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MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany

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Worku Menamo Aymelo
Worku Menamo Aymelo
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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS THAT EXACERBATED THE ETHIOPIAN AND ERITREAN CONFLICT BEYOND THE BORDER ISSUE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO SUSTAIN PEACE IN THE REGION ___________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Alice Salomon Fachhochschule -University of Applied Sciences- Alice-Salomon-Platz 5 D-12627 Berlin ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts “Intercultural Conflict Management” ________________________________ By Worku Menamo Aymelo February, 2007 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any _________________ FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any _________________ Presented to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Presented to The Alice Salomon Fachhochschule FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any The Alice Salomon Fachhochschule -University of Applied Sciences- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any -University of Applied Sciences- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Alice-Salomon-Platz 5 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Alice-Salomon-Platz 5 D-12627 Berlin FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any D-12627 Berlin ________________________ FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ________________________ Of the Requirements for the Degree FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Of the Requirements for the Degree FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS TH FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en POLITICAL FACTORS TH ETHIOPIAN AND ERITREAN CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ETHIOPIAN AND ERITREAN CONFLICT THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO SUSTAIN PEACE IN THE REGION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO SUSTAIN PEACE IN THE REGION
The M.A. thesis of Worku Menamo Aymelo is approved: First Supervisor, Dr. Oliver Wolleh ____________________________ Name and Title of Second Reader ____________________________ Alice Salomon Fachhochschule, Berlin February, 2007 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any First Supervisor, Dr. Oliver Wolleh FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any First Supervisor, Dr. Oliver Wolleh FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en The M.A. thesis of FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en The M.A. thesis of
i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the victims of the 1998-2000 Ethio-Eritrean warFinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This thesis is dedicated to the victims of the 1998-2000 Ethio-Eritrean war FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This thesis is dedicated to the victims of the 1998-2000 Ethio-Eritrean war
ii A C K N O W L E D G M E N T First and foremost my gratitude goes to Dr. Oliver Wolleh, my academic advisor, for his scholarly assistance from the research proposal up to the write-up with constructive comments and necessary corrections of the thesis. I also wish to thank Mrs. Petra Haumersen who is my second reader and evaluator of my thesis. I would also like to forward my sincere appreciation to my interview participants, professors at Addis Ababa University, and the President of the Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Brian Holt, instructor at the Evangelical Theological College and Mr. Ayalew Kassa, researcher at World Vision International/Ethiopia, for their thoughtful editorial work. I would like to express my thanks and appreciation for Helga Salmanz in Bonn, Germany, for her kind support during my study in Germany. Without her generous support I would not have completed my university studies. I would like to thank the Office of the Chancellor of the Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences and the program management team for sponsoring my tuition fees and rendering me all types of collaboration during my stay in Berlin, Germany. Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife Mekdes Amare, for her persistent prayers and care of our children in my absence. I would like to express my thanks to all of my friends who have encouraged me and contributed towards my education in one way or the other. Above all, I thank my God who has been with me from the beginning to the end of my higher studies in Germany. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Holt, instructor at the Evangelical Theological FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Holt, instructor at the Evangelical Theological World Vision International/Ethiopia, for their FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any World Vision International/Ethiopia, for their tion for Helga Salmanz in Bonn, Germany, for her FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any tion for Helga Salmanz in Bonn, Germany, for her kind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Without completed my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like to Salomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and th tuition fees and rendering me all types of co FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anytuition fees and rendering me all types of co FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Last but not least, I would like FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Last but not least, I would like care of our children in my absence. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any care of our children in my absence. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any encouraged me and contributed towards my FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any encouraged me and contributed towards my FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en A C K N O W L E D G M E N T FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en A C K N O W L E D G M E N T First and foremost my gratitude goes to Dr. Oliver FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en First and foremost my gratitude goes to Dr. Oliver assistance from the research proposal up to the wr FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en assistance from the research proposal up to the wr corrections of the thesis. I also wish to thank FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en corrections of the thesis. I also wish to thank evaluator of my thesis. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en evaluator of my thesis. I would also like to forward my sincere appreciati FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en I would also like to forward my sincere appreciati
iii Acronyms AU- The African Union EIIPD-Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development ELF-Eritrean Liberation Front EPLF- Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPRDF-Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front EU- The European Union ICJ- International Court of Justice IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IGAD-Intergovernmental Authority for Development NGO-Non-Governmental Organizations TFGS-Transitional Federal Government of Somalia TPLF-Tigray People’s Liberation Front UICS-United Islamic Courts of Somalia UNESCO- United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNMEE-United Nations Mission in Eritrea and Ethiopia UN-United Nations FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IGAD-Intergovernmental Authority for Development FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IGAD-Intergovernmental Authority for Development NGO-Non-Governmental Organizations FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any NGO-Non-Governmental Organizations TFGS-Transitional Federal Government of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anyTFGS-Transitional Federal Government of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any TPLF-Tigray People’s Liberation Front FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any TPLF-Tigray People’s Liberation Front UICS-United Islamic Courts of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any UICS-United Islamic Courts of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any UNESCO- United Nations E FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any UNESCO- United Nations E FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en AU- The African Union FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en AU- The African Union EIIPD-Ethiopian International In FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en EIIPD-Ethiopian International In ELF-Eritrean Liberation Front FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ELF-Eritrean Liberation Front EPLF- Eritrean People’ FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en EPLF- Eritrean People’
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication i Acknowledgement ii Acronyms iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Abstract ix I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 The statement of the problem and justification of the study 2 1.3 Exposition 2 1.4 Objectives of the study 3 1.5 The Scope of the study 4 II. METHODOLOGY 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Hypothesis of the study 5 2.3 Research questions 6 2.4 The research methods 7 2.4.1 The research process 7 2.4.2 The role of the researcher: the insider outsider perspective 8 2.4.3 The explanation of procedures 9 2.4.3.1 Choosing informants 8 2.4.3.2 Formal in-depth interviews 9 2.4.3.3 Observational study 10 2.4.3.4 Methodological problems and limitations 10 2.4.3.5 Analyzing reports, documents, books, and journals 11 2.4.4 The data analysis 11 III. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1998 ETHIOPIA AND 13 ERITREAN BORDER CONFLICT 3.1 Introduction 13 3.2 The geographical description of the region 14 3.3 Historical Overview the region 14 3.4 The contribution of the colonial rule to the Ethio-Eritrean conflict 18 3.4.1. Italy 18 3.4.2 Great Britain 22 3.5 The last monarchy and the communist regime 25 3.6 The Eritrean secession in 1993 and the subsequent conflict in 1998 26 3.7 Summary of the historical background to the conflict 28 IV. THE ROOT CAUSES OF THE 1998 ETHIO-ERITREAN CONFLICT 30 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 The economic causes to the conflict 30 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2 2 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2 2.4.2 The role of the researcher: the insider outsider perspective FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.2 The role of the researcher: the insider outsider perspective FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.2 Formal in-depth interviews FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.2 Formal in-depth interviews 2.4.3.4 Methodological problems and limitations FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.4 Methodological problems and limitations 2.4.3.5 Analyzing reports, documents, books, and journals FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.5 Analyzing reports, documents, books, and journals 2.4.4 The data analysis FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.4 The data analysis FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any III. THE HISTORICAL BACKGR FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any III. THE HISTORICAL BACKGR ERITREAN BORDER CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ERITREAN BORDER CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en TABLE OF CONTENTS FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of Figures I. INTRODUCTION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 The statement of the problem FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 1.2 The statement of the problem
