Dna Editing Research Paper

Dna Editing Research Paper
Body/Hypothesis
Where did DNA editing come from and how does it work?
DNA editing was discovered thanks to the clash between bacteria and viruses. Bacteria and viruses have been fighting each other since life on Earth
began. During an invasion of a cell, the virus inserts its own genetic code(RNA) into the bacterium and takes it over to use as a factory to replicate
itself. The bacterium, meanwhile, tries to resist but ends up failing most of the time because it has weak, and insufficient tools to protect itself. Some
bacteria however, through natural selection or chance, survive the attack and save part of the virus's genetic code(Kurzgesagt, 2016). The RNA of the
virus is then saved in the bacterium's own genetic code in a DNA archive...show more content...
A scientist named Anthony James encountered this problem when he programmed mosquitoes to no longer transmit malaria. Though years of hard
work, James was able to create a mosquito resistant to the parasite by adding genes that made it impossible for the malaria parasite to live inside of it.
After this success, Anthony James was met with the problem of how he was going to spread this new gene(Kahn, 2016). Now that you've got a
mosquito resistant to malaria, how is this gene going to replace the malaria in mosquitoes carrying the parasite? At first there was the idea that ten
times the the amount of mosquitoes in the area should be released in the hopes that the gene would be passed on. This idea, however, would not be
beneficial to the people living in the area where the mosquitoes were being released(Kahn, 2016). Months later, James received an email from a
biologist named Ethan Baer about a genetic tool that not only ensured that a genetic trait would be inherited, but that it would spread exponentially
quickly. To test the reliability of this tool, the scientists engineered two mosquitoes to not only carry the anti–malaria gene, but also the new tool(Kahn,
2016). They set up the test in such a way that any mosquitoes that inherited the anti–malaria gene would not have the ordinary white eyes, but red eyes.
This made it easier for scientists to distinguish between a mosquito with the gene and without it(Kahn, 2016). After putting two of the red–eyed
mosquitoes in a box with 30 ordinary mosquitoes to breed, scientists found that after two generations, not only had 38,000 mosquitoes been born, but
all of them had red eyes. According to mendelian genetics this is not possible because only half of the DNA from each parent is inherited by the
offspring(Kahn, 2016). This means that there should have been
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Online Image Editing Essay
Your online presence is an important part of how people develop an impression of your business. The online image of a business can be improved, or
irreparably damaged by the quality of the actual images you use.
When you present poor quality images to potential customers or clients, you allude to the possibility you do not care. To offer visitors on your website
an impressive first perception, you need to strive for perfection in your image quality. You can accomplish that by using the simple tools provided in an
online image editor.
What is an Image Editor?
An image editor is used to make any number of adjustments, enhancements and changes to digital photographs. A good image editor presents you with
the capability to edit aspects of...show more content...
В·Digital Image Compression
When you begin working with a website, one frequent problem is slow load time because of image problems. The most common problem is image
files that are unnecessarily too large. Data image compression is an image editor tool that allows you to compress images to improve website load
speed in an instant.
В·Object Removal
If you want your images to dramatically standout, you should strive to reach portrait quality. As their name indicates, Portraite Professionals has a
series of useful tools to help you reach this objective.
One of those is object removal. There is nothing worse than a spectacular skyline photograph that has the remnants of a tree branch hanging down. With
this tool, you can erase any unwanted item from your pictures so they're presented as portrait quality.
В·Distortion Control and Lens Correction

Image editors such as Tucia, have specialized tools where you can control the level of image distortion, or correct for an assortment of camera lenses.
This allows you to change the shape of certain images, or apply a special lens effect such as fisheye or barrel distortion.
В·Layers and Merging
This can be one of the most useful tools in your quest to provide high quality images for your business. With a layering tool, you can incorporate a
series of backgrounds, text layers, or other eye–catching features to your images.
The merge tool

