This short guide ls a great way of getting started in the world of machine safety. Covering PUWER, CE Marking and risk assessments, this guide will give you the overview you need to start your machine safety journey!

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The Beginners Guide to Machine Safety

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Contents
Getting started
Who does Machine Safety apply to?
Directives, Laws and Standards
What are the duties on those involved?
Duties on users
Next Steps

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The aim of this beginners guide is to explain machine safety in the
UK in an introductory manner; touching on subjects including the
Machinery Directive, PUWER ‘98 and CE marking of machinery.
It is not intended to be the definitive guide to everything in machine
safety and in some areas detail has been sacrificed for simplicity.
This means that in some cases,
due to the detail being slimmed
down for readability, the general
rules of thumb might not apply, so
you should always seek expert
advice if you have any doubts.
The UK regulatory environment
for machine safety is one of the
toughest in the world. If you work
in a role which exposes you to the
processes involved in machine
safety, or manage a team who operate machines, then this guide will
be a great starting point.
So, grab yourself a warm drink and take 15 minutes……

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Getting Started
The Golden Rule …. Safe Machines are no accident!
The UK government and Europe know that this is the case, so they have implemented all sorts
of directives, law and guidance with the objective of making users of machinery and work
equipment as safe as they can be, or should we say, safe enough!.
Zero risk is an admirable position to take and we understand the motivation to use it as a
headline to catch the imagination.
A clear objective with no grey areas…..
However, like most great theories that use zero as a baseline, they are (by definition)
impossible to achieve and rather dodge the intent of the primary safety legislation in the UK;
i.e. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HSW).
Machinery safety guidance in the UK acknowledges that zero risk is not the objective and
instead it lays down principles to be followed and evidence of due diligence in their
application. Therefore, you need to define these more realistic objectives and justify them to
the ‘Target Zero’ crew.
In our world (the world of machine safety which seems rather too vast at times) we refer to
these realistic objectives as your risk reduction objectives.

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Yes, YOURS. You decide what your risk reduction objectives are. The law is in place to judge
if they are, or in the case of post-accident, were reasonable. The previous sentence fairly
reflects the general approach but in some areas the law is more prescriptive either in
mandatory design features or in the hierarchy of measures that should be considered during
design and adaption.
What is a Risk Assessment?
A Risk Assessment is the most important task in machinery safety. It is a careful examination
of the machine to determine what risks are posed to the user, and what precautions or
modifications should be made in order to make it safer to use.
Companies are legally obliged to carry out risk
assessments. A Risk Assessment can be carried out
by a competent user, manufacturer or a specialist
machine safety consultant. Accidents and ill health
caused by machinery can ruin lives, cost a company
thousands (and in worst case, millions) of pounds
and reduce productivity. It is vital for risk
assessments to be carried out so that a plan is in
place to control that risk and implement action in a
timely manner.
What is Risk Reduction?
It is vital for Risk Reduction to be considered when carrying out Risk Assessments.
A strategy for risk reduction should follow a 3 step process:-
Step 1 - Inherently safe design
Step 2 - Safeguarding and complementary protective measures
Step 3 - Information for safe use

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Who does Machine safety apply to?
European Economic Area (EEA)
The EEA is a group of states who signed up to the Treaty of Rome, and are therefore bound
to implementing all trade Directives including the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. This is the
primary driver behind machine safety in Europe and the UK. It is useful to have a list of those
countries as this can be critical when determining is CE Marking is required due to
import/export.
Member states in the EEA
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark,
European Union, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, and
the United Kingdom.
Users
Any employer using work equipment or machinery in the UK is subject to the HSW that
require that the work equipment be safe to use, operate and maintain. This is further
detailed in more specific law and guidance known as PUWER ’98 (pronounced ‘PURE’). This
creates legal duties to ensure work equipment and machines are safe to operate and
maintain and these are continuous so long as the machinery/work equipment is in use.

