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adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 1
第七章 神经网络建模与控制
 7.1 神经网络建模
 7.2 神经网络控制
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 2
7.1 神经网络建模
思想和方法:借助神经网络的逼近能力,通过学习获知系统差
分方程中的未知非线性函数。
神经网络与待辨识
系统具有相同的输
入,两者的输出误
差被用作网络的训
练信号。
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 3
假设待辨识对象为非线性离散时间系统
( 1) [ ( ), , ( 1); ( ), , ( 1)]
y k f y k y k n u k u k m
     
u(k)和y(k)分别为系统k时刻的输入和输出,m和n分别是输入时
间序列和输出时间序列的阶次,m≤n。
用静态前馈神经网络辨识非线性系统的步骤:
1. 获得系统输入输出数据 ,
 

 
[ ( ), , (1), ( ), , ( 1)] , ( 1) , ,
[ ( 1), , ( ), ( 1), , ( )] , ( )
T
T
y n y u n u n m y n
y N y N n u N u N m y N
  
   
{ (1), , ( )},{ (1), , ( )}
u u N y y N
2. 获得样本数据
3. 选择合适的神经网络结构,采用第6章介绍的神经网络学习算
法训练神经网络。
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 4
神经网络建模实例1
采用RBF神经网络对离散模型进行逼近
u(k)在[-2,2]上变化,系统BIBO稳定,y(k)在[-10,10]上变化。
神经网络隐单元的个数为60个,中心在[-2,2]×[-10,10]上均匀
选择,宽度为2。网络结构为2-60-1。采用最小二乘法确定网
络的输出权值。训练样本数为3000。
3
2
( 1)
( ) ( 1)
1 ( 1)
y k
y k u k
y k

  
 
( ) [ ( 1), ( 1)]
p
y k N u k y k
  
u(k) = sin(2πk/25), k∈(3000, 3100]
u(k) = sin(2πk/25) + sin(2πk/10),
k∈[3100, 3200]
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 5
神经网络建模实例2
1 石灰窑炉的生产过程
含有约30%水分的CaCO3泥桨由左端输入,燃料油和空气由右端喷入燃烧,
形成气流由右向左流动,以使泥桨干燥、加热并发生分解反应。最终生成的
CaO(石灰)由右端输出,而废气由左端排出。
主要控制量有两个,燃料流速u1和风量流速u2。被控量为炉窑热端的温度y1和
炉窑冷端的温度y2,二者决定了炉内的温度分布曲线,它是影响产品质量和能
耗的最关键的因素。
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 6
2石灰窑炉的神经网络模型
石灰窑NARMA方程是
( ) [ ( 1), ( 2); ( 1), ( 2)]
k f k k k k
    
y y y u u
1 2 1 2
( ) [ ( ), ( )], ( ) [ ( ), ( )]
k y k y k k u k u k
 
y u
神经网络方程
 

 
[ (2), (1), (2), (1)] , (3) , ,
[ (3999), (3998), (3999), (3998)] , (4000)
T T
T T
y y u u y
y y u u y
样本数据
M ˆ
( ) [ ( 1), ( 2); ( 1), ( 2)]
k f k k k k
    
y y y u u
结构8-20-10-2
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 7
u1和u2:在(u1=1, u2=1)上迭加幅值为±0.2的PRBS信号
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 8
神经网络监督控制: 对人工或传统控制器进行学习,用神经网络
控制器取代或逐渐取代原控制器。
7.2 神经网络控制
缺点: 系统为开环,稳定性和鲁棒性不能保证。
神经网络监督控制1
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 9
神经网络控制器通过学习,使 e(t) 或 u1(t) 趋近于零,从而使它
取代常规控制器。一但出现干扰等,常规控制器重新起作用。
优点: 精度高,稳定性、鲁棒性和自适应性强。
神经网络监督控制2
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 10
自校正控制:根据系统辨识结果,调节控制器参数,使系统满
足性能指标。
神经网络自适应控制
直接自校正控制(直接逆控制)
神经网络自适应控制包括自校正控制和模型参考控制。
间接自校正控制
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 11
模型参考控制:闭环系统的期望性能由参考模型描述,控制的
目的是使被控对象的输出一致渐近地趋近于参考模型的输出。
直接模型参考控制 间接模型参考控制
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 12
神经网络内模控制:用神经网络建立被控对象的正向模型和控制
器。该方案有很好的鲁棒性。若模型精确且干扰为0,反馈信号
为0,系统成为开环,是直接逆控制,y=yd。若模型不准且/或有
干扰,则由于负反馈的作用,仍有y接近yd。
神经网络内模控制
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 13
直接逆控制: 将神经网络逆模型直接与被控对象串联起来,以便
使期望输出与实际输出之间的传递函数等于1。
神经网络直接逆控制
直接逆建模
系统的输出作为网络的输入,
网络的输出与系统的输入进行
比较,用来训练神经网络,以
建立起系统的逆模型。
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 14
假设被控对象为
( 1) [ ( ), , ( 1); ( ), , ( 1)]
y k f y k y k n u k u k m
     