Eukaryotic Genome Editing
INTRODUCTION
With the development of biological technologies, a new era of making and manipulating DNA sequences has come. Molecular biologists have gained
the ability to delete, insert, isolate DNA sequences and gene fragments, as well as to make targeted modifications to the genome in vitro, in cells, and
in model organisms. These technologies have made it possible to study genes and DNA fragments by dissecting the functions of complex genes and
specific regulatory elements. For biological research, powerful genome editing tools will contribute to the understanding of genes, proteins, and
biological systems networks. The genome engineering also benefits a broad range of applications, such as: stimulating new generations of drug
development and medical therapeutics, increasing agricultural crop products.
Ever since the discovery of DNA double helix structure, Eukaryotic organisms genome editing has attracted widespread attention, and biologists have
been attempting different techniques to introduce site–specific modifications to the genomes of cells and model organisms. However, it is difficult to
manipulate Eukaryotic genomes as they usually contain billions of DNA base pairs. Different genome editing methods, including specific designed
oligonucleotides or cross linking reagents (1), peptide nucleic acids...show more content...
This easy–to–use technique will facilitate understanding genome functions and their relationships. It has sparked a revolution in genome engineering
field since 2012. Below we review the history of CRISPR–Cas9 system development, reveal its underlying molecular mechanism and discuss its
applications, challenges and future avenues of this novel

My Video Editing Experience
A long time I decided to live the zombie life as a video editor and during that time I had to experience a lot of workflow to get good at it. In the
beginning of learning it was difficult and there were so many different programs to edit with, but during the time I did not know about which were
professional or not. For example, when I first started I used a program called Window Movie Maker, and without doubt it was not very useful since
there were only limited tools that the program holds; Since I did not know any better at the time I easily continued to work with the program for a
couple months, which was the most difficult start of my experience. For example, there were obstacles such as slow render, 15 effects or less, and
very rigid transitions from clips to clips. When it came to actual editing, I was amateurish as well, but that's normal for anyone that's new to a hobby
that they want to learn by experience; The way I synched the lyrics or beats to my clips were off at first, as well as the quality, which was poor. In
fact, I did not even know how to discover a source to download the type of footage I worked with at the time. After 3 or 4 months of editing, I
finally made my first friend that does the same hobby as me, and he then helped me locate high quality clips. My friend was from Germany and of
course I was from the United States, so we both helped each other grow as editors as time passed, even as it was difficult we had fun

Essay On Gene Editing
This article discusses scientists from Oregon Health and Science University who successfully edited the DNA of human embryos to eliminate a mutant
gene of a heritable heart condition, using gene editing technology known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR).
They focused on an inherited heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is the potential thickening of the heart muscle. The procedure
consisted of using molecular scissors to cut out the mutation in the sperm right before it fertilized the egg. The embryo then repaired the cut in the
sperm's genetic material by copying the egg's healthy gene, leaving the embryo free of a genetic disease that would otherwise be passed down by the
father. It...show more content...
One way I can expand my understanding of this topic is through additional research on the development of human embryos and in vitro fertilization.
This article is based on a scientific discovery, made by scientists from Michigan State University, whose objectives are to create an effective male
birth control pill. Focussing on the causes of male infertility, Chen Chen PhD., who is an assistant professor of animal science at MSU, as well as his
team, used a new gene editing technology on mice to effectively and completely block the gene, PNLCD1, that controls sperm production, causing
infertility. Thus, since mice and humans are both mammals and use many of the same genes during reproduction, it is believed that this approach
could be effective in developing a human male contraception. I would like to further expand my knowledge on this topic by doing additional research
on the development of male contraceptives in order to clarify a few of the questions that arose for me while reading this article. Will this drug cause
any harmful side effects on other tissues or organs within the human body? How effective will this contraceptive method be?
This newsletter covers the story of a successful development of an advanced new imaging technique, which can help assess the quality of early–stage
embryos. Researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for

