I agree with Hinkley (2015)’s three most influential elements in the development of healthy self-esteem in women: relationship with parents and upbringing as a child, presence or absence of abuse, and genetics. I believe the upbringing one receives from one’s parents and support or lack thereof strongly influences every aspect of one’s life because it is the foundation we all stand on.  If the foundation is not firm then there might be delayed development or issues later on in life like low self-esteem.  It also makes perfect sense that abuse and/or traumatic events would negatively influence self-esteem because the act or experience communicates to the child that they are inadequate or doing something wrong.  How can you feel important or worthy of love when you only hear the opposite, are ignored, or physically shown that your body is not to be respected? Thankfully, this was not my experience.  Our presentations talked about how parents in general impact self-esteem but Scheffler and Naus (1999) explained how fathers specifically influence self-esteem and other factors as well. “It was found that the more affirmed women [felt] by their fathers the higher their self-esteem” (p. 42).  I had a father who was my biggest fan/cheerleader in athletics and my overall biggest supporter.  He always told me I could do anything and when I had dreams of playing basketball professionally he told me even that was possible. While the support of my mom was extremely significant I feel as though I am a confident, independent woman because my father showed me my value and worth from a very young age. This is very different than the experience of two of my closest friends.  One’s father was non-existent and the other was always present but both verbally and physically abusive.  I have seen them both struggle with low self-esteem and feel as though they have to be perfect all the time.  They also have sought out love through intimacy with guys in ways that were not pleasing to God.  In talking through it with them, it is clear they are looking for the affirmation of their fathers.  I know one definitely has characteristics of the imposter while the other has characteristics of the rebel (Hinkley, 2015). In encouraging my friends or helping a woman improve her self-esteem in a counseling setting, I think it is important to remind them who they are first in Christ and that God is the perfect father. As it says in Ephesians 2:10, “For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them” (New King James Version). Even if their earthly father was not affirming, they can find their identity in God and the love He has shown, namely in sending His son.  Then I would, as described by Hinkley (2015), help them replace self-defeating beliefs with realistic and healthy beliefs through cognitive therapy.  I like the idea of a daily thought and feeling record to help a woman see clearly how positive or ne.

1. I agree with Hinkley (2015)’s three most influential elements in
the development of healthy self-esteem in women: relationship
with parents and upbringing as a child, presence or absence of
abuse, and genetics. I believe the upbringing one receives from
one’s parents and support or lack thereof strongly influences
every aspect of one’s life because it is the foundation we all
stand on. If the foundation is not firm then there might be
delayed development or issues later on in life like low self-
esteem. It also makes perfect sense that abuse and/or traumatic
events would negatively influence self-esteem because the act
or experience communicates to the child that they are
inadequate or doing something wrong. How can you feel
important or worthy of love when you only hear the opposite,
are ignored, or physically shown that your body is not to be
respected?
Thankfully, this was not my experience. Our presentations
talked about how parents in general impact self-esteem but
Scheffler and Naus (1999) explained how fathers specifically
influence self-esteem and other factors as well. “It was found
that the more affirmed women [felt] by their fathers the higher
their self-esteem” (p. 42). I had a father who was my biggest
fan/cheerleader in athletics and my overall biggest supporter.
He always told me I could do anything and when I had dreams
of playing basketball professionally he told me even that was
possible. While the support of my mom was extremely
significant I feel as though I am a confident, independent
woman because my father showed me my value and worth from
a very young age. This is very different than the experience of
two of my closest friends. One’s father was non-existent and
the other was always present but both verbally and physically
abusive. I have seen them both struggle with low self-esteem
and feel as though they have to be perfect all the time. They
also have sought out love through intimacy with guys in ways
that were not pleasing to God. In talking through it with them,