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To find out more specific information about PUWER visit our website.
Manufacturers of machinery
It is necessary in order to understand where, when and (often most importantly) by whom the
CE Marking of machines is relevant to. There are several different ways that you might become
a manufacturer according to the machinery directive 2006/42/EC.
Principally these can be split and explained in the following;
If you supply (or make available) for use in to the EEA a machine that:
1. You made
2. You designed and commission to be made (without contractually committing the
machine builder to meet your obligations under the appropriate directives)
3. You imported from outside the EEA (and hadn’t been previously certified – CE marked)
4. You modified
5. You integrated in to a line
……then you are the manufacturer.
Now, who are you? If you are a sole trader or person (i.e. not a limited company) then the
duty to CE mark machinery and declare in conformity with applicable directives are yours,
and yours alone. If you are representing a company then it is normal for the company to be
the manufacturer. However, a person must still sign on behalf of the company.
Who should that person be?
We suggest a senior manager with influence and control over all the processes that feed in
the evidence that the machine was correctly CE marked. This is a legal document exposing
your business to considerable liabilities so it is normally an officer of the company (i.e. a share
holding Executive Director) or some person directly and formally authorized by an officer.

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Directives, Laws and Standards
The first thing we need to do is clear up the jargon and put everything in its place…..
Directives
The EU drafts and issues Directives. These place a duty on the member states of the EU
(EEA). Some of these directives are related to supply (by manufacturers) and other place
duties on the users. Below is a summary of the primary directives and the laws that
implement machine safety in the UK.

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Law
The EU directives are implemented in the UK by Law. For the most part, the two documents
will be very similar but there are some variations that you will become aware of when reading
the two side by side. For the purposes of this guide, it is taken that these variations are minor
and not to be considered. More advanced courses will analyse the differences more closely.
Standards
There are many sources of machinery safety standards. As explained in the notes from the
above table, the EN standards primarily apply during any CE marking of machines but have
relevancy during PUWER inspection also unless other machinery safety guidance
issued/endorsed by the HSE conflicts with it. In this case the latter should take precedent in
the PUWER assessor’s mind.
Important Notes
CE Marking
Directives and law lay the principles down
but without much prescriptive detail.
This route must end with a ‘declaration’ to
the directive that it is safe
EN standards provide the minimum safe
design required.
Without access and knowledge of EN
standards you are flying blind.
PUWER
The PUWER ACOP lays the
principles down and gives
some examples but the
intent of guidance must be
transposed to each machine
type.
BS provide further guidance but HSE
information sheets or HSE endorsed industry
guidance should take precedence.
Where an EN standard conflicts with UK
specific guidance then the latter shall be used.

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What are the duties on those involved?
Duties of Manufacturers
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HSW)
The following shall be achieved ‘so far as is reasonably practicable’…..
The HSW section 6 (1) places a duty on manufacturers of machines to ensure that they are
designed and constructed to be safe and without risks. This includes the need to carry out
appropriate examination
and tests. Furthermore, the
manufacturer will provide
suitable information for use
including updates for new
risks that become apparent
after the machine has been
supplied.
The HSW section 6 (2) puts
a duty on the designer to
complete research to identify risks and elimination or minimise them.
The HSW section 8 allows a manufacturer to protect themselves to some degree from the
risk relating to their product where a third party has provided a written statement to them
stating that it is safe.

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Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC
Conformity with all Applicable Directives
A manufacturer, as defined previously, must declare their machine/partly complete machine
in conformity to all applicable directives.
Technical Construction File (TCF)
The TCF must be held by the manufacturer for a period of 10 years after production of the
last unit covered construction file (TCF) to the enforcement authorities upon their request.
The TCF does not need to be compiled unless enforcement authorities request it. However, the person
responsible for doing so must be based in the EU community.
Non EU Manufacturers
Manufacturers who are based outside the EU will need to use an authorised representative
to hold the technical construction file. For example, if the manufacturer is in Taiwan but has
a satellite business registered in Germany, then the German company may be listed on the
Declaration of Conformity as the authorised representative responsible for compiling the
technical file.