Genetic Editing Research Paper
disagree with the idea of genetic editing, we all want the next and even the future generations that will come after us to have a better, safe, and
natural environment to live in but genetic editing will not help us achieve any of that, even if it has helped slowing down the process of food spoilage
and supplying recipients with their needed organs it is still too risky to agree with this new and world–changing technology. In the year 2005, scientists
involved in the genetic modification of corns, has been asked by a German court to publicly state their newly found discoveries – that consuming
genetically modified corn can put human health at risk if consumed, this discovery has been tested out in rats, and has horrifyingly revealed that the
ingested modified corns showed blood, kidney and liver failures in rats due to the toxic reaction in their body....show more content...
Practicing cloning is making everything in this world artificial and fake, we should not be interfering with nature, everyone should be aware of their
limits and how far they can take these technologies and inventions. By continuing the practice of genetic editing we are putting billions of lives at
risk and creating a dangerous and far worse environment for the next generations to live in. I oppose genetic editing, because I want a change and a
world in which I can say that it is safe and specifically preserved for the future generations to

Genome Editing Essay
Genome editing of germ line cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system
Recent studies suggest that genome editing of germ line cells is an effective strategy for mutated gene correction in sperms and oocytes for the
inhibition of onset of inherited disorder. The first time, germ line genome editing in human by CRISPR/Cas9 system , was carried out to correct
mutation of HBB (Beta globin) gene in zygote of ОІ–thalassemia patients by homologous DNA recombination (HDR) [80, 81]. Embryonic genome
editing utilized in the treatment of such monogenic diseases prior to birth is a rational use of embryonic genome editing in germ line cells.
Homologous DNA recombination by traditional gene editing techniques in mammalian eggs has a low rate (<10%) in term of...show more content...
Because PGD usually is carried out by gametes prepared from parents. But parents who is confirmed by PGD to have a high risk of transmition of
inherited genetic mutation to their children and want to have their own children, their gametes can be edited directly by Crisper/cas9 to create healthy
children.Nowdays germ line genome editing by programmable nuclease such as Crisper/cas9 is the most useful tool to treat genetic diseases with high
risk of inheritance mutation transmition.
Unresolved ethical problems still exist and are the main reason for delay onset of clinical trials in this field. Large animal models can be utilized for
a variety of monogenic diseases, particularly monogenic neurological disorders like HD and Duchene muscular dystrophy) DMD (. Specificity,
efficacy, and side effects of germ line genome editing technology should be assessed by animal models before entering clinical trials.
Generating mammalian models of neurodegenerative diseases using CRISPR/Cas9
Cas9 has been well studied. It belongs to the class II CRISPR/Cas system which is the main protein involved in small interfering CRISPR RNA
(crRNA). CRISPR RNA often leads to the silencing of invader viruses and plasmids [72, 85]. Several in vitro surveys have shown that Cas9 is guided
by gRNA composed of chimeric RNA. Chimeric RNA is composed of crRNA and tracrRNA. They are sufficient to

Germline Cell Editing Essay
In the recent years there has been a new technology created, called CRISPR–Cas, that allows for gene–editing in germline cells to potentially treat or
prevent genetic diseases and conditions. There has already been uses of this technology in clinical trials to edit immune cells that treat cancer. While
this sounds like something that would be a fantastic idea it is very controversial and raises concerns of whether it is ethical or not. As of right now,
we should be able to edit our cells, but only somatic cell and not our germ line cells.
The editing of somatic cells, also known as gene therapy, is something that been used successfully several times already, while germline cell editing is
a relatively new concept and not much research has been done. Genome–editing on somatic cells allows us to edit genes for the individual that are
causing disease. Most diseases are found in the somatic cells and not in the germline cells. Somatic cell editing can be used to treat such diseases like
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is an X–linked recessive trait, the process of editing the somatic cell is done in vivo.
The process is done by reconstituting a functional dystrophin in the disease by...show more content...
The problems that may arise by using CRISPR–Cas technology for germline cell editing is the possibility of mosaicism that may occur in the edited
genes. Mosaicism refers to the fact that the cells of the embryo that has been edited may result in altered cells and diseased cells, therefore the embryo
still has the potential for disease. Another potential obstacle that researchers may have to face while using this genome editing technology is if the
components that have been edited will possibly bind to genomic regions that are targeted by the RNA guide because the sequence is extremely

Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a graphics editing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current market leader for
commercial bitmap and image manipulation software, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems. It has been described as "an industry standard
for graphics professionals" and was one of the early "killer applications" on the Macintosh, later also for the PC.
Adobe's 2005 "Creative Suite" rebranding led to Adobe Photoshop 8's renaming to Adobe Photoshop CS. Thus, Adobe Photoshop CS4 is the 11th
major release of Adobe Photoshop. The CS rebranding also resulted in Adobe offering numerous software packages containing multiple Adobe
programs for a reduced price. Adobe Photoshop is included in most...show more content...
Raster graphics deal more practically than vector graphics with photographs and photo–realistic images, while vector graphics often serve better for
typesetting or for graphic design. Modern computer–monitors typically display about 72 to 130 pixels per inch (PPI), and some modern consumer
printers can resolve 2400 dots per inch (DPI) or more; determining the most appropriate image resolution for a given printer–resolution can pose
difficulties, since printed output may have a greater level of detail than a viewer can discern on a monitor. Typically, a resolution of 150 to 300 pixel
per inch works well for 4–color process (CMYK) printing.
FILE FORMATS
PSD – (Photoshop Document)The PSD file extension is the file extension used in documents created using the Adobe Photoshop software. The Adobe
Photoshop application is the most commonly used editing program for professional images. This program may include adjustment layers, image layers,
annotation notes, layer masks, keywords, file information, as well as other specific elements of Adobe Photoshop.
EPS – Encapsulated PostScript, or EPS, is a DSC–conforming PostScript document with additional restrictions intended to make EPS files usable as a
graphics file format. In other words, EPS files are more–or–less self–contained, reasonably predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or
drawing, that can be placed within another

Wendy Apple Movie Editing Essay
Editing demonstrated by the juxtaposition of famed directors and their correspondent editors in Cutting Edge: The Magic of Movie Making (Wendy
Apple 2004) creates a narrative that exemplifies the meta–cinematic technique of the importance of editing in film through the films own construction.
Daniel Loewental and Tim Tobin had the esteemed pleasure of working along with director Wendy Apple, to give recognition to the tailors and
seamstresses behind the stitching of motion pictures into sweeping stories. Memorably, the opening sequence stitches scenes from award–winning,
blockbuster hits such as Harry Potter, Star Wars and Terminator. While a talking head interview mimics jarring cuts from the movie Easy Rider while
the effect The invisible

Peer Editing Reflection
For the college essay practice paper we peer edited, reread, sought instructor advice, and rewrote our essays until we felt that our paper was worthy
of being turned in. By the end of the process we should have had a final draft which was almost completely different from our original copies. This
process, in my opinion, is extremely valuable to the course as it is vital in order for incoming students to improve their writing abilities. Personally, the
technique in the process which forced me to realize my mistakes on a broader level, more than any other step, was the one foot reading to find syntax
errors and awkward diction which our brains skim over when simply rereading the essay. Peer editing, while still helpful, didn't seem as useful

Wikipedia Content Analysis
Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that has the freedom of a user interface to edit almost all of its contents. Currently, Wikipedia is considered
to be one of the most popular website along with a credit of being the most popular general reference work website (Ref.3&5 of web). It was
launched on January 15, 2001 by Jimmi Wales and Larry Sanger (Wiki ref). Though it was only composed of articles written in English in its initial
days, now it has included almost 292 languages which happens to have similar versions which differs in article contents and editing practices.For
example Wikipedia has currently more than 5260000 English, 111000 Hindi, 1801000 French, 1306000 Italian, and a lot many (approximately 40
million in 250 languages)...show more content...
This method significantly out performs more complex methods for the article quality assessment. In brief, the word count discrimination rule says
article with more or less than 2000 words are classified as featured or non–featured respectively. This method yielded an accuracy of 0.96 for an
unbalanced corpus. However, the value of the accuracy limit was varied for different subject articles. They were found to be less for biological sciences
and more for history. A study by Stvilia measures information quality dynamics at both macro and micro levels (ref). They have postulated seven IQ
matrices that can easily be tested on a representative Wikipedia content. They further added statistical characterization, content construction, process
metadata and social context of Wikipedia articles. The parameters include authorocity/reputation, completeness, complexities, informativeness,
consistencies, currency and