v 4.2.1 Unbalanced trade relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia 31 4.2.2 The Nakfa introduction and the reconfiguration of the Ethiopian birr 32 4.3 The social factors to the conflict 36 4.3.1 Personal rivalry in the leadership 36 4.3.2 The unmet deals and grudges between the EPLF and the TPLF 39 4.4 Political factors of the conflict 41 4.4.1 An overview of the border issue 41 4.4.2 The competition of the EPLF and the EPRDF for hegemony 44 4.4.3 The Eritrean independence and its expansionist policy 45 4.4.4 The internal political crisis of both countries 46 4.4.5 Ethnic nationalism of Ethiopia and its contribution to the conflict 47 4.4.6 The issuance of a new regional map for the state of Tigray in 1997 50 4.5 External actors’ contribution to the conflict 51 4.5.1 The United States of America and its interest in the Horn 51 4.5.2 The Arab league and its interest in the region 51 4.6 Why did the conflict escalate to the level of full-scale war? 52 V. THE EFFECT OF ETHIO-ERITREAN CRISIS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL TERMS 54 5.1 Introduction 54 5.2 The consequences of the war in terms of lost lives 54 5.3 The economic cost of the war 57 5.3.1 Defense expenditure 57 5.3.2 Impact on development 58 5.3.3 Trade relations and people’s movement 60 5.3.4 Displacement of the population 61 5.3.5 Deportations of the people 62 5.4 The social impact of the conflict 63 5.5 Political impact of the conflict 64 5.6 The Ethio-Eritrean war and its implications for the Horn of Africa 64 VI. THE CONCEPT OF CONFLICT AND PEACE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSFORMING THE ETHIO-ERITREAN CONFLICT 67 6.1 The theoretical perspectives 67 6.1.1 The concept of conflict 67 6.1.2 The concept of peace 70 6.1.3 The concept of sustainability 71 6.2 The methods of sustaining peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict scenario 72 6.2.1 Addressing the socio-economic and political determinants 72 6.2.2 Healing the wounds of the society 72 6.2.3 Applying the Lederach model to transform the Ethio- Eritrean conflict 73 6.3 Types of actors and approaches to peace building 77 6.4 Working with religious communities towards peace 80 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 50 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 50 51 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 51 V. THE EFFECT OF ETHIO-ERITREAN CRISIS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any V. THE EFFECT OF ETHIO-ERITREAN CRISIS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC 5.2 The consequences of the war in terms of lost lives FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.2 The consequences of the war in terms of lost lives 5.3.3 Trade relations and people’s movement FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.3.3 Trade relations and people’s movement FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 60 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 60 61 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 61 5.4 The social impact of the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.4 The social impact of the conflict 5.5 Political impact of the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.5 Political impact of the conflict 5.6 The Ethio-Eritrean war and its implications for the Horn of Africa FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.6 The Ethio-Eritrean war and its implications for the Horn of Africa VI. THE CONCEPT OF CONFLICT AND PEACE AND THEIR FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any VI. THE CONCEPT OF CONFLICT AND PEACE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSFORMING THE ETHIO-ERITREAN FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSFORMING THE ETHIO-ERITREAN FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.2.1 Unbalanced trade relations between Eritrea and Ethio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.2.1 Unbalanced trade relations between Eritrea and Ethio 4.2.2 The Nakfa introduction and the reconfiguration of the Ethiopian birrFinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.2.2 The Nakfa introduction and the reconfiguration of the Ethiopian birr 4.3 The social factors to the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.3 The social factors to the conflict 4.3.1 Personal rivalry in the leadership FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.3.1 Personal rivalry in the leadership 4.3.2 The unmet deals and grudges between the EPLF and the TPLF FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.3.2 The unmet deals and grudges between the EPLF and the TPLF 4.4 Political factors of the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4 Political factors of the conflict 4.4.1 An overview of the border issue FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.1 An overview of the border issue 4.4.2 The competition of the EPLF and the EPRDF for hegemony FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.2 The competition of the EPLF and the EPRDF for hegemony 4.4.3 The Eritrean indepe FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.3 The Eritrean indepe 4.4.4 The internal po FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.4 The internal po 4.4.5 Ethnic nationalism of Et FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.5 Ethnic nationalism of Et
vi 6.4.1 Christianity and peace 81 6.4.2 Islam and peace 82 6.4.3 Summary of the theoretical framework for peace 82 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 84 7.1 Summary 84 7.2 Conclusion 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 Annex 1. An excerpt of an Eritrean version of the cause to the conflict 96 Annex 2. Map of Horn of Africa 101 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 82FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 82 6.4.3 Summary of the theoretical framework for peace FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 6.4.3 Summary of the theoretical framework for peace VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 90 Annex 1. An excerpt of an Eritrean ve FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Annex 1. An excerpt of an Eritrean ve Annex 2. Map of Horn of Africa FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Annex 2. Map of Horn of Africa
vii List of tables Table 1. Preliminary assessment of damage caused by the war………………….59 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of tables FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of tables Table 1. Preliminary assessment of FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Table 1. Preliminary assessment of
viii  List of Figures Figure 1. The Place Called Reconciliation…………………………………………………..75 Figure 2. Actors and Approaches to Peace Building………………………………………...78 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of Figures FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of Figures Figure 1. The Place Called Reconciliation…… FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Figure 1. The Place Called Reconciliation…… Figure 2. Actors and Approaches to Peace Building………………………………………...7 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Figure 2. Actors and Approaches to Peace Building………………………………………...7
ix  ABSTRACT This research attempts to discover the main reasons for the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea that led them to the deadly war of 1998. Although the major causes to the conflict were the socio-economic and political instabilities within the states, the international community and the population of the two states understood border issue as predominant. The findings of this research prove that the important causes to the war were mainly economic, i.e., the unbalanced trade relations of Ethiopia with the emerging state of Eritrea, and secondly, the introduction of the new Eritrean currency known as Nakfa and Eritrea’s demand for parity with the Ethiopian Birr, which Ethiopia rejected. The social factors include rivalry, and the unmet deals and grudges between the leaderships. As to the political factors to the conflict, Eritrea pursued an expansionist policy, while Ethiopia issued the new regional map of the Tigray state that included the contentious territories as the dominant ones. The internal political problems of both states were further causes to the conflict. To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing the socio-economic and political issues with due respect to interdependence and mature diplomacy is vital. The top leaderships of both states should further dialogue and negotiate to resolve contentious issues, clearly demarcate the border, and focus on the development of both states. This will bring structural justice, democracy, stability and the rule of law to both warring nations. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any emerging state of Eritrea, and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any emerging state of Eritrea, and e new Eritrean currency known as Nakfa and Eritrea’s demand FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any e new Eritrean currency known as Nakfa and Eritrea’s demand rejected. 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To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thsituation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing 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o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing thTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict ect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and mature further dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate to clearly demarcate the border, and focus on th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any clearly demarcate the border, and focus on th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anystructural justice, democracy, stability FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anystructural justice, democracy, stability FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This research attempts to discover the main FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This research attempts to discover the main Eritrea that led them to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Eritrea that led them to the deadly war of 1998. 