Here is a presentation related to the History of Cricket. For the students of Sports Sciences that are interested to know more about Cricket.

1. P R E S E N T E D B Y:
A Q S A S I D D I Q U E ( R O L L # 7 6 )
HISTORY OF CRICKET
Cricket
from 17th
Century
to till
Now…

2. EARLY CRICKET
• The origin of cricket is unknown. There is a consensus
of expert opinion that it was probably created during
Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald,
an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-
east England that lies across Kent and Sussex.
• The first reference to cricket being played as an adult
sport was in 1611.

3. EARLY 17TH CENTURY
• A number of references occur up to the English Civil
War and these indicate that cricket had become an adult
game contested by parish teams, but there is no
evidence of county strength teams at this time.
• Equally, there is little evidence of the rampant gambling
that characterized the game throughout the 18th century.
• It is generally believed, therefore, that village cricket had
developed by the middle of the 17th century but that
county cricket had not and that investment in the game
had not begun.

4. GAMBLING AND PRESS COVERAGE
• Cricket had certainly become a significant gambling
sport by the end of the 17th century. There is a
newspaper report of a "great match" played in Sussex in
1697 which was 11-a-side and played for high stakes of
50 guineas a side.
• With freedom of the press having been granted in 1696,
cricket for the first time could be reported in the
newspapers. During the first half of the 18th century,
press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than
on the play.

5. 18TH CENTURY CRICKET

6. PATRONAGE AND PLAYERS
• Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of
the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming
their own teams and it is believed the first "county
teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration
in 1660, especially as members of the nobility were
employing "local experts" from village cricket as the
earliest professionals.
• The most notable of the early patrons were a group of
aristocrats and businessmen who were active from about
1725.
• For the first time, the press mentions individual players
like Thomas Waymark.

7. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAWS
• The basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the
wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out, etc. have
existed since time immemorial.
• In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first
time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such
as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were
added.

8. • The game continued to spread throughout England and, in
1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue. The original
form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in
bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers
began to pitch the ball and study variations in line, length
and pace.
• Scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis from 1772
and since then an increasingly clear picture has emerged of
the sport's development.
CONTD….

9. 19TH CENTURY CRICKET

10. • In 1864, another bowling revolution resulted in the
legalization of overarm and in the same year Wisden
Cricketers' Almanack was first published.
• W. G. Grace introduced technical innovations which
revolutionized the game, particularly in batting.
INTRODUCTION

11. INTERNATIONAL CRICKET BEGINS
• The first ever international cricket game was between
the USA and Canada in 1844. The match was played at
the grounds of the St George's Cricket Club in New York.
• In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two
matches against full Australian XIs that are now
regarded as the inaugural Test matches.
• The following year, the Australians toured England for
the first time and the success of this tour ensured a
popular demand for similar ventures in future.

12. THE FIRST AUSTRALIAN TOURING TEAM
(1878) PICTURED AT NIAGARA FALLS

13. NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS
• A significant development in domestic
cricket occurred in 1890 when the
official County Championship was
constituted in England.
• This organizational initiative has
been repeated in other countries.
• Australia established the
Sheffield Shield in 1892–1893.

14. • The Currie Cup in South Africa. • The Plunkett Shield in New Zealand.
The Ranji Trophy in India.

15. GOLDEN AGE OF CRICKET
• The period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World
War has become one of nostalgia, ostensibly because
the teams played cricket according to “the spirit of the
game”
• It was a peacetime period that was shattered by the First
World War. The era has been called The Golden Age of
cricket.
• It featured numerous great names such as Grace,
Wilfred Rhodes, C. B. Fry, Ranjitsinhji and Victor
Trumper.

16. 20TH CENTURY CRICKET

17. GROWTH OF TEST CRICKET
• The Imperial Cricket Conference was founded in 1909.
• In 1990, only England, Australia and South Africa were its
members.
• West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1930) and India (1932)
became Test nations before the Second World War and
Pakistan (1952) soon afterwards.
• In the last quarter of the 20th century, three of those
became full members: Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992)
and Bangladesh (2000).
• Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard
throughout the 20th century.

18. WORLD SERIES CRICKET
• The money problems of top cricketers were also the root
cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977.
• Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players,
Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the
world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of
international cricket.
• World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African
players and allowed them to show off their skills in an
international arena against other world-class players.
• Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the
introduction of significantly higher player salaries and
innovations such as colored kit and night