a presentation about ( Engine Oil ) to Petrochemical lecture Outline: • Engine oil introduction • Types of Engine Oil • Oil Consumption for cars • What are the reasons for high oil consumption in cars? • What is motor oil? • Detergents • Anti - wear additives • Modifiers • Anti - Foam additives • Rust & corrosion • Viscosity index improves • Pour - point depressant Hope you like it and benefits you.

1. Engine Oil
Prepared by:
Meer Sabah Zhirkan Adl
Ahmad Idrees Rubar Abdullah
Supervised by:
Mr:Mohammed Ali Salih
Kurdistan Technical Institute Petroleum Department – Drilling and Refining 1

2. Engine oil
Introduction
 Engine oil plays a crucial role in the car engine's health. Historically,
friction could lead to desirable outcomes, like creating fire, but over time
with modern technological advancements and in the automotive industry,
experts realized that friction between parts causes damage.
 First, a liquid known as base oil is extracted from crude oil at refineries,
which creates engine oil when mixed with certain substances.
 Cleaning the engine's internal components, preventing friction, and keeping
engine components soot-free are the most important responsibilities of
engine oil.
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3. Types of
Engine Oil
 Mineral Engine Oil is produced from crude oil and is the cheapest and
most common oil available on the market.
 Synthetic engine oil is comprised of chemical compounds like
hydrocarbon polymers, and crude oil is not involved in its production.
 Semi-synthetic Engine Oil: This engine oil is produced with the mixture
of mineral and synthetic engine oil. Although it lacks the quality and
durability of synthetic engine oil, it has better quality and lower cost than
mineral oil.
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4. Oil consumption
for cars
Selecting the Right Engine Oil
 A good engine oil should also be resistant to corrosion, rust, and erosion.
Oil consumption for cars:
 The moving parts in the engine of a car, such as pistons and valves, are
never one hundred percent leakproof. It is therefore quite normal that a
small proportion of engine oil is fed into the fuel combustion process.
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5. Oil consumption
of cars
How can the oil consumption of cars be calculated?
 As a rule of thumb, modern passenger cars lose a maximum of 0.05% to
0.5% oil per litre of fuel consumed. So if you calculate with 10 litres of fuel
consumption per 100 kilometres for a sporty car, 100 litres of fuel are
needed for 1000 kilometres. 0.05% of 100 litres results in 50 ml oil
consumption for 1000 kilometres. This calculation can be adapted
accordingly with other values.
What is the average oil consumption of cars?
 It is not possible to make a general statement on this. The oil consumption
of cars can vary from a few millilitres to 1.5 litres per 1000 kilometres.
This is related to the way the engines work, the owner's driving style and
climatic influences.
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6. What are the
reasons for high
oil consumption
in cars?
As already mentioned, many factors can increase the oil consumption of
cars:
 Sporty driving style
 High temperatures inside the engine
 Defects in the car (hairline crack in the engine, worn gaskets, broken
injection pump, etc.)
 Use of the wrong engine oil contrary to the OEM approvals
 Use of poor quality engine oils with high evaporation loss
 Non-compliance with the prescribed replacement intervals
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7. What is
Motor Oil?
Historically, motor oil was just a mixture of base oil and additives used to
lubricate engine parts, reduce friction, clean, cool, and protect the engine.
Why is a Motor Oil’s Ability To Clean Important?
 Every time your engine runs, by-products from combustion contaminate
your engine oil. If the contaminants build up in the oil, they can settle and
create sludge and deposits in the engine. Using low quality motor oil,
neglecting to change your oil, and maintenance issues can also lead to
sludge forming in your engine.
What are Dispersants?
 A dispersant protects your engine’s performance by helping to keep sludge
from forming on internal engine parts by suspending contaminants in the
oil until they can safety removed at the next oil change keeping your engine
cleaner.
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8. Detergents
Anti-Wear
Additives
What are Detergents?
 Detergents operate on high-temperature surfaces, such as the piston-ring
area and the piston under-crown, helping to prevent deposits. This protects
against engine wear and increases the performance and efficiency of your
vehicle. These detergents get consumed over the life of your oil change.
Why are Anti-Wear Additives Important?
 High pressure points, like between the camshaft lobe and its follower, can
reach over 200,000 pounds per square inch of pressure! The advanced anti-
wear additives in Pennzoil Synthetics, like ZDDP or “zinc,” form a
protective layer that is thinner than a strand of human hair, yet able to
absorb impact at high pressure points inside your engine. This layer
protects all of the parts of your engine from wear caused by friction and
heat.
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9. Modifiers
Antioxidants
What Do Friction Modifiers Do?
 Friction modifiers are pretty straightforward -- they reduce friction under
high loads and high temperatures. This protects your engine parts from
wear and helps maintain peak efficiency, performance, and fuel economy.
The effectiveness of these additives diminishes over time as the oil ages.
The Reason Your Oil Needs Antioxidants
 Oxidation results from exposure of the oil to oxygen at high temperatures.
It’s a bad thing. The results of such exposure can accelerate the breakdown
of the oil and contribute to oil thickening, sludge, and deposits.
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10. Anti-Foam
Additives
Rust &
Corrosion
Three Reasons Your Oil Needs Anti-Foam Additives
 Air bubbles caused by foam create a variety of problems in oil. They make
oil harder to pump to vital engine parts, reduce the oil’s lubrication
effectiveness, and inhibit the oil’s ability to help keep the engine cool.
How Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors Benefit Your Engine
 It might sound strange, but internal engine parts can be subject to rust and
corrosion. Rust and corrosion inhibitors coat metal surfaces, protecting
your engine against these hazards. Rust inhibitors help protect against the
reaction of water on metals. Corrosion inhibitors help protect against the
reaction of acids on metal.
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11. Viscosity Index
Improvers
Pour-Point
Depressants
Understanding the Need for Viscosity Index Improvers
 The viscosity index measures an oil’s ability to resist changes in viscosity
as temperature changes. Viscosity index improvers utilize polymer
additives to help maintain oil viscosity over a wide range of temperatures.
Pour-Point Depressants are Important. Why?
 Pour point depressants help motor oil flow at extremely low temperatures.
This is important because motor oil needs to flow well in order to fully
cover your engine parts and be able to protect them and maintain its
efficiency regardless of temperature.
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12. Thanks for Yours
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