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Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Since the Italian colonization of Eritrea in 1890, which was then part of Ethiopia, the peace situation in the region and the relationship of Eritrea and Ethiopia has become flimsy and disturbed. Even after the end of the colonial system, Eritrea was again federated to Ethiopia. However, there is no improvement in the peace situation. Many things contributed to such a turbulent context. In terms of the socio-economic and political situation of the region, the Horn of Africa and specifically Ethiopia is neither prosperous nor democratic. Ethiopia and Eritrea belong to the poorest nations in the world and the government structures are poorly organized. As the result of these, conflict often emerges in the region. During the time Eritrea existed as part of Ethiopia, the nation building strategy was based on ethnicity. The same theory has a lot to do with the ethnic- based conflicts of the region. During the communist regime of Ethiopia (1974-199 1), Eritreans fought the war against the Derg along with the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). In 1991 they succeeded in their mission to topple the communist regime, and Eritrea officially seceded from Ethiopia under the international community monitored referendum in 1993. This collaboration did not last as the TPLF is not currently on good terms with the Eritrean regime since 1997. The Ethiopian people for the most part, did not want the secession. Furthermore, some Eritreans who have known the significance of living together with Ethiopians rejected the referendum and identified themselves with the Ethiopians. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any However, there is no improvement in the peace situation. Many things contributed to such a FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any However, there is no improvement in the peace situation. Many things contributed to such a l situation of the region, the H FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any l situation of the region, the H specifically Ethiopia is neither prosperous nor democratic. Ethiopia and Eritrea belong to the FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any specifically Ethiopia is neither prosperous nor democratic. Ethiopia and Eritrea belong to the poorest nations in the world and the government structures are poorly organized. As the result of FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any poorest nations in the world and the government structures are poorly organized. As the result of ring the time Eritrea existed as part of Ethiopia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ring the time Eritrea existed as part of Ethiopia nation building strategy was based on ethnicity. The same theory has a lot to do with the ethnic FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nation building strategy was based on ethnicity. The same theory has a lot to do with the ethnic During the communist regime of Ethiopia (1974 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any During the communist regime of Ethiopia (1974 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any with the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). In 1991 they succeeded in their FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any with the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). In 1991 they succeeded in their mission to topple the communist regime FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any mission to topple the communist regime FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any international community monitored referendum in 1993 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any international community monitored referendum in 1993 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en MA FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en MA- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en -ICM Thesis, By Worku M. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ICM Thesis, By Worku M. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en INTRODUCTION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 1.1 Background of the study Since the Italian colonization of Eritrea in 1890, which was then part of Ethiopia, the peace FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Since the Italian colonization of Eritrea in 1890, which was then part of Ethiopia, the peace situation in the region and the relationship of Eritrea and Ethiopia has become flimsy and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en situation in the region and the relationship of Eritrea and Ethiopia has become flimsy and
Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 2 However, after the establishment of the new state in the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia did not stop socio-economic relations until the war broke out in 1998. The main reason for such a large war in the history of Ethiopia was not so much a question of an unsettled border issue. More than this there were several other reasons surrounding it, as we shall discover. 1.2 The statement of the problem and justification of the study The problem of the Ethio-Eritrean conflict is understood by the international community as largely a border conflict. That is, Eritrea is claiming its border was occupied by Ethiopia, while the latter says the opposite. They both took arms to settle the issue, nevertheless it was in vain. It is the view of many scholars, however, that the border problem was actually a minor issue. Therefore, is an issue that has misled the international community as well as the inhabitants of the two countries. Thus, unearthing the reasons behind the border issue that caused a deadly conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea is very significant and it is also important to pinpoint the types of interventions that could enhance possibly a sustainable peace in the region. 1.3 Exposition The Ethiopian and Eritrean conflict is complex. It has multifaceted dimensions and multiple dynamics. Nevertheless, one of the aspects that is propagated as the main cause of the conflict is the border issue. However, the socio-economic and political factors are the main causes for the escalation of the conflict. Eritrea was once part of Ethiopia and now is an independent state. Eritrea enjoyed a tax-free trade relationship with Ethiopia until the war broke out, which left the Ethiopian trade system in an unbalanced state. One can argue that this was a major cause for the conflict. As the history of the conflict indicates, colonial rule in Eritrea has left a legacy of disparity which caused them to struggle for scarce resources to be accessed through such an unbalanced trade system. 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orku M en lis FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en sh FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en hm FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en m a FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ati FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en tio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en on FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ns FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en s u FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en u f FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en f E FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Et FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en hio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en iop FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en p e FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en er FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en re FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en e s FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en se FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ev FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ve FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en e 2 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 2
Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 3 External actors’ interest in both Eritrea and Ethiopia for their strategic significance lends another contribution to the conflict. Moreover, the impact of the conflict on the population of both countries is immense. The death and displacement of multitudes, loss of property, and the underdevelopment of the countries were some of the effects. Without addressing such multifaceted aspects of the conflict, one cannot hope for sustainable peace and development in the region. Any kind of intervention to maintain peace has to consider addressing the socio-economic and political factors. The assumption here is that Ethiopia and Eritrea cannot live alone. Ethiopia needs Eritrea and vice-versa. Maintaining the notion of interdependence of the communities of both countries is very important to sustain peace in the region. Therefore, the thesis aims to analyze the causes to the conflict and depending on the results, forward some recommendations that can be useful to transform such conflict for positive change and development of the region. 1.4 Objectives of the study  This research aims to understand and analyze factors beyond the border issue that caused such a deadly conflict and its effects in both countries and their implications to sustain peace in the region.  The study seeks for possible ways to address those factors behind the border issue so that peace in the region may be established.  Promote the importance of interdependence of both countries, even though they are independent states.  Draw lessons on how to intervene in conflict situations similar to this one.  Make recommendations on how to sustain peace in the region. 