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Demostrar que si el conjunto de vectores en 3
de la forma ( )
, ,
x x x es un espacio vectorial.
Sea ( ) ( )
 
3
, , , , ,
V x y z x x x
= 
i. Si x V
 y y V
 , entonces x y V
+ 
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y ( )
2 2 2
, ,
x x x V
 , entonces ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , , ,
x x x x x x V
+ 
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3
1 2 3
3 3
, , , , , ,
, ,
x x x x x x x x x x x x s
x x x
i x x
V
x
+ = + + +
=
=

+
ii. Para todo x, y y z en V, ( ) ( )
x y z x y z
+ + = + +
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 , ( )
2 2 2
, ,
x x x V
 y ( )
3 3 3
, ,
x x x V
 , entonces
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ + = + +
   
   
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 2 3 2 3 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 1
3
2 2 2 3 3 3
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
,
, , ,
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x
+ + + + =
 
 
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
 
 
+ + =
 
 
+ +
 
 
iii. Existe un vector V
 yal que para todo ,
x V x x x
 +  =  + = .
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y ( )
0,0,0 V
 , entonces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , 0,0,0 0,0,0 , , , ,
x x x x x x x x x
+ = + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , 0,0,0 0,0,0 , , , ,
0, 0, 0 0 ,0 ,0 , ,
, , , , , ,
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
+ = + =
+ + + = + + + =
= =
iv. Si x V
 , existe un vector x V
−  , tal que ( )
x x
+ − = 
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
− − −  , entonces ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , 0,0,0
x x x x x x
+ − − − =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,
0,0,
,
0
,
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ − + − + − =
+ − − − =
v. Si x, y están en V, entonces x y y x
+ = +
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y ( )
2 2 2
, ,
x x x V
 , entonces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
, , , , , , , ,
x x x x x x x x x x x x
+ = +
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1
, , , ,
, , ,
,
,
,
,
,
x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + =
+
+ + + =
+ =
vi. Si x V
 y  es un escalar, entonces x V
 
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y   , entonces ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
1 2
2
, , , ,
, ,
si x
x x x x x x
x x x V
x

   
=
=
=

vii. Si x y y están en V y  un escalar, entonces ( )
x y x x y
  
+ = +
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y ( )
2 2 2
, ,
x x x V
 y   , entonces
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
, , , , , , , ,
x x x x x x x x x x x x
  
+ = +
 
 
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
x x x x x x
x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x

  
  

  
     
 
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + +
+ =
=
+ =
 
 
+
viii. Si x V
 y  y  son escalar, entonces ( )x x x
   
+ = +
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y ,
   , entonces ( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , ,
x x x x x x x x x
   
+ = +
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
     
     

     

 
+ + + =
+ + + =
+
+ =
+ =
ix. Si x V
 y  y  son escalar, entonces ( ) ( )
x x
  
=
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 y ,
   , entonces ( )
( ) ( )( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,
x x x x x x
  
=
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
x x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
   
     
  
 


=
=
=
=
x. Para todo x V
 , 1x x
=
Sea ( )
1 1 1
, ,
x x x V
 , ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 , , , ,
x x x x x x
=
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1 ,1
1 , ,
, ,
,1
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
=
V es un espacio vectorial

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Ejemplo

  • 1. Demostrar que si el conjunto de vectores en 3 de la forma ( ) , , x x x es un espacio vectorial. Sea ( ) ( )   3 , , , , , V x y z x x x =  i. Si x V  y y V  , entonces x y V +  Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y ( ) 2 2 2 , , x x x V  , entonces ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2 2 2 , , , , x x x x x x V +  ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x s x x x i x x V x + = + + + = =  + ii. Para todo x, y y z en V, ( ) ( ) x y z x y z + + = + + Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  , ( ) 2 2 2 , , x x x V  y ( ) 3 3 3 , , x x x V  , entonces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 , , , , , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + = + +         ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + =     + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +     + + =     + +     iii. Existe un vector V  yal que para todo , x V x x x  +  =  + = . Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y ( ) 0,0,0 V  , entonces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , 0,0,0 0,0,0 , , , , x x x x x x x x x + = + = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , 0,0,0 0,0,0 , , , , 0, 0, 0 0 ,0 ,0 , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + = + = + + + = + + + = = = iv. Si x V  , existe un vector x V −  , tal que ( ) x x + − =  Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V − − −  , entonces ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , 0,0,0 x x x x x x + − − − = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , 0,0, , 0 , x x x x x x x x x x x x + − + − + − = + − − − =
  • 2. v. Si x, y están en V, entonces x y y x + = + Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y ( ) 2 2 2 , , x x x V  , entonces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x + = + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 , , , , , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + = + + + + = + = vi. Si x V  y  es un escalar, entonces x V   Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y   , entonces ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V   ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 , , , , , , si x x x x x x x x x x V x      = = =  vii. Si x y y están en V y  un escalar, entonces ( ) x y x x y    + = + Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y ( ) 2 2 2 , , x x x V  y   , entonces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x    + = +     ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x                    + + + = + + + = + + + + = = + =     + viii. Si x V  y  y  son escalar, entonces ( )x x x     + = + Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y ,    , entonces ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x     + = + ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x                       + + + = + + + = + + = + =
  • 3. ix. Si x V  y  y  son escalar, entonces ( ) ( ) x x    = Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  y ,    , entonces ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , x x x x x x    = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , , , , , , , x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x                  = = = = x. Para todo x V  , 1x x = Sea ( ) 1 1 1 , , x x x V  , ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , , x x x x x x = ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,1 1 , , , , ,1 x x x x x x x x x = V es un espacio vectorial