2. it is clear they are looking for the affirmation of their fathers. I
know one definitely has characteristics of the imposter while
the other has characteristics of the rebel (Hinkley, 2015).
In encouraging my friends or helping a woman improve her self-
esteem in a counseling setting, I think it is important to remind
them who they are first in Christ and that God is the perfect
father. As it says in Ephesians 2:10, “For we are His
workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which
God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them” (New
King James Version). Even if their earthly father was not
affirming, they can find their identity in God and the love He
has shown, namely in sending His son. Then I would, as
described by Hinkley (2015), help them replace self-defeating
beliefs with realistic and healthy beliefs through cognitive
therapy. I like the idea of a daily thought and feeling record to
help a woman see clearly how positive or negative her thoughts
and feelings are and how this impacts her. Learning to re-
condition her mind with the positive by casting down thoughts
and speaking truth can be helpful too.
References
Hinkley, P. (2015). Low self-esteem- consequences and
treatment [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved
from:https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/COUN687_D
02_201540/COUN%20687/Coun%20687%20Self-Esteem%20-
%20Part%20II%20%28LMS%29/res/index.html
Hinkley, P. (2015). Self-esteem and self-concept development
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved
from:https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/COUN687_D
02_201540/COUN%20687/Coun%20687%20Self-Esteem%20-
%20Part%20I%20%28LMS%29/res/index.html
Scheffler, T. S., & Naus, P. J. (1999). The relationship between
fatherly affirmation and a woman’s self-esteem, fear of
intimacy, comfort with womanhood and comfort with
sexuality. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 8(1), 39-

3. 45. Retrieved
from:http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=A
N&K=2041325&S=R&D=a9h&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLe80Sep
7c4zOX0OLCmr02eqK9Sr6u4TLGWxWXS&ContentCustom
Everyone, not just women, have self-esteems. For women self-
esteem is at its peak during the ages of eight and ten (Clinton &
Langberg, 2011). For this reason I believe childhood
experiences are a large element in healthy self-esteem and to
knowing how God sees a woman. For women it is more about
the relationships in developing self-esteem (Kopala & Keitel,
2003). Our relationships as children and how we are treated by
others and God plays a factor in self-esteem.
First, as children we are only beginning to form who we
are. As mentioned in our presentation some factors that affect
us with our parents is being praised, listened to, respectfully
spoken to, getting parents full attention and hugs. Girls differ
from boys as they grow in relation to their parents. Girls tend
to keep close to their mothers while boys do not (Kopala &
Keitel, 2003). In research done by Scheffler and Naus (1999)
on father’s affirmation and how it relates to woman’s self-
esteem, they found that both were positively correlated.
However, I think studies on both mother and father’s
affirmation would be more insightful when looked at together as
a parenting team. During the ages of eight and ten confidence
is at its highest for young girls (Clinton & Langberg, 2011). It
is a time to build confidence. Other outside factors in child
hood also play roles in self-esteem like winning in sports and
developing friendships that are trustworthy, as stated in the
presentation this week.
Lastly, in self-esteem it is important to see how God
sees women and his creations. Our relationship with God and
who we are in relationship to him should be one of the most
important things in self-esteem. It is definitely what I expect to

4. incorporate into my counseling to assist women in improving
their self-esteem. Clinton and Langberg (2011) said it best hen
stating, “God created us to be satisfied in Him” (p. 256). God
created us in His image and there should be none greater. In
developing a healthy self esteem it is important to know who we
are in Christ.
In conclusion, self-esteem is an important development
in the lives of everyone. Childhood and how we are treated
during this time plays a key factor in self-esteem. When
viewing who we are it is also necessary to see how God views
us as we are His creation. Through counseling I hope to add
elements of scripture and exploring the past with clients to see
their healthy selves.
References
Clinton, T., & Langberg, D. (2011). The Quick Reference Gude
to Counseling Women. Grand Rapids: Bker Books.
Kopala, M., & Keitel, M. A. (2003). The Quick Reference
Guide to Counseling Women. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publications.
Scheffler, T. S., & Naus, P. J. (1999). The relationship between
fatherly affirmation and a woman's self-esteem, fear of ntimacy,
comfort with womanhood and comfort with sexuality. The
Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 8(1), 39-45.
Hinkley (2015) describes self-esteem as the affective aspect of
a woman’s self regard. Self-esteem is closely related to self-
concept, which is the cognitive aspect of a woman’s self regard.
Practically speaking, a woman’s self-esteem level serves as a
gauge for how she views herself. Self-esteem is largely shaped
during a woman’s childhood and adolescence (Clinton &
Langberg, 2011; Tryon & Winograd, 2003). The outcome to
healthy development is a woman who is content with herself
across various social roles (Tryon & Winograd). Multiple
factors and life experiences affect the development of an