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enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any tain FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any inin FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any in o FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any or FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any rta FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any tan FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nt FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any t t FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any t n FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nf FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any fl FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any lflf FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any flf ic FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any t n FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ns 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enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any gio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any io te FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any te th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en M FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en MA FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en A- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en -I FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en IC FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en CM FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en M FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en t FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en t in FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en in b FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en bo FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en oth FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en th to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en to th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en the FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en e c FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en co FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en on FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en n m FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en me FinalM 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Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 4 1.5 The Scope of the study With regard to its scope geographically this study focuses on the location of Ethiopia and Eritrea located in the Horn of Africa. Concerning the time, it mainly focuses on the period between the fall of the communist regime in Ethiopia, 1991, and the beginning of the Ethio- Eritrean war in 1998. We will go back and forth to look at the history of the conflict and then its effects. The reason for such a limitation of the scope is that at the above-mentioned period, the relationship of both countries existed largely at the state. That is, the conflict occurred after the emergence of Eritrea as an independent state in 1993. Socio-economic and political factors that fueled the conflict will be the focus area of the research. 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Chapter Two: Methodology MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 5 II. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction This chapter is based on the conviction that research should be accompanied by accounts of how it was really done. Since decisions about research instructions are made in gradual response to the nature of the social setting being investigated as its nature is revealed, every qualitative research design will be different. This means that qualitative research has to show its workings every single time. Furthermore, the researcher must justify choices made, and in particular demonstrate how the overall strategy is appropriate to the social setting and the researcher-subject relationships within it (Adrian 2002:7-9). Qualitative research is based on a conviction that what is important to look for will emerge and this is precisely the conviction that guided the researcher in this thesis, (ibid, p.6). When setting out for my fieldwork, I wanted to see which issues came up, and thus was very flexible during my research. This methodology chapter will describe the hypothesis of the research, the research questions, and the methods of the research. The methods of the research will further elaborate the research process and procedures, methodological limitations, and the way the data was analyzed. 2.2 Hypothesis of the study It is evident that every study has its own hypothesis. Based on that, there are several assumptions for this study as well. The first assumption of the study is that the reason for the Ethio-Eritrean 1998-2000 deadly conflict was not just a border issue. The working simple hypothesis of the study is that socio-economic and political reasons are the major causes of the conflict rather than the border issue. The conflicting parties are misleading the international community as if the cause for it is merely the border issue. 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6 Chapter Two: Methodology MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. Secondly, the international communities have contributed significantly to the conflict in the process of conflict escalation and at the same time in conflict de-escalation. Thirdly, ethnic nationalism that was introduced in Ethiopia since 1991 has also contributed negatively to the conflict. Fourthly, strategically addressing the reasons behind the conflict is the sole solution to sustain peace in the region. This study will work with the hypothesis that the conflict was between the leading elite but not at the level of the general populace and that there were social dynamics between the two groups that aggravated the situation. Thus, to sustain peace in the region one should also note those divides and commonalities and work on addressing the gaps. Here the assumption is that interdependence between the two countries is very important and should be maintained. Lastly, if the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea cannot find a final solution, the peace and security of the Horn of Africa would be endangered. For example, the conflict between the Union of Islamic Courts in Somalia (UICS) and the Ethiopian government in December 2006 was implicated as the proxy war of Eritrea and Ethiopia. That is, both contenders (Ethiopia and Eritrea) changed the battlefield from Badme to Somalia, the Eritreans supporting the UICS, the Ethiopians supporting the TFGS. 2.3 Research questions Every study has questions that need to be answered in the process of its investigation. This study is no exception. This research aims to seek answers to questions such as: what are the factors behind the border issue to the Ethio-Eritrean conflict and their implications to sustainable peace in the region? 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MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany
MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany

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MA-ICM final the last edition Worku 2007-Germany

  • 1. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS THAT EXACERBATED THE ETHIOPIAN AND ERITREAN CONFLICT BEYOND THE BORDER ISSUE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO SUSTAIN PEACE IN THE REGION ___________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Alice Salomon Fachhochschule -University of Applied Sciences- Alice-Salomon-Platz 5 D-12627 Berlin ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts “Intercultural Conflict Management” ________________________________ By Worku Menamo Aymelo February, 2007 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any _________________ FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any _________________ Presented to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Presented to The Alice Salomon Fachhochschule FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any The Alice Salomon Fachhochschule -University of Applied Sciences- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any -University of Applied Sciences- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Alice-Salomon-Platz 5 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Alice-Salomon-Platz 5 D-12627 Berlin FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any D-12627 Berlin ________________________ FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ________________________ Of the Requirements for the Degree FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Of the Requirements for the Degree FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS TH FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en POLITICAL FACTORS TH ETHIOPIAN AND ERITREAN CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ETHIOPIAN AND ERITREAN CONFLICT THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO SUSTAIN PEACE IN THE REGION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO SUSTAIN PEACE IN THE REGION
  • 2. The M.A. thesis of Worku Menamo Aymelo is approved: First Supervisor, Dr. Oliver Wolleh ____________________________ Name and Title of Second Reader ____________________________ Alice Salomon Fachhochschule, Berlin February, 2007 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any First Supervisor, Dr. Oliver Wolleh FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any First Supervisor, Dr. Oliver Wolleh FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en The M.A. thesis of FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en The M.A. thesis of
  • 3. i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the victims of the 1998-2000 Ethio-Eritrean warFinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This thesis is dedicated to the victims of the 1998-2000 Ethio-Eritrean war FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This thesis is dedicated to the victims of the 1998-2000 Ethio-Eritrean war