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Assemblies of Machines
It is often the case that a number of machines are arrange together as a production line or
process. The nature of their interfaces determines whether they shall be treated as a new
machine in their own right. This would mean that the person or company responsible for
commissioning this work are now a manufacturer and all of the above apply to them.
Use of EN Standards
Where compliance to EN standards is used to presume conformity then these shall be listed
on the Declaration.
Note to users: Use of standards is not mandatory,
so if you want to audit your manufacturer against
them you will need to make a commercial
arrangement in the contract to do so. This is
normally done with a machine safety requirement
specification written to reflect to specify the
applicable ENs standards to be used on that type of
machine.

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Duties on users
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HSW)
The following shall be achieved ‘So far as is reasonably practicable’.
The primary duty on the user of work equipment or machinery is given in the HSW. The
employer shall provide and maintain plant and systems of work that are safe and without
risks to health.
Management of Health and Safety Regulations (MHSWRs)
The user shall make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to the health and safety
of his employees to which they are exposed whilst they are at work. The purpose of the risk
assessment is to help the user to determine what measures should be taken to comply with
the users duties under the ‘relevant statutory provisions’. For the purposes of machinery
safety it is correct to say that PUWER will always apply.
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER ’98)
PUWER is a relevant statutory provision for all work equipment / machines. PUWER has a
supporting Approved Code of Practice (ACOP). ACOP text explains how to comply with the
law in a specific way and has a special status in law. If you do not follow the advice in ACOP
text and you are prosecuted for a breach of the law, the court will take your breach of the law
as proven unless you can show that you have complied with the law in another equally
effective way. If you follow the advice in an ACOP, you can be sure that you will be doing

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enough to comply with the law. Guidance text is different as following it is not compulsory,
unless specifically stated.
PUWER should not be considered in isolation, rather, it should be used as clarification of the
duties imposed by the HSW.
The purpose of the PUWER inspection is to identify whether the equipment can be operated,
adjusted and maintained safely and that any deterioration (for example, any defect, damage
or wear) can be detected and remedied before it results in unacceptable risks.
PUWER has an Approved
Code of Practice (ACOP)

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Designed and Adapted
The users of machinery must ensure that machines and work equipment are designed or
adapted so that they are safe to use and maintain.
Inspection
An inspection is an appropriate visual, or more rigorous inspection, in order to ensure that
the machine can be operated, adjusted and
maintained safely and that any deterioration
(for example, any defect, damage or wear)
can be detected and remedied before it
results in unacceptable risks
Typically, an appropriate PUWER inspection
is visual only, but will include an audit of the
records for other relevant checks. For
example, the functional checks of protective
devices.
Planning for PUWER
As with all statutory provisions, planning, control and monitoring requires that a register of
assets and risk assessments be kept.
PUWER inspections must be scheduled at pre-determined intervals.
Competent persons must be available for determining the scope of inspection and
completing the inspections. For internal staff, this requires that suitable training be
provided. For contractors you must seek evidence of competency through auditing.

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Records of the current PUWER inspection for all work equipment/machines must be
held until the next record is made available.
Risk assessments are only useful when actioned! You must monitor progress.
PUWER Inspection, Planning & Prioritisation (PIPP)
Spiers Engineering Safety have created a PUWER Risk mapping method called ‘PUWER
Inspection, Planning & Prioritisation’, or ‘PIPP’ for short.
In order for your PUWER inspections to be planned and followed through, it is vital to have
a set process in place. By using PIPP, you will;
Focus resources on risk
Plan resources and budgets
Demonstrate arrangements and implementation bodies if required
Reduce Commercial Risk
Most importantly, avoid the “incident related knee jerk” when an accident happens.
To find out more, click on the image below.

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Next Steps
We hope you have found this introduction to Machine Safety useful.
Spiers Engineering Safety are a UK based machine safety consultancy with a team of
expert engineers who have specialist knowledge in PUWER, CE Marking, Functional
Safety and Risk Assessments.
If you wish to grow your knowledge even
further, you may want to look at booking a
seat on one of our popular Machine Safety
workshops.
A one day, question and answer led session
where you can bring your machine
headaches and queries to the table!
Expanding on all of the topics covered in this
guide, we can guarantee you will walk away with machine safety knowledge you didn’t
know before.
To book your seat, click on the link https://www.spierssafety.co.uk/machine-safety-
training-course
www.spierssafety.co.uk