Pros And Cons Of Wikipedia
The first observation noted that there's an issue with the Wikipedia site is their home web page. The home page of the online encyclopedia has a
welcome page that boasts, "Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit" (Wikipedia, 2015). This method is in opposition of
what I would deem highly credible. Anyone could be an Eight–year–old or a person that is mentally ill. In my opinion, the open editing system is the
strength and the weakness of the website. There is the chance that the social encyclopedia's contributors may not create university level articles worthy
of citing as a primary source for an academic paper. Another issue is thatWikipedia seems to depend on the hopes that its user will apply the golden
rule that is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." It seems Wikipedia depends on the kindness of its users and hopes that they will
post accurate...show more content...
Mills Kelly, a historian at George Mason University in Washington, D.C., encouraged his students to deceive thousands of people on the Web.
Professor Kelly encourages his student to create a hoax story about a pirate for the purpose of teaching the students about vetting the quality of their
sources. The students created a fake history blog, they created youtube videos, interviewed experts, fabricated documents, and then the students posted
statuses on facebook, twitter, and shoutwire. The students went on the Wikipedia page and created a memorial page for the pirate. Unfortunately
many were duped by the hoax. The fabricated pirate story went as far as being featured on USA Today's pop culture blog. At the end of the semester,
the professor revealed the hoax. Some applauded the Professor while many others were livid. Among the livid was Jimmy Wales, the Co–founder of
Wikipedia (Applebaum,

Peer Editing Analysis
The peer editing is to correct your paper from person who is in the same age or level and write their opinion about it. That can help you to have other
view from someone's in your level. It was my first editing experience. I learned about something new in writing skills, which is how to edit other
paper, and how to give them your opinion. Also, when I see other person paper, it helps me to think widely and gain more ideas about how to be a good
writer also whom I can read my paper as critic to it. Moreover, it helps me to think correctly to give right advice to other person. Editing peer gives
me chance to participate with classmate how she thought. Moreover, it was as a practice to my grammar when I correct my partner paper. I edited two
papers

Genome Editing Essay
Introduction
Genome editing is a huge leap forward in science and medicine. Because of recent advances in technology, the study of genes and induced 'point'
mutations have led to the discovery and advancement of methods previously used in order to mutate genes. The development of Clusters of Regularly
Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR associated system 9 protein (Cas9) technology is a hugely significant leap forward as
this is a tool that could potentially be used for the research into and hopefully the treatment of a range of medical conditions that are genetically
related. Cystic fibrosis (Schwank, G. et al, 2013), haemophilia and sickle cell disease are an example of some of the conditions that have the...show
more content...
Once the complex was bound to the DNA, a cut would be made to eliminate and destroy the invaders. 83% of archaeal genomes and 45% of bacterial
genomes (Shabbir, M. et al, 2016) were shown to be able to successfully utilize the CRISPR Cas9 system. These are very promising statistics, so it is
no wonder that there has been such an advancement in the past few years to bring this technology to eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells and eventually
human cells.
With the rate and volume that new experiments and experimental procedures are being tried and tested, it can be expected that a Nobel Prize will soon
be won for the discovery and advancement of this potential life–saving 'tool'. The category of Nobel Prize and who it potentially should be awarded to
are discussed later in this essay.
The Role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a Genome Editing Tool
There are three types of CRISPR systems. The Type II CRISPR system (where the interface is mediated by a single large protein in conjunction with
crRNA) is the simplest of the three and it is this one that has been the basis for genome editing.
The Cas9 protein is an enzyme that effectively acts as a pair of molecular 'scissors', cutting