  • 4. ii A C K N O W L E D G M E N T First and foremost my gratitude goes to Dr. Oliver Wolleh, my academic advisor, for his scholarly assistance from the research proposal up to the write-up with constructive comments and necessary corrections of the thesis. I also wish to thank Mrs. Petra Haumersen who is my second reader and evaluator of my thesis. I would also like to forward my sincere appreciation to my interview participants, professors at Addis Ababa University, and the President of the Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Brian Holt, instructor at the Evangelical Theological College and Mr. Ayalew Kassa, researcher at World Vision International/Ethiopia, for their thoughtful editorial work. I would like to express my thanks and appreciation for Helga Salmanz in Bonn, Germany, for her kind support during my study in Germany. Without her generous support I would not have completed my university studies. I would like to thank the Office of the Chancellor of the Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences and the program management team for sponsoring my tuition fees and rendering me all types of collaboration during my stay in Berlin, Germany. Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife Mekdes Amare, for her persistent prayers and care of our children in my absence. I would like to express my thanks to all of my friends who have encouraged me and contributed towards my education in one way or the other. Above all, I thank my God who has been with me from the beginning to the end of my higher studies in Germany. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Holt, instructor at the Evangelical Theological FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Holt, instructor at the Evangelical Theological World Vision International/Ethiopia, for their FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any World Vision International/Ethiopia, for their tion for Helga Salmanz in Bonn, Germany, for her FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any tion for Helga Salmanz in Bonn, Germany, for her kind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Withoutkind support during my study in Germany. Without FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any kind support during my study in Germany. Without completed my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like tocompleted my university studies. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any completed my university studies. I would like to Salomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and thSalomon University of Applied Sciences and th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Salomon University of Applied Sciences and th tuition fees and rendering me all types of co FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anytuition fees and rendering me all types of co FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Last but not least, I would like FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Last but not least, I would like care of our children in my absence. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any care of our children in my absence. I would like to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any encouraged me and contributed towards my FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any encouraged me and contributed towards my FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en A C K N O W L E D G M E N T FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en A C K N O W L E D G M E N T First and foremost my gratitude goes to Dr. Oliver FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en First and foremost my gratitude goes to Dr. Oliver assistance from the research proposal up to the wr FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en assistance from the research proposal up to the wr corrections of the thesis. I also wish to thank FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en corrections of the thesis. I also wish to thank evaluator of my thesis. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en evaluator of my thesis. I would also like to forward my sincere appreciati FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en I would also like to forward my sincere appreciati
  • 5. iii Acronyms AU- The African Union EIIPD-Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development ELF-Eritrean Liberation Front EPLF- Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPRDF-Ethiopian People Revolutionary Democratic Front EU- The European Union ICJ- International Court of Justice IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IGAD-Intergovernmental Authority for Development NGO-Non-Governmental Organizations TFGS-Transitional Federal Government of Somalia TPLF-Tigray People’s Liberation Front UICS-United Islamic Courts of Somalia UNESCO- United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNMEE-United Nations Mission in Eritrea and Ethiopia UN-United Nations FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IDEA-Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IGAD-Intergovernmental Authority for Development FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IGAD-Intergovernmental Authority for Development NGO-Non-Governmental Organizations FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any NGO-Non-Governmental Organizations TFGS-Transitional Federal Government of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anyTFGS-Transitional Federal Government of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any TPLF-Tigray People’s Liberation Front FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any TPLF-Tigray People’s Liberation Front UICS-United Islamic Courts of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any UICS-United Islamic Courts of Somalia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any UNESCO- United Nations E FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any UNESCO- United Nations E FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en AU- The African Union FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en AU- The African Union EIIPD-Ethiopian International In FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en EIIPD-Ethiopian International In ELF-Eritrean Liberation Front FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ELF-Eritrean Liberation Front EPLF- Eritrean People’ FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en EPLF- Eritrean People’
  • 6. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication i Acknowledgement ii Acronyms iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Abstract ix I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 The statement of the problem and justification of the study 2 1.3 Exposition 2 1.4 Objectives of the study 3 1.5 The Scope of the study 4 II. METHODOLOGY 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Hypothesis of the study 5 2.3 Research questions 6 2.4 The research methods 7 2.4.1 The research process 7 2.4.2 The role of the researcher: the insider outsider perspective 8 2.4.3 The explanation of procedures 9 2.4.3.1 Choosing informants 8 2.4.3.2 Formal in-depth interviews 9 2.4.3.3 Observational study 10 2.4.3.4 Methodological problems and limitations 10 2.4.3.5 Analyzing reports, documents, books, and journals 11 2.4.4 The data analysis 11 III. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1998 ETHIOPIA AND 13 ERITREAN BORDER CONFLICT 3.1 Introduction 13 3.2 The geographical description of the region 14 3.3 Historical Overview the region 14 3.4 The contribution of the colonial rule to the Ethio-Eritrean conflict 18 3.4.1. Italy 18 3.4.2 Great Britain 22 3.5 The last monarchy and the communist regime 25 3.6 The Eritrean secession in 1993 and the subsequent conflict in 1998 26 3.7 Summary of the historical background to the conflict 28 IV. THE ROOT CAUSES OF THE 1998 ETHIO-ERITREAN CONFLICT 30 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 The economic causes to the conflict 30 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2 2 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2 2.4.2 The role of the researcher: the insider outsider perspective FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.2 The role of the researcher: the insider outsider perspective FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.2 Formal in-depth interviews FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.2 Formal in-depth interviews 2.4.3.4 Methodological problems and limitations FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.4 Methodological problems and limitations 2.4.3.5 Analyzing reports, documents, books, and journals FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.3.5 Analyzing reports, documents, books, and journals 2.4.4 The data analysis FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 2.4.4 The data analysis FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any III. THE HISTORICAL BACKGR FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any III. THE HISTORICAL BACKGR ERITREAN BORDER CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ERITREAN BORDER CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en TABLE OF CONTENTS FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of Figures I. INTRODUCTION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 The statement of the problem FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 1.2 The statement of the problem
  • 7. v 4.2.1 Unbalanced trade relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia 31 4.2.2 The Nakfa introduction and the reconfiguration of the Ethiopian birr 32 4.3 The social factors to the conflict 36 4.3.1 Personal rivalry in the leadership 36 4.3.2 The unmet deals and grudges between the EPLF and the TPLF 39 4.4 Political factors of the conflict 41 4.4.1 An overview of the border issue 41 4.4.2 The competition of the EPLF and the EPRDF for hegemony 44 4.4.3 The Eritrean independence and its expansionist policy 45 4.4.4 The internal political crisis of both countries 46 4.4.5 Ethnic nationalism of Ethiopia and its contribution to the conflict 47 4.4.6 The issuance of a new regional map for the state of Tigray in 1997 50 4.5 External actors’ contribution to the conflict 51 4.5.1 The United States of America and its interest in the Horn 51 4.5.2 The Arab league and its interest in the region 51 4.6 Why did the conflict escalate to the level of full-scale war? 52 V. THE EFFECT OF ETHIO-ERITREAN CRISIS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL TERMS 54 5.1 Introduction 54 5.2 The consequences of the war in terms of lost lives 54 5.3 The economic cost of the war 57 5.3.1 Defense expenditure 57 5.3.2 Impact on development 58 5.3.3 Trade relations and people’s movement 60 5.3.4 Displacement of the population 61 5.3.5 Deportations of the people 62 5.4 The social impact of the conflict 63 5.5 Political impact of the conflict 64 5.6 The Ethio-Eritrean war and its implications for the Horn of Africa 64 VI. THE CONCEPT OF CONFLICT AND PEACE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSFORMING THE ETHIO-ERITREAN CONFLICT 67 6.1 The theoretical perspectives 67 6.1.1 The concept of conflict 67 6.1.2 The concept of peace 70 6.1.3 The concept of sustainability 71 6.2 The methods of sustaining peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict scenario 72 6.2.1 Addressing the socio-economic and political determinants 72 6.2.2 Healing the wounds of the society 72 6.2.3 Applying the Lederach model to transform the Ethio- Eritrean conflict 73 6.3 Types of actors and approaches to peace building 77 6.4 Working with religious communities towards peace 80 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 50 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 50 51 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 51 V. THE EFFECT OF ETHIO-ERITREAN CRISIS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any V. THE EFFECT OF ETHIO-ERITREAN CRISIS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC 5.2 The consequences of the war in terms of lost lives FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.2 The consequences of the war in terms of lost lives 5.3.3 Trade relations and people’s movement FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.3.3 Trade relations and people’s movement FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 60 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 60 61 