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آثر التصحر على الحياة الاقتصادية للواحات
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التصحر-وآثاره-على-اقتصاد-الواحة-في-المغرب-خليل-نوحي.pdf
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2.
ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ : ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ
ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ - 1 ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ : ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺴﻁ ﻓﺴﻴﺢ ﺍﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻤﺘﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ،ﻭﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻴﺵ ﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ . ﺇﻥ ﺍﺴﺘ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺃﻭل ﻌﻤل ﻁﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺭﻭﺩﻭﺕ Thalie» « ﺃﻭ ﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴـﺔ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴـل ﻤﻐﺭﻭﺴـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺴﺘﺭﺍﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﻅﻔﻪ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺍﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺃﺼﻠﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟ ﻜ ﺘـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺏ ﺏ ﺍﻟﻌ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺼﺭ . ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺩل ﻓﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﺅﻫﺎ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻭﻥ . ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺘﻤﺭﻩ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺭﻱ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻓل ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ،ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺭ ﺨﺼﺒﺎ ﻤﺠﺎﻻ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺇﻴﺤﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻴـﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻬﻴـﺏ ﻤـﻥ ﻋﺎﻨﺘـﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩل ﺒﺠﻭﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻅﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﺭﻴﺢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺘﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺎﺭ . ﻓﺘﻌﺭ ﻴﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻴﻀـﺎ ﻴـﺩل ﺒل ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺸﺠﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺘﻭﻥ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺔ . 1 2 - ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ : ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻼﺕ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺩ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﻡ ﻟﺫﻴﺫ ﻭﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺴﺎﻕ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﻜ ﺍﺸﺭﻑ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻗﻴل ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺢ ﺒﻨﺒﻴﺫ ﺴﺎﻕ ﺫﻱ ﺸﺠﺭ ل . ﺫﻜـﺭ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ 18 ﺘﻌ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺎﺩل ﻟﻘﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ : ۩ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻓﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺃﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ ﻜﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﷲ ﻀﺭﺏ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻡ ۩ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ Phoenix dactylifera ﻤﺜﻤﺭ ﺸﺠﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺏ ﺇﻴـﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌـﺭﺍﻕ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ... ﺍﻟـﺦ ﻴﻐﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺨل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨل ﻭﺠﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﺠل ﻤﻥ . 3 - ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘ ﺸﻜل ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ 42 ﻫﻜﺘﺎ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺭ ﺤﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺘﻀﻡ 4.450.000 ﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ،ﺩﺭﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻴﺯ ﺃﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻁﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺎ ﺘﺤ ﻤﻥ ﻤل ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﻨﻤﻭﻫ ،ﻗﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺎ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ،ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﻫ ﺎ ﻟﻔﺭ ﺹ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻭﻴﻕ ﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎ ﻭﺯﺤﻑ ل . ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﻜﻪ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺘﺤﺘل ،ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ، ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ 4.30 ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻭﻥ ، ﻟﻴﺘﺒﻭﺃ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻭﺭﺍﺀ 21.5 ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ 12 ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ 11 ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺴﻠﻁﻨﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ 8 ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭ ﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ 7.5 ﻤﻠﻴ ﻭﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻥ 7 ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ 4.5 ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻓﻲ 100 ﻁﻥ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺘﻨﺎﻫﺯ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺔ 600 ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎ ﺩﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ . ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﺼل ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﺘﺸﻜل ،ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻴﺤﺩﺜﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺒﻔﻀل ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻐﻠ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨل
3.
ﻴﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻨﺴﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺏ 20 ﺇﻟﻰ 60 % ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﻲ . ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ،ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ) ،ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻑ . .. ﺍﻟﺦ ( ﺍ ﺯﺤﻑ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺯﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻓﻲ ،ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ . 4 - ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻡ ﻁﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﺘﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻴﺯ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻜﻬﺔ ﺒ ﻤﻐﺭﺏ . ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﻤﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺒﺔ ، ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﻴ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺤﺘل ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻔﻀل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 15 ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻴﻭﺠﻪ ،ﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ) ﺼﻨﻑ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭل .( ﺃﻤﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺎﻫﺯ 42.000 ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ) ﻋﻭﺽ 85.000 ﻓﻲ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ( ، ﺃﻱ ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ﻤﺎ 78 ، 4 ﺘﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﺴ ﺎﺴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻭﺯﺍﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ) 40 % ( ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺸﻴﺩﻴﺔ ) 29 % ( ﻭﻁﺎﻁﺎ ) 19 % ( ﻭﻓﺠﻴﺞ ) 4 (% ﻭﻜﻠﻤﻴﻡ ) 3 % ( ﻭﺘﺯﻨﻴﺕ ) 2 % .( ﺒﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻟ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺎﺌﻼ ﻤﺨﺯﻭﻨﺎ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎ ، ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ . ﻤﺎ ﺠﺭﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ 220 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺼ ﻨﺎﻑ ﺘﺤﺙ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﺴﻡ >> ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻁ << ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ 45 % ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻨﺨﻴل ﻤﻐﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ . ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭل ﻭﺒﻭﺯﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺒﻭﻓﻜﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﻬل ﻭﺃﻡ ﻭﺒﻭﺴﺘﺤﻤﻲ ﻭﺯﻴﻜﺯﺍﻭ ﻭﺒﻭﺍﻴﺠﻭ ﻭﺒﻭﺯﻜﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﺩﻤﻭ ﻭﺒﻭﺴﻠﻴﺨﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤل ﻭﺒﻭﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﻨﻴﺘﻔﻴﺕ ﻭﺒﻭﺴﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺴﺎﻴﺭ ........ ﺍﻟﺦ . ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺜﺭﻭﺓ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻭﺀ ﻴﺤﺘﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻗﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﻜﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ، ﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺨﻼﻑ . ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺇﺫ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺱ ) 4 - 6 ﻤﺘﺭ ( ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻴﻌﻭﻕ ﻤﻤﺎ ،ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭﻩ ﻤﻊ ﻭﻴﻌﻘ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ؛ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺔ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ . ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻥ ﺘ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺜل ﺘﻤﻭﻴل . ﺍﻟ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﺠل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺭﻓﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﻥ . 5 - ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ 1 ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻤﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻨﻴﺭﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ 1977 ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺘﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻹﺤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﺘﺩﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻤـﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺘﺤـﻭل ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺼـﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸـﺒﻪ ﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ . 1 ﺘ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺼل ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 45 ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 30 % ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ
4.
ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﺭ
ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺴﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺍﻀـﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤـﺯﺍﻡ ﻀـﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻱ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 1400 ﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ 1983 ﻓﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 50 % ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ 93 % ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ . ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺍﻡ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼـﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ . 2 ( ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ • ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻨﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺴـﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻻﻴﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ 50 ﻭ 100 ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﻡ ﻨﺘ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﺸﺠﺎ ﺭ ﻋﻤﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻷﺯﻴﺩ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻗﺭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤـﺎل ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺎﺠـﺔ ﺘﻔـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻟﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺨ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺴـﻲ ﺒﺸـﻜل ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ 40 ﻭ 50 ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻤﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﺘﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ 3000 ﻭ 3500 ﺴﺎﻋﺔ . ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻟﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ : * ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭﻻﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻤ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺘﺭﺒﺔ * ﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺘ ﻋﻥ ﺞ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺤﻴ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺼـﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬـﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺙ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻠﺤﻴﺔ ) ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﺱ ﻭﺍﺩ 0.6 / 10.49 ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺠﺭﺍ ﻡ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺩﺭﻋﺔ 1 ﻭ 1.5 ﻜﺭﺍﻡ ( ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﺕ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل . ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ • ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻓﺼﻭل ﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻓﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺠل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺭﻭﻜﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻫﻲ seroco) ( ﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ) ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﻲ ( ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻬﺏ . ﻭﺘ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﺎﺩﺤﺔ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺠﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ . • ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﺯﺤﻑ ﻤﻠﻭﺤ ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﺒﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻗـﻭﺓ ﻭﻜـﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺘﺘﻔ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺘ ﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺘ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﺯﺤﻑ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺭﻤﺎل ﻓﺘﺨﻨﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺸﺎﺴﻌﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﻐﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒ ﻓﺘﻘﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺫ ﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﻭﺠ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﻠل ﺎ ﺘ ﻴﻘﺘﺼـﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﻭﻱ ﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒل ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺠـﺭﺓ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺸﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ .
5.
• ﺍﻻﻨﺠ ﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺄﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘ ﻔـﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺠﻬﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺴـﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﻌـل ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﻨﻭﺏ ﺒ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺘﺤ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺕ ﻭﻁﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺕ ﻭﻁﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀـﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎ ﺃﺨـﺭﻯ . ﻓ ﺒ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﻷﺨﺭ ﺃﻤﻁﺎﺭﺍ ﻁﻭﻓﺎﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ 100 ﻤ ﻡ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﻴﺯﺓ ﺩﺭﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻴﺯ ﻟﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﺴﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﻨـﺘﺞ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﺠﺭﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺒﺸﻁﻲ ﻟﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻤ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻠـﺊ ﻤـﺩﺍ ﺨﻴ ل ﻭﺘﺨﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺘﻬﺩﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻤﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻨ ﻓﻴﺤﺭﻡ ﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ 10 % ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﻤﻥ . • ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺩ ﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻭﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺒﺱ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺒل ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺴـﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ 40 % ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺘﻀﻁﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟـﺩﻋﻡ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺎ ﺩ ﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺤ ﻴﻥ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭﻫﻡ ﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ، ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﺤ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜ ﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻀـﺭﺭﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ . • ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ • ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﺼﻴﺏ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻓﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺇﻤﺎ ﻗﺘل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺃﻭ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻜﻴﻔـﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﺨﻁﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ . ﺃ - ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﺨﻁﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻓﺘﻜﺎ ﺍﻷﺼـﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﻘﺭﻀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭ ﻨﺨﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺕ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺭﺍﺽ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ، ﺴ ﺍﺭﻀﻲ ﻓﻁﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺤ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﻲ FUSARIN OSCYSPORUM ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻨﻤﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ ˚ 7 ﻭ ˚ 12 ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺎ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ˚ 21 ﻭ ˚ 27 ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ˚ 37 ﻭﻴﺼـﻌﺏ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻁﺭ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻴﺼل ﻋﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﺒﻴﻭﺽ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻤﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ . ﺍﻷﺴـﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﺤﺎﺸﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ . ﺏ - ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﺸـﺠﺎﺭ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﺨﻁﺭﺍ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻴ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺹ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ : - ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﺽ ) ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﻠﺔ ( ﺃﻭ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻥ ( - ﺍﻟﺭﺘﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻗﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻜﺒﻭﺕ ﺃﻭ ) ﺒﻭﻓﺭﻭﺭ ( - ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺴﺔ
6.
• ﺗﻬﺮﻳﺐ أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺨﻁﻴﺭﺍ ﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺘﻬﺭﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻻﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﻴﻬﺩﺩ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﺭﻋﻴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﺭﺩﺍﺀ ﻜل ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻪ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ . ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺭﻴﺏ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﻁـﺭﻑ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺘﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻐل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺴﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻬﻡ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺒﺎ ﺜ ﻤﻨ ﺔ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺠﺩ ) 20 ﺇﻟﻰ 40 ( ﺍﻭﺭﻭ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ) 300 ﺇﻟﻰ 500 ( ﺍﻭﺭﻭ . ﻗـﺘﻼ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻤﺎ ، ﺘـﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺜﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ . • ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺯﺤـﻑ ﻅـﺎﻫﺭ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺒ ﻔﻌل ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻨﺒﻬﺎﺭ ﺒـﺩﺅ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭ ﺍ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺸﻴﺩﻭﺍ ﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﻬﺠﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻤـﻥ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﻟﺘﺸﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺘﺭﻙ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻴﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻤـﺅﺨﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻐـﺭﺏ ﺍﺒﺘﻠـﻰ ﻭﻗﺩ ،ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺒﺯﺤﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻏﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺤـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ . • ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺸﻴﺨﻭﺨﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻤﺤﺩﺩ ﻋﻤﺭ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻀﻌﻑ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻭﺨﺔ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ 50 % ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻭﺨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺩ ﻟﺴـﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﻠل ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ . ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫل ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺕ ﻗﺒل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺨ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺠﻌل ﻴل ﻤ ﻴﻘﺘﻠﻌﻭﻥ ﺌ ﻤﻥ ﺎﺕ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺃﻤـﺎ ﻻﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ . 5 - ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺩﻭﺭ . ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤ ﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺎﺕ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺒـﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺨﺼﺼﺕ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻻﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ 3 ﻜﻠﻤـﻴﻡ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺘﺎﻓﻼﻟﺕ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺭﺓ . ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ : * ﺒﺭ ﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﺔ ﺒﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﻴﺔ * ﺒﺭ ﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻭﺇﻨﻌﺎﺵ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ * ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ * ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﻲ * ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺘﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺨﻼل ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻔ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺔ : * ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ :
7.
ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺼـﻼﺡ ﺍﻟ ﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺨﻁـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻀﺨ ﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺁﺒﺎﺭ ﺤﻔﺭ ﺎﺕ ﻤﻨ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻊ ﻭﺤـﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﺴﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺜ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍ ﻭﺭﻴ ﻭﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻜل ﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺘـﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻲ . ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺕ ﻤﻬﺩﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻜﻨﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺼﻴﺒﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ . * ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﺯﺤﻑ ﺍﺘ ﺒ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﺯﺤﻑ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴ ﺘ ﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ : 1 ( ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺈﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﻭﺃﺴﻭﺍﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺸﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺠﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤـﺔ ﺒﻀﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺸﻁﺭﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺩﺨل ﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ 2 ( ﺍﻟﺒ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻭ ﻟﻭ ﺠﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻟﻠﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭ ﻓـ ﺎ ﺀ ) tamaris ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺢ ) acacia ( ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺎل ﺯﺤﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺩ . * ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺯﺤﻔ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺒ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺎﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ) ﺩﻴﺴﻲ ( ﻭ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺘﻴﻭﻥ ( ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺤﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺘﻴﻭﻥ ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘـﺎﺕ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﻗﺘـل ﻭﺍﻟﻨ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺸﻲ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺤ ل .... ﺍﻟﺦ . ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﺭ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﺒﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺴﻲﺀ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍ ﺤﺔ ﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺤﻑ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ . * ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺯﺤﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﻪ ﻤﺎﻴﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺠﺯﺕ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻙ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻤ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ : ﺍ ( ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻓ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺃﻨﺒﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺏ ( ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﺴـﺘﻌﻤل ﻀـﺩ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﻫﺎ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺒﻴـﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ . * ﺘﻬﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ 2007 ﻟﺘﻬﺭﻴـﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻬﻡ ﺴﻬل ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺤﺔ . ﺇﻻ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻨﻪ 17 ﺍﺒﺭﻴـل 2007 ﻅﻬﻴـﺭ ﺼـﺩﺭ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺸﺭﻴﻑ 1.07.42 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ 28 ﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل 1428 ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺭﻗـﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻨﻭﻥ 01.06 ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠـﻕ ﺼﻨﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭ ﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ > phoenix dactyifera < ﻜﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻨﻌﺎ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ
8.
ﺍﻟ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل
ﺃﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻨﻘل ﻤﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﻏﺭﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺴﺠﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﺒﺭﺨﺼﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﻬﺭﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﺠﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺴﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻤﺎ . * ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺼـﺩﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎ ﺩ ﻤﻬﻤـﺔ ﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻭﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﺏ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭﻤﺎﺀ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ . ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯﺍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻜل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺕ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﺎ ﺨﺼﺼﺕ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ ﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻻﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺨل ﻗﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ . 6 - ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭ 1 ( ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻋﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﺄﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻴﻘﺘﻨﻌﻭﺍ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﺄﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺇﻨﻘﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﺤﻤ ﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻲ ﺘﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ، ﻫﺫﻩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﺸﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻹ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎ ﺒﺈﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺘ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺔ ﺭﻴﻊ ﻘ ﺘﺭ ﺤ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻬﺎ ﻤ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺘﺸﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻥ . 2 ( ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺨل ﺴﺘﻨﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺘﻌﻤل ، ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻤـﻥ ﺒـﺩﻻ ﺍﻟـﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺭﺓ : ƒ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺠﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺸﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭﺕ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻗﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﻜـ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﻤـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻋﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻤﺎﻥ ﻜﻐﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻟ ﺍﻻﺭﺍﻨﻴﺏ ﺩ ﻭﺍﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻴﻠﺔ . ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻨﺠﺎﺤﺎ ﻟﻠﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ . 3 ( ﺍﻟﺴ ﻴ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺅﻫﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﺯﺨﺭﻓﻪ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﺕ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺕ ﺇﺤﻴـﺎﺀ ﻟﻘﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﺔ ﺇﻗﺒﺎﻻ ﻨﻅﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺢ ﻴﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﺄﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻭﻴﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻤﻭﺭﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴ ﻊ . 4 ( ﺗ ﺜ ﻤﻴ ﻦ ﻡﻨﺘﻮج أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ أﻡﺎ ﺬﻩﺑﻬ ﺎءاﻻﻋﺘﻨ ﻰﻋﻠ ﺎﻡﻨﻬ ﺪاﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺖﻋﻤﻠ ﺪﻓﻘ ﺔاﻟﻨﺨﻠ ﺠﺮةﺑﺸ ﺮاﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷ اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎت ﻟﺪور ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤ آﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻡﻌﺎﻡﻠﺘﻬﺎ وﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻡﻦ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﺮاﺣﻞ ) اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ - اﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ - اﻟﺠﻨﻲ - اﻟﺴﻘﻲ ... اﻟﺦ ( . ﺪأت ﻓﺒ ﻬﺪ ﺗﺸ ﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣ ﺎل إدﺧ ﻞ اﻟﻨﺨﻴ ﻘﻲ ﺱ ﻲ ﻓ ﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜ ﺎت ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ) ﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﺑ ﻘﻲ اﻟﺴ ( ﻚ وذﻟ ﻲ واﻟﺠﻨ ﻴﺢ اﻟﺘﻠﻘ ﻲ وﻓ ﺑﺎﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻷدوات ﻋ ﺎاﻟﻌﺒ ﻒﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴ ﺱﻌﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮرة ﺬاوآ ﻼحاﻟﻔ ﻰﻠ ﺎراﻹآﺜ ﻦﻡ ﺎجاﻹﻥﺘ ﺎﻓﺔﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﻰإﻟ ﻚذﻟ اﻥﺸ ﺎت وﺣﺪات اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎت هﺬﻩ ﺎﻟﻄﺮقﺑ ﺎعﺗﺒ ﺖآﺎﻥ ﻲاﻟﺘ و ﺘﻮردةاﻟﻤﺴ ﻮراﻟﺘﻤ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻤﻮر ﻟﺘﻠﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮدﻳﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮر اﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻷﻋﻼف ﺔﻗﻴﻤ ﻦﻡ ﺎﻟﻬ ﺎﻟﻤ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺎﻃﺤﻨﻬ ﺪﺑﻌ ﻚوذﻟ ﺔﻏﺬاﺉﻴ أﺧﺮى ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﺪاﺉﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻮاد وﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ .
9.
5 ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻜﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺍ ﺇﻗﺒﺎﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﺃﻗﻨﻌﺕ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻟﻬﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺨﻼﺼ ﺔ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻟﻠﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻗﻔﺯﺕ ﻭﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﺎﺏ ﺒﻔﻌـل ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺇﻫﻤـﺎل ،ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻀﻌﻑ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺇ ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺴﻁﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤـﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺠﻌل ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﻤـﻭﺍ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﺩﺍ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺎ ﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﺸﻴﺔ . ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒـﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻓﺸل ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺴﺎﻜﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﻡ ﻤﺎﺯﺍل ﺫﻟﻙ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﺏ ﻟﺫﺍ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺭﺍﻫﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺩﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺘ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓـ ﺴـﺎﻫﻡ ﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺒﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺩﺨل ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ . ﺘﻭ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻓﺈﻟﻰ ﻨﺩﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺠﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﺘﺼﻤﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ 1 / ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ 2 / ﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻭﻻﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺩﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺭ ﻨﺨﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺽ ﻤﺭﺽ 3 / ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻤﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤ ﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﻲ ﺔ 4 / ﻟﺘﺎﻓﻼﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺤﻲ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ 5 / ﻟﻨﻴل ﺒﺤﺕ ﻁﺎﻁﺎ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺯﺓ ) ﺯﻴﻨﺏ ﻟﺤﻭﺱ ،ﻟﻁﻴﻔﺔ ﻜﻲ ،ﺭﺸﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﺒﻠﻭﺵ ،ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺸﻲ ( 6 / ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻩ ﻨﻭﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴل ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ . 7 / ﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺘﻨﻤ ﻭﻴﺔ : ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﺯﻴﻐﻴﺔ . 8 / ﻭﻏﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴل ﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺼﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻀﺭ ﺍﻴﻜﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺴﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﻭﺡ 9 / ﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ 10 / ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﺭﺍﻑ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ 11 / ﻟﻠ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ 12 / ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻜﻀﻲ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ 13 / ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ
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