. – Value chain activities are primary and support activities. Primary activities provide direct value to the customer. Support activities enable primary activities to be efficient and effective. • A supply chain is an extended system that includes the organization’s value chain as well as its suppliers, distributors, and customers.
- 23. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.6 The Value Chain
- 24. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Key Terms (1 of 2) • System • Goal conflict • Goal congruence • Data • Information • Machine-readable • Information overload • Information technology (IT) • Value of information • Information system • Business process • Transaction • Transaction processing • Give-get exchange • Business processes or transaction cycles • Revenue cycle • Expenditure cycle • Production or conversion cycle • Human resource/payroll cycle • Financing cycle • General ledger and reporting system • Accounting information system (AIS) • Accounting • Artificial intelligence
- 25. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Key Terms (2 of 2) • Data analytics • Data dashboard • Blockchain • Virtualization • Cloud computing • Internet of Things (IoT) • Value chain • Primary activities • Support activities • Supply chain
- 26. Copyright © 2021, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
Editor's Notes
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- This chapter has three key takeaways and introduces students to an Accounting Information System (AIS) and the fundamental concepts that accountants need to understand that business transactions in the form of business processes create data that is used for decision making.
- What is the difference between data and information? Data are just facts that are collected, recorded, and stored in a system. For example, data could be a number, a date, a name of a business. Yet the facts are not meaningful until you place the facts within a context. Then it becomes information. For example, if the following facts are only shown below: 2/22/14 123 ABC Company 99 3 20 $60.00 The above has no meaning and you could not determine if ABC company is a customer or a vendor that you are doing business with; in addition 123 does not tell you if it’s a product number, an amount, or a number on a form. However, if data is organized and placed in the context of a sales invoice, we now have meaning and the facts are information: Invoice Date : 2/22/14 Invoice #: 123 Customer: ABC Company Item # Qty Price 99 3 $20 Total Invoice Amount $60
- Compared to the previous slide, the data is organized within the context of a sales invoice and now is meaningful and considered information. With meaningful information, you can make decisions.
- Is there such a thing as too much information? Having IT helps us use information more efficiently and effectively. For example, would students be able to do their homework efficiently and effectively without a computer or mobile device? This is also a good way to get students to think about a “data analytic” mindset. Understanding the concepts in AIS courses will help students understand how to solve accounting problems by thinking about the information they need and where that information comes from in an AIS (see Chapter 4).
- Can you think of an example when an organization would go to great costs to gather information and not get their value? Sometimes, regulations require companies to gather information to be in compliance of new laws (this would be the benefit: compliance), yet the cost of this information may be higher. For example, organizations may have felt in the beginning when Sarbanes–Oxley Act 2002 required publicly held organizations to access the effectiveness of their internal controls (this will be discussed more in Chapter 7) that the costs were much higher than the benefit. To comply with this new act, organizations experienced great costs in the amount of time and resources used to gather the necessary information in order to access the effectiveness of their internal controls. However, with the initial investment, the cost of oversight becomes more reasonable and investors expect companies to have good internal controls.
- Using examples in Problem 1.4 is a good exercise to illustrate the characteristics of useful information. Another example to use and carry throughout the seven characteristics is to use an example of customer credit decisions: Relevant information is needed to make a customer credit decision; the relevant information would include customer balances, payment history, credit history from other vendors, and so on. The information is free from bias in making a credit decision; for example, when the information comes from the credit manager and not the sales manager who may have an incentive to extend customer credit to get a sale and the sales commission. Not having customer payment history is incomplete information to make a decision on extending credit to a customer. If we only know how much the customer purchased in the past, but have no information on how timely the customer makes payments, this is not providing a complete picture to make a credit decision. If the credit manager makes a decision based upon customer account information activity (sales and payments) from last quarter, it is not timely. For example, a customer may experience recent cash flow problems which would show that their ability to pay on time is getting later and later. If this is a recent trend, using an old report would not be useful in making a good credit decision. If the customer account information is organized in invoice date order only and not within a customer subgroup, it is not in an understandable format to use that information to make a credit decision on a specific customer because you would have to find each invoice from the date order list. Information is verifiable if two independent people can produce the same information on how much a customer owes today. If the accounting system goes down before the credit manager can access the customer information, it will prohibit the credit manager from making a decision.
- A good example to walk through with students would be a local restaurant near campus (e.g., a pizza restaurant). Ask students to put themselves in the shoes of the restaurant owner; what decisions would the owner need to make to run the business successfully? The students may have many answers that could include decisions about what products (pizzas to sell), what resources are needed to make the pizza (labor, equipment, and ingredients), whom to buy the ingredients from. How many people are needed to work at the restaurant, and what skills are required from employees (pizza maker, waiter, delivery person), and so on. In essence, all of these decisions can be mapped to a series of business processes and from these decisions identify information that is needed to measure performance. For example, if the key decision is what types of pizzas should I sell, the processes that may impact this decision would be sales and market information. In addition, vendor information on ingredient costs may play a role here as well (especially if it’s an exotic ingredient, expensive ingredient, or hard to source, e.g., cheese imported from Italy). At the end of this class exercise, many of these can be mapped to Table 1-2 found on page 6.
- Internal stakeholders are employees in the organization (e.g., employees and managers). External stakeholders are trading partners, such as customers and vendors, as well as other external organizations, such as Banks and Government. Transaction processing is covered in Chapter 2.
- Examining Figure 1-2 provides a great amount of detail and insights as to the flow of information going from the internal and external stakeholders for business processes. Note that this information can be easily mapped to Figure 1-3 which shows the transactional activity “give–get” exchange. Long Description: The interaction of the system with various parties appears in the diagram as follows. Parties From S and S to the parties From Parties to S and S Vendors Purchase orders Vendor payments Goods and services Vendor invoices Investors Dividends Financial statements Invest funds Creditors Loan payments Financial statements Loans Banks Deposits Withdrawals Bank statements Customers Goods and services Customer invoices Customer orders Customer payments Employees Wages, salaries and commissions Labor and services Management Managerial reports Financial statements Budgets Accounting entries Government agencies Taxes and Reports Regulations and tax forms
- It seems odd that the financing cycle is give cash—get cash; what does this really mean? It basically means that a business organization can get cash in the form of a bank loan but will need to give that cash back over time in the form of monthly payments to the bank. Or it may mean that the company can get cash from investors and give equity (which eventually turns into cash in the form of dividend payments).
- There are six components to an AIS: People use the system Procedures and instructions used to collect, process, and store the data Data Software used to process the data Information technology (i.e., computers) Internal controls and security These six components help the AIS fulfill three important business functions: Collect and store data about organizational activities (through business processes). Transform data into information so management can make decisions (plan, execute, control and evaluate activities, resources, and personnel). Provide adequate controls to safeguard the organization’s assets and data.
- A good example here is thinking back to the pizza restaurant example in the earlier slides. The owner uses an AIS to determine which pizzas are the most popular. The sales information in the AIS is used to help answer this question and provides the owner with information to know how much of certain ingredients should be on hand to make those popular pizza pies. If ingredients were to run out, then the quality of this decision would be considered poor as there would be many dissatisfied customers. In addition, this information helps the owner not to buy too much of an ingredient to have on hand to where there may be waste if the ingredients go stale. Taking this example further to each bullet point made above can help students begin to think more about how transactional data provides information for better decision making in an organization.
- Blockchains are explained in more detail in Chapter 11.
- For example, if the strategy is increase profitability, an organization can increase sales revenue and decrease manufacturing costs. Each of these actions will have different informational needs to measure progress. To increase sales revenue, the company can increase prices, increase volume, or change the product mix. To decrease manufacturing costs, the company can reduce the cost of the inputs into the manufacturing process or improve the process. Technological developments and advances have an effect on corporate strategy. Data analytics is becoming more widespread in organizations as they continue to take advantage of the technological advancements. An example is the use of predictive analysis.
- Please note that students may see primary and then assume secondary is next. This is a common mistake and using the visual from Figure 1-5 in the book also as an example can help mitigate this common misperception. A basic example involves buying a textbook. Ask the students how they generally buy a textbook (usually they buy it online or go to the bookstore); either way you can walk through the primary and support activities that are needed for them to get their textbook in time for the first day of class!
- Long Description: The value chain for “Primary activities” appears as follows: Step 1. Inbound Logistics Step 2. Operations Step 3. Outbound Logistics Step 4. Marketing and Sales Step 5. Service The “Secondary activities” that influence the primary activities are as follows: Firm Infrastructure Human Resources Technology Purchasing