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 61 5.4 The social impact of the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.4 The social impact of the conflict 5.5 Political impact of the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.5 Political impact of the conflict 5.6 The Ethio-Eritrean war and its implications for the Horn of Africa FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any 5.6 The Ethio-Eritrean war and its implications for the Horn of Africa VI. THE CONCEPT OF CONFLICT AND PEACE AND THEIR FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any VI. THE CONCEPT OF CONFLICT AND PEACE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSFORMING THE ETHIO-ERITREAN FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSFORMING THE ETHIO-ERITREAN FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any CONFLICT FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.2.1 Unbalanced trade relations between Eritrea and Ethio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.2.1 Unbalanced trade relations between Eritrea and Ethio 4.2.2 The Nakfa introduction and the reconfiguration of the Ethiopian birrFinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.2.2 The Nakfa introduction and the reconfiguration of the Ethiopian birr 4.3 The social factors to the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.3 The social factors to the conflict 4.3.1 Personal rivalry in the leadership FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.3.1 Personal rivalry in the leadership 4.3.2 The unmet deals and grudges between the EPLF and the TPLF FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.3.2 The unmet deals and grudges between the EPLF and the TPLF 4.4 Political factors of the conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4 Political factors of the conflict 4.4.1 An overview of the border issue FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.1 An overview of the border issue 4.4.2 The competition of the EPLF and the EPRDF for hegemony FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.2 The competition of the EPLF and the EPRDF for hegemony 4.4.3 The Eritrean indepe FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.3 The Eritrean indepe 4.4.4 The internal po FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.4 The internal po 4.4.5 Ethnic nationalism of Et FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 4.4.5 Ethnic nationalism of Et
  • 8. vi 6.4.1 Christianity and peace 81 6.4.2 Islam and peace 82 6.4.3 Summary of the theoretical framework for peace 82 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 84 7.1 Summary 84 7.2 Conclusion 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 Annex 1. An excerpt of an Eritrean version of the cause to the conflict 96 Annex 2. Map of Horn of Africa 101 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 82FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 82 6.4.3 Summary of the theoretical framework for peace FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 6.4.3 Summary of the theoretical framework for peace VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en BIBLIOGRAPHY 90 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 90 Annex 1. An excerpt of an Eritrean ve FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Annex 1. An excerpt of an Eritrean ve Annex 2. Map of Horn of Africa FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Annex 2. Map of Horn of Africa
  • 9. vii List of tables Table 1. Preliminary assessment of damage caused by the war………………….59 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of tables FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of tables Table 1. Preliminary assessment of FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Table 1. Preliminary assessment of
  • 10. viii  List of Figures Figure 1. The Place Called Reconciliation…………………………………………………..75 Figure 2. Actors and Approaches to Peace Building………………………………………...78 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of Figures FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en List of Figures Figure 1. The Place Called Reconciliation…… FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Figure 1. The Place Called Reconciliation…… Figure 2. Actors and Approaches to Peace Building………………………………………...7 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Figure 2. Actors and Approaches to Peace Building………………………………………...7
  • 11. ix  ABSTRACT This research attempts to discover the main reasons for the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea that led them to the deadly war of 1998. Although the major causes to the conflict were the socio-economic and political instabilities within the states, the international community and the population of the two states understood border issue as predominant. The findings of this research prove that the important causes to the war were mainly economic, i.e., the unbalanced trade relations of Ethiopia with the emerging state of Eritrea, and secondly, the introduction of the new Eritrean currency known as Nakfa and Eritrea’s demand for parity with the Ethiopian Birr, which Ethiopia rejected. The social factors include rivalry, and the unmet deals and grudges between the leaderships. As to the political factors to the conflict, Eritrea pursued an expansionist policy, while Ethiopia issued the new regional map of the Tigray state that included the contentious territories as the dominant ones. The internal political problems of both states were further causes to the conflict. To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing the socio-economic and political issues with due respect to interdependence and mature diplomacy is vital. The top leaderships of both states should further dialogue and negotiate to resolve contentious issues, clearly demarcate the border, and focus on the development of both states. This will bring structural justice, democracy, stability and the rule of law to both warring nations. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any emerging state of Eritrea, and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any emerging state of Eritrea, and e new Eritrean currency known as Nakfa and Eritrea’s demand FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any e new Eritrean currency known as Nakfa and Eritrea’s demand rejected. The social factors include rivalry, FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any rejected. The social factors include rivalry, ips. As to the political factors to the FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ips. As to the political factors to the ionist policy, while Ethiopia i FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ionist policy, while Ethiopia issued the new regional map of FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ssued the new regional map ofionist policy, while Ethiopia issued the new regional map ofionist policy, while Ethiopia i FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ionist policy, while Ethiopia issued the new regional map ofionist policy, while Ethiopia i the contentious territories as FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any the contentious territories as the dominant ones. The internal FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any the dominant ones. The internal re further causes to the conflict. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any re further causes to the conflict.re further causes to the conflict. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any re further causes to the conflict.re further causes to the conflict. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any re further causes to the conflict.re further causes to the conflict. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any re further causes to the conflict.re further causes to the conflict. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any re further causes to the conflict. To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thsituation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thsituation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thsituation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thsituation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thsituation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thsituation, addressing th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any situation, addressing thTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing thTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing thTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflictTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing thTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any To sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict situation, addressing thTo sustain peace in the Ethio-Eritrean conflict ect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and matureect to interdependence and mature FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ect to interdependence and mature further dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate tofurther dialogue and negotiate to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any further dialogue and negotiate to clearly demarcate the border, and focus on th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any clearly demarcate the border, and focus on th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anystructural justice, democracy, stability FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm anystructural justice, democracy, stability FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This research attempts to discover the main FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en This research attempts to discover the main Eritrea that led them to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Eritrea that led them to the deadly war of 1998. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en the deadly war of 1998. the socio-economic and political in FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en the socio-economic and political in the population of the two states und FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en the population of the two states und The findings of this research prove that th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en The findings of this research prove that th economic, i.e., the unbalanced trade FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en economic, i.e., the unbalanced trade
  • 12. Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 1 I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Since the Italian colonization of Eritrea in 1890, which was then part of Ethiopia, the peace situation in the region and the relationship of Eritrea and Ethiopia has become flimsy and disturbed. Even after the end of the colonial system, Eritrea was again federated to Ethiopia. However, there is no improvement in the peace situation. Many things contributed to such a turbulent context. In terms of the socio-economic and political situation of the region, the Horn of Africa and specifically Ethiopia is neither prosperous nor democratic. Ethiopia and Eritrea belong to the poorest nations in the world and the government structures are poorly organized. As the result of these, conflict often emerges in the region. During the time Eritrea existed as part of Ethiopia, the nation building strategy was based on ethnicity. The same theory has a lot to do with the ethnic- based conflicts of the region. During the communist regime of Ethiopia (1974-199 1), Eritreans fought the war against the Derg along with the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). In 1991 they succeeded in their mission to topple the communist regime, and Eritrea officially seceded from Ethiopia under the international community monitored referendum in 1993. This collaboration did not last as the TPLF is not currently on good terms with the Eritrean regime since 1997. The Ethiopian people for the most part, did not want the secession. Furthermore, some Eritreans who have known the significance of living together with Ethiopians rejected the referendum and identified themselves with the Ethiopians. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any However, there is no improvement in the peace situation. Many things contributed to such a FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any However, there is no improvement in the peace situation. Many things contributed to such a l situation of the region, the H FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any l situation of the region, the H specifically Ethiopia is neither prosperous nor democratic. Ethiopia and Eritrea belong to the FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any specifically Ethiopia is neither prosperous nor democratic. Ethiopia and Eritrea belong to the poorest nations in the world and the government structures are poorly organized. As the result of FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any poorest nations in the world and the government structures are poorly organized. As the result of ring the time Eritrea existed as part of Ethiopia FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ring the time Eritrea existed as part of Ethiopia nation building strategy was based on ethnicity. The same theory has a lot to do with the ethnic FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nation building strategy was based on ethnicity. The same theory has a lot to do with the ethnic During the communist regime of Ethiopia (1974 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any During the communist regime of Ethiopia (1974 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any with the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). In 1991 they succeeded in their FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any with the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF). In 1991 they succeeded in their mission to topple the communist regime FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any mission to topple the communist regime FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any international community monitored referendum in 1993 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any international community monitored referendum in 1993 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en MA FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en MA- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en -ICM Thesis, By Worku M. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ICM Thesis, By Worku M. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en INTRODUCTION FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 1.1 Background of the study Since the Italian colonization of Eritrea in 1890, which was then part of Ethiopia, the peace FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Since the Italian colonization of Eritrea in 1890, which was then part of Ethiopia, the peace situation in the region and the relationship of Eritrea and Ethiopia has become flimsy and FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en situation in the region and the relationship of Eritrea and Ethiopia has become flimsy and
  • 13. Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 2 However, after the establishment of the new state in the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia did not stop socio-economic relations until the war broke out in 1998. The main reason for such a large war in the history of Ethiopia was not so much a question of an unsettled border issue. More than this there were several other reasons surrounding it, as we shall discover. 1.2 The statement of the problem and justification of the study The problem of the Ethio-Eritrean conflict is understood by the international community as largely a border conflict. That is, Eritrea is claiming its border was occupied by Ethiopia, while the latter says the opposite. They both took arms to settle the issue, nevertheless it was in vain. It is the view of many scholars, however, that the border problem was actually a minor issue. Therefore, is an issue that has misled the international community as well as the inhabitants of the two countries. Thus, unearthing the reasons behind the border issue that caused a deadly conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea is very significant and it is also important to pinpoint the types of interventions that could enhance possibly a sustainable peace in the region. 1.3 Exposition The Ethiopian and Eritrean conflict is complex. It has multifaceted dimensions and multiple dynamics. Nevertheless, one of the aspects that is propagated as the main cause of the conflict is the border issue. However, the socio-economic and political factors are the main causes for the escalation of the conflict. Eritrea was once part of Ethiopia and now is an independent state. Eritrea enjoyed a tax-free trade relationship with Ethiopia until the war broke out, which left the Ethiopian trade system in an unbalanced state. One can argue that this was a major cause for the conflict. As the history of the conflict indicates, colonial rule in Eritrea has left a legacy of disparity which caused them to struggle for scarce resources to be accessed through such an unbalanced trade system. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any b FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any by FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any y E FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Eth FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any th h FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any he FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ele FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any les FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ss FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any s i FinalM 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any in t FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any he FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any e a FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any an FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any n c FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any co FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any on FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nf FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any f , FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any , o FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any on FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ne FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any e o FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any o H FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any Ho FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam 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orku M en lis FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en sh FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en hm FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en m a FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ati FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en tio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en on FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ns FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en s u FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en u f FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en f E FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en Et FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en hio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en iop FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en p e FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en er FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en re FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en e s FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en se FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ev FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ve FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en e 2 FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en 2