用静态前馈神经网络建立非线性系统逆模型的步骤:
1. 获得系统输入输出数据 ,
 

 
[ ( 1), , (1), ( 1), , ( 1)] , ( ) , ,
[ ( ), , ( ), ( 2), , ( )] , ( 1)
T
T
y n y u n u n m u n
y N y N n u N u N m u N
   
   
{ (1), , ( )},{ (1), , ( )}
u u N y y N
2. 获得样本数据
3. 选择合适的神经网络结构,采用第6章介绍的神经网络学习算
法训练神经网络。
若 可逆
)
(
f
1
( ) [ ( 1), ( ), , ( 1); ( 1), , ( 1)]
u k f y k y k y k n u k u k m

      
直接逆控制策略:
根据f-1和yd(k+1)计算u(k),作用被控对象,得到yd(k+1) ≈y(k+1)。
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 15
正-逆建模1
用实际输出与期望输出之差作为神经网络逆模型的训练信号。
此方法适用于,系统精确模型无法确知,或精确已知而推导其
逆模型过于繁琐。
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 16
2 2
1
( , ) ( ) ( ( , )) -
1 1
( - )
2 2
( )( ) ( )( )
d d d
d
d d
u g y w y f u y f g y w e y y
E e y y
E y y u
y y y y
w w u w
f f f 
   
 
   
     
   

不精确已知; 精确已知 不好求。
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 17
用网络正向模型的输出代替系统实际输出,用期望输出与网络
正向模型输出之差作为训练信号。
优点:克服方法1的缺点,还具有较强的鲁棒性和自适应性。
缺点:正向模型的误差影响逆模型的精度。
正-逆建模2
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 18
2 2
( , ) -
1 1
( - )
2 2
( - )( ) ( - )( )
0*
d d N
d N
N N
d N d N
N d N d
u g y w e y y
E e y y
y y
E u
y y y y
w w u w
y y y y y y
 
 
 
 
   
   
   
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 19
仍然用系统的实际输出构成训练误差,但反向传播通道的误差
信号由神经网络正向模型提供。正向模型最多只影响逆模型的
收敛速度。
优点:综合前两种方法的优点,同时克服它们的缺点 。
正-逆建模3
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 20
2 2
( , ) ( ) ( ( , )) -
1 1
( - )
2 2
( - )( ) ( - )( )
0
( - )( )
d d d
d
d d
N
N
d
d
u g y w y f u y f g y w e y y
E e y y
E y y u
y y y y
w w u w
y y
y
E u
y y
w u w
y y
   
 
   
   
   
 

 
 
  

adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 21
神经网络控制实例
石灰窑炉的神经网络直接逆控制
结构8-20-12-2
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 22
( 1) [ ( ); ( 1), ( 2); ( 2) ]
k g k k k k
    
u r y y u w
;
误差
( ) ( )
k r k

y
M M
1
( ) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ))
2
T
e k k k k k
  
r y r y
M ˆ
( ) [ ( 1), ( 2); ( 1), ( 2)]
k f k k k k
    
y y y u u
其中
( ) [ ( 1), ( 2); ( 1), ( 2)]
k f k k k k
    
y y y u u
( 1) [ ( ); ( 1), ( 2); ( 2) ( )]
k g k k k k k
    
u r y y u w
;
M ˆ
( ) [ ( 1), ( 2); ( 1), ( 2)]
k f k k k k
    
y y y u u
( 1)
( )
( ) ( 1)
k
e k
k k 
 

  
 w w
w w
w
ˆ, ( 1), ( 2), ( 2)
f k k k
  
y y u
而 已知
因而误差e(k)是w的函数
更新
神经网络直接逆控制策略
ˆ, ( ), ( 1), ( 2), ( 2), ( 1)
f k k k k k
   
r y y u w
计算
已知
有 M ˆ
( ) [ ( ); ( 1), ( 2); ( 2) ]
k f g k k k k
   
y r y y u w
;
若学习收敛,则k→∞, , ,
1
ˆ
g f 

M
( ) ( )
k r k

y
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 23
参考输入在工作点附近变化,观察输出和控制量的变化
adqiao@sina.com
2023/12/17 24
主要参考教材
 孙增圻等编著. 智能控制理论与技术. 清华大学出版社,
广西科学技术出版社, 1997.
 张乃尧, 阎平凡著. 神经网络与模糊控制. 清华大学出
版社, 1998.
 阎平凡. 人工神经网络与模拟进化计算. 清华大学出版
社, 2005.

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7神经网络建模与控制.ppt神经网络健康开会哦加哦窘境哦加哦就i破剖噢批u哦评价哦