5. individual’s self esteem. Parental and early caregiver
relationships are particularly influential.
Attachment theory posits that an individual’s self-concept is
primarily based on the level of nurturance and responsiveness of
his/her childhood caregiver (DeHart, Pelham, & Tennen, 2006).
In a broader sense, self-esteem is generated in response to a
person’s social exchanges with significant others throughout a
lifetime. Generally, family members provide our earliest and
most significant connections to the social world. While studying
the affect of perceived fatherly regard and women’s self-esteem,
Scheffler and Naus (1999) found evidence supporting the impact
of caregiver relationships on self-esteem development.
Perceived unconditional positive regard, support, and warmth
from a woman’s father was significantly correlated to higher
self-esteem (Scheffler & Naus). Research on parenting styles
provides additional support to these claims. An authoritative
parenting style provides children with positive regard, love,
support, and opportunities for autonomy. Conversely, an
authoritarian parenting style utilizes criticism, threats, and
conditional regard to control children. Use of an authoritarian
parenting style is linked to negative self-concept (Dehart et al.,
2006).
The majority of the research I have reviewed on this subject
matter is in agreement on the connection of self-esteem to
perceived parental/caregiver relationships. That being said, I
disagreed with one of the hypotheses stated by Scheffler and
Nuas (1999) concerning the link between fatherly regard and a
woman’s sense of femininity. The authors did not find any
credible support for this claim in their research. Scheffler and
Naus did find significant connections between fatherly regard
and a woman’s self-esteem, in general. Unconditional positive
regard is one of the best instruments I can use to clients
struggling with a low view of self. Women with low self-esteem
often experience perceived negative interactions with others.

6. There is comfort in knowing that someone accepts you
regardless of your performance or actions. According to Clinton
and Langberg (2011), maladaptive thought processes perpetuate
low self-esteem; therefore, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy could
be very beneficial to identifying and altering a woman’s
cognitive distortions. Other useful interventions for building
self-esteem include role-playing and daily journaling (Hinkley,
2015).
References
Clinton, T. E., & Langberg, D. (2011). The quick-reference
guide to counseling women. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books.
DeHart, T., Pelham, B. W., & Tennen, H. (2006). What lies
beneath: Parenting style and implicit self-esteem. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 1–17. doi:
10.1016/j.jesp.2004.12.005
Hinkley, P. (2015). Counseling women: Self-esteem & self-
concept: Development [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
https://learn.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/courses/COUN687_D02_2
01540/COUN%20687/Coun%20687%20Self-Esteem%20-
%20Part%20I%20%28LMS%29/res/index.html
Tryon, G. S., & Winograd, G. (2003). Developing a healthy
identity. In M. Kopala & M. A. Keitel (Eds.), Handbook of
counseling women (pp. 185-197). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications, Inc.
Scheffler, T. S., & Naus, P. J. (1999). The relationship between
fatherly affirmation and a woman’s self-esteem, fear of
intimacy, comfort with womanhood and comfort with
sexuality. Canadian Journal Of Human Sexuality, 8 (1), 39-45.

7. Everyone, not just women, have self-esteems. For women self-
esteem is at its peak during the ages of eight and ten (Clinton &
Langberg, 2011). For this reason I believe childhood
experiences are a large element in healthy self-esteem and to
knowing how God sees a woman. For women it is more about
the relationships in developing self-esteem (Kopala & Keitel,
2003). Our relationships as children and how we are treated by
others and God plays a factor in self-esteem.
First, as children we are only beginning to form who we
are. As mentioned in our presentation some factors that affect
us with our parents is being praised, listened to, respectfully
spoken to, getting parents full attention and hugs. Girls differ
from boys as they grow in relation to their parents. Girls tend
to keep close to their mothers while boys do not (Kopala &
Keitel, 2003). In research done by Scheffler and Naus (1999)
on father’s affirmation and how it relates to woman’s self-
esteem, they found that both were positively correlated.
However, I think studies on both mother and father’s
affirmation would be more insightful when looked at together as
a parenting team. During the ages of eight and ten confidence
is at its highest for young girls (Clinton & Langberg, 2011). It
is a time to build confidence. Other outside factors in child
hood also play roles in self-esteem like winning in sports and
developing friendships that are trustworthy, as stated in the
presentation this week.
Lastly, in self-esteem it is important to see how God
sees women and his creations. Our relationship with God and
who we are in relationship to him should be one of the most
important things in self-esteem. It is definitely what I expect to
incorporate into my counseling to assist women in improving
their self-esteem. Clinton and Langberg (2011) said it best hen
stating, “God created us to be satisfied in Him” (p. 256). God