  • 14. Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 3 External actors’ interest in both Eritrea and Ethiopia for their strategic significance lends another contribution to the conflict. Moreover, the impact of the conflict on the population of both countries is immense. The death and displacement of multitudes, loss of property, and the underdevelopment of the countries were some of the effects. Without addressing such multifaceted aspects of the conflict, one cannot hope for sustainable peace and development in the region. Any kind of intervention to maintain peace has to consider addressing the socio-economic and political factors. The assumption here is that Ethiopia and Eritrea cannot live alone. Ethiopia needs Eritrea and vice-versa. Maintaining the notion of interdependence of the communities of both countries is very important to sustain peace in the region. Therefore, the thesis aims to analyze the causes to the conflict and depending on the results, forward some recommendations that can be useful to transform such conflict for positive change and development of the region. 1.4 Objectives of the study  This research aims to understand and analyze factors beyond the border issue that caused such a deadly conflict and its effects in both countries and their implications to sustain peace in the region.  The study seeks for possible ways to address those factors behind the border issue so that peace in the region may be established.  Promote the importance of interdependence of both countries, even though they are independent states.  Draw lessons on how to intervene in conflict situations similar to this one.  Make recommendations on how to sustain peace in the region. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any th in FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any inta FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any tain FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any inin FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any in o FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any or FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any rta FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any tan FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nt FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any t t FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any t n FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nf FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any fl FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any lflf FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any flf ic FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ict FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any t n FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ns 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any d it FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any its FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any s e FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ef FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any f s FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any s f FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any fo FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ofof FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any fof r FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any r p FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any po FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any o th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any the FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any e r FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any re FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any eg FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any gio FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any io te FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any te th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en M FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en MA FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en A- FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en -I FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en IC FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en CM FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en M FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en t FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en t in FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en in b FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en bo FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en oth FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en th to FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en to th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en the FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en e c FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en co FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en on FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en n m FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en me FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en en FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en ns FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en se FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M en e. 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  • 15. Chapter One: Introduction MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 4 1.5 The Scope of the study With regard to its scope geographically this study focuses on the location of Ethiopia and Eritrea located in the Horn of Africa. Concerning the time, it mainly focuses on the period between the fall of the communist regime in Ethiopia, 1991, and the beginning of the Ethio- Eritrean war in 1998. We will go back and forth to look at the history of the conflict and then its effects. The reason for such a limitation of the scope is that at the above-mentioned period, the relationship of both countries existed largely at the state. That is, the conflict occurred after the emergence of Eritrea as an independent state in 1993. Socio-economic and political factors that fueled the conflict will be the focus area of the research. 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o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM 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;Berlin,G erm any e is FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any is th FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any th l FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any la FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ar FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any rara FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ara g FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ge FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any el FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ly FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any y s FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any s a FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any an FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any nana FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ana in FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any in c FinalM 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  • 16. Chapter Two: Methodology MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. 5 II. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction This chapter is based on the conviction that research should be accompanied by accounts of how it was really done. Since decisions about research instructions are made in gradual response to the nature of the social setting being investigated as its nature is revealed, every qualitative research design will be different. This means that qualitative research has to show its workings every single time. Furthermore, the researcher must justify choices made, and in particular demonstrate how the overall strategy is appropriate to the social setting and the researcher-subject relationships within it (Adrian 2002:7-9). Qualitative research is based on a conviction that what is important to look for will emerge and this is precisely the conviction that guided the researcher in this thesis, (ibid, p.6). When setting out for my fieldwork, I wanted to see which issues came up, and thus was very flexible during my research. This methodology chapter will describe the hypothesis of the research, the research questions, and the methods of the research. The methods of the research will further elaborate the research process and procedures, methodological limitations, and the way the data was analyzed. 2.2 Hypothesis of the study It is evident that every study has its own hypothesis. Based on that, there are several assumptions for this study as well. The first assumption of the study is that the reason for the Ethio-Eritrean 1998-2000 deadly conflict was not just a border issue. The working simple hypothesis of the study is that socio-economic and political reasons are the major causes of the conflict rather than the border issue. The conflicting parties are misleading the international community as if the cause for it is merely the border issue. FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM 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enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any he c FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any convi FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any onvi f FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ff FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any fi FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ii FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ii FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ifif FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any fiffif FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any fif e FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ee FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ee FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ee FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any el FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ll FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any ll 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  • 17. 6 Chapter Two: Methodology MA-ICM Thesis, By Worku M. Aymelo, ASFH, Berlin, Germany, 2007. Secondly, the international communities have contributed significantly to the conflict in the process of conflict escalation and at the same time in conflict de-escalation. Thirdly, ethnic nationalism that was introduced in Ethiopia since 1991 has also contributed negatively to the conflict. Fourthly, strategically addressing the reasons behind the conflict is the sole solution to sustain peace in the region. This study will work with the hypothesis that the conflict was between the leading elite but not at the level of the general populace and that there were social dynamics between the two groups that aggravated the situation. Thus, to sustain peace in the region one should also note those divides and commonalities and work on addressing the gaps. Here the assumption is that interdependence between the two countries is very important and should be maintained. Lastly, if the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea cannot find a final solution, the peace and security of the Horn of Africa would be endangered. For example, the conflict between the Union of Islamic Courts in Somalia (UICS) and the Ethiopian government in December 2006 was implicated as the proxy war of Eritrea and Ethiopia. That is, both contenders (Ethiopia and Eritrea) changed the battlefield from Badme to Somalia, the Eritreans supporting the UICS, the Ethiopians supporting the TFGS. 2.3 Research questions Every study has questions that need to be answered in the process of its investigation. This study is no exception. This research aims to seek answers to questions such as: what are the factors behind the border issue to the Ethio-Eritrean conflict and their implications to sustainable peace in the region? How is it possible to address the socio-economic problems that both countries face and how do such proposed solutions enhance the FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M enam o,ASFH ;Berlin,G erm any FinalM asterThesis ofW orku M 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