math sizes of things
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This document compares sizes from small to big using the comparative terms smaller, smaller, smallest and big, bigger, biggest. It repeats these terms in sets of three to demonstrate the concept of relative size and how things can be described as smaller or bigger than others. The document concludes by inviting the reader to try comparing sizes.
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Long /a/ (ay and ai)
This document lists words that contain the long /a/ vowel sound spelled with the letters ai and ay, including words like mail, sail, train, grain, brain, paid, laid, hail, wain, braid, fail, main, pain, wait, play, stay, say, ray, pay, lay, and hay. It also specifically lists the words tail, hay, rail, chain, mail, paint, rain, clay, and nail.
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Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object that has the highest or lowest degree of a quality compared to other objects. To form the superlative of one-syllable adjectives, -est is added to the adjective. For adjectives ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern, the final consonant is doubled before adding -est. For adjectives of more than one syllable, more or most is placed before the adjective to form the comparative and superlative.
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This document lists words that contain the long /a/ vowel sound spelled with the letters ai and ay, including words like laid, rail, sail, train, grain, maid, nail, jail, brain, train, paid, mail, tail, stain, sprain, raid, hail, wail, vain, saint, braid, fail, main, pain, paint, wait, clay, play, stay, day, say, ray, pay, lay, hay, tail, hay, rail, chain, mail, paint, rain, clay, nail.
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Plants need proper care to grow healthily. They require the right amount of sunlight, water, and fertilizer depending on the type of plant. Placing plants in locations with the suitable sunlight exposure, watering them when the soil is dry, and adding fertilizer to replenish nutrients in the soil are important aspects of plant care. Different plants have different needs for sunlight, water, pot size, and fertilizer so it is important to understand a plant's specific requirements.
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This document lists words that contain the long /a/ vowel sound spelled with the letters ai and ay, including words like mail, sail, train, grain, brain, paid, laid, hail, wain, braid, fail, main, pain, wait, play, stay, say, ray, pay, lay, and hay. It also specifically lists the words tail, hay, rail, chain, mail, paint, rain, clay, and nail.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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