Editing Post-Production
Editing post– production is edited raw footage to cut scene, to insert transition, working with voice and sound of an actor. There's a lot of editing in
post–production. There's picture edit offline and online edit, analogue, and digital edit, and audio edit. In editing, they using editing software
examples like Adobe Photoshop, Adobe premiere pro, and final cut pro. Audio editing is happening between the actual recording transcription in a
studio and in a studio and the completion of a master skipper recording. It involves sound design, sound figure, sound editing, audio mixing, and gain
of an issue. The process of Editing, first pick an editing. Two ways it can be done, you can shoot your video and import it to yourcomputer and you can
start to edit your raw footage. Second, performed a rough cut by laying all your main footage trim the unwanted or extra footage. Add...show more
content...
Offline editing, is the process of filmmaking and television and in which raw footage is copied and edited without affecting the camera original. Once
it has completed by offline editing, the original media will be assembled in online editing. Editing is to structured and shows all information like
television shows, film and a lot more. Photo editing is the changing of range. These images can be digital exposure, illustrations, prints, or photograph
graphs on the moving–picture show. Some eccentric of editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand and others are done using photo editing
programs like Photoshop, Gimpiness and Microsoft Blusher. Photo editing is done for a reason. It used to complete new things and to tricks people
eye. By editing the video, the film makes a good intense be it a sad movie or scary movie. Audio editing software is Adobe illustration, sound forge,
and audio editor. Audio editing process record all audio, delete or edit gaps at beginning and end of a recording if any. Edit out any noticeable
distracting breaths or other

Editing and Montage Film
"Once I understood that editing is crucial to how a film is made, I was hooked. Imagine: placed in your hands is fantastic raw footage that 250 people
have created during shooting. You and the director are then allowed to sculpt this raw material into something that has structure, rhythm and pace, that
builds characters, that creates dramatic peaks and lows and that hopefully has a good ending. Editing is an incredibly rewarding profession.
Film editing is described, when typed in to google as "the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film" `but it
is much more than just that. If done well it is invisible but also has the ability to control a film, even control the viewer watching the film. The process
of editing film has been around nearly as long as film itself. After the cinema of attractions, people realised a narrative story could be constructed by
splicing ends of celluloid together to tell a story. The most famous early example of this is The Great Train Robbery (1903) directed by Edwin S.
Porter. Before Porters film the cinema of attractions consisted of single shot films of streets and crowded areas, projected later that day so that the
people could see themselves on the big screen.
As the 1900's marched on so did editing and montage. The Great Train Robbery had established that it was possible to create a narrative by cutting
film. The next decade would build on that and establish rules which apply to films today. One

The Principles of Non–linear Digital Editing
In this report I am going to be explaining the principles of non–linear digital editing, including information on the history of editing, and the purpose of
editing using software. I will also be explaining the advantages and disadvantages of digital editing and what should be expected from a well–editing
video.
The very first films were not edited at all, they consisted of one single shot and they were usually very short. An example of this was a French film
from 1898 called 'L'Arrosseur ArrossГ©Г© which was a very short comedy which lasted 1 minute. Around the same time as this the Edison company
made a number of short films exposing the possibilities...show more content...
The purpose of it is to make the finished piece appear realistic to the audience.
Non–linear digital editing is a recent form of editing that differs in one way from traditional in the way that it can be done on a computer with the
appropriate software.
Non linear basically means the film can be assembled in any order from beginning to end and makes it possible for changes to be made to any part,
anywhere. Traditional editing was used before non linear came along and revolutionised editing. Traditional editing is a form of editing that is the
complete opposite to –non–linear– editing, in the way that it is the linear way of assembling a film, placing the shots down one by one from the
beginning in a linear fashion.
There are three particular forms of editing, film editing (cutting of tape and placing it manually together), analog editing (2 video tape decks that are
controlled by computer) and non–linear (editing done by computer, on computer.) Some examples of software for non linear digital editing are Avid
DV, Avid MCX, Adobe premier. The whole purpose of editing is to tell the story more efficiently, involve the audience more in the story and create a
reality. The purpose of editing using computer software is for the fact that it is cheaper then buying film editing equipment, it is quicker and there are

Editing And Proofreading Process Analysis
Editing is what you begin doing as soon as you finish your first draft. The process writers use to catch errors usal to their own writing. It's hard to
edit or proofread a paper that you've just finished writing. It's still too familiar, and you tend to skip over a lot of errors. Try creating a brief outline of
your paper to ensure the organization is reasonable. Review your paper to ensure that your tone is appropriate for your audience and consistent
throughout your paper. Determine areas where you could add, delete, or move text to make your content more effective. If you try to identify and
revise too many things at once, you risk losing focus, and your proofreading will be less effective. Editing and proofreading are two different stages

Dna Editing Research Paper

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Dna Editing Research Paper