8. created us in His image and there should be none greater. In
developing a healthy self esteem it is important to know who we
are in Christ.
In conclusion, self-esteem is an important development
in the lives of everyone. Childhood and how we are treated
during this time plays a key factor in self-esteem. When
viewing who we are it is also necessary to see how God views
us as we are His creation. Through counseling I hope to add
elements of scripture and exploring the past with clients to see
their healthy selves.
References
Clinton, T., & Langberg, D. (2011). The Quick Reference Gude
to Counseling Women. Grand Rapids: Bker Books.
Kopala, M., & Keitel, M. A. (2003). The Quick Reference
Guide to Counseling Women. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publications.
Scheffler, T. S., & Naus, P. J. (1999). The relationship between
fatherly affirmation and a woman's self-esteem, fear of ntimacy,
comfort with womanhood and comfort with sexuality. The
Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 8(1), 39-45.
Case Study #2 Grading Rubric – Fall 2015
Levels of Quality
Performance
Criteria
Needs Improvement

9. Meets Expectations
Exceptional
Structure
0 to 20 points
Disorganized
Needs reorganizing
Well organized, flows logically
Analysis
0 to 40 points
Mostly opinions, arguments not supported
Some arguments supported
All solid arguments with support
Style and Readability
0 to 20 points
Many misspellings, not edited, problems with grammar and
sentence structure
Less than 3 misspellings, appears to be edited, grammar and
sentence structure acceptable
No misspellings, well edited, grammar and sentence structure

10. excellent, easily readable
Originality
0 to 30 points
Not original, based solely on lectures and readings
Less than 3 original insights and arguments
Many original insights and arguments
Thoroughness
0 to 50 points
Some elements of assignment not completed
All elements of assignment completed
All elements of assignment completed with exceptional
thoroughness
Case Study #2 Questions – Fall 2015
1. What is the title of the legislation being studied?
2. Provide a history of what led up to the legislation. Why
was it considered necessary?
Approximately 250-350 words is the minimum allowable
description (one page to one and a half pages, double spaced).

11. Use in-text citations using APA format.
3. Who were the people and organizations involved in getting
the legislation passed?
(Names of major ‘players’, including individuals, advocacy
groups, legislators, political parties, etc. involved in advocating
for or against the legislation.)
4. When was the legislation passed and signed into law?
5. What are the main provisions of the legislation, in other
words, what did the legislation require?
6. Describe the outcome or long-term impact of the legislation.
What has been the effect of this legislation on expanding
democracy in America?
(Why do we remember this today; does it still have an impact?)
7. Have there been any major amendments or court challenges
to the legislation in the past few years? If so, what are they and
in what way has it changed the original legislation?
Must use valid reference’s!!!!
·
· Description: We have recently been studying about social
movements in America, along with material on civil liberties
and civil rights. Social movements that have expanded the
promise of equality and democracy have had a lasting impact on
America for the better. For the second case study, choose
either the debate over, and passage of, the Civil Rights Act of
1964, or the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Questions to be addressed:Case Study #2 Questions - Fall
2015.doc
Research paper requirements:
1. Must be a minimum of four but not more than five pages of

12. content, double-spaced.
2. Must be in #12 size, with New Times Roman font in black
color.
3. The paper must use APA (American Psychological
Association) formatting guidelines, however, a title page and
abstract are not required.
4. Must include an additional separate page titled "References"
where you list a minimum of three sources used in your
research.
For guidance on how to properly use APA "in-text" citations,
watch this short
video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fLlLIYxeGlsGrading
Rubric:Case Study #2 Rubric - Fall 2015.docx
DO NOT USE MATERIALS COPIED OR CUT & PASTED
FROM INTERNET OR OTHER SOURCES. If you use a short
passage directly from one of your sources, be sure to enclose
the passage in quotation marks and include the author's name
and publication year in parenthesis. After the quote, place the
page number in parenthesis. For example: Jones (2013) makes
the point, "Voting has not always been extended to all
Americans" (page 212). For additional guidance on how to
properly cite sources both in the body of your paper and on your
reference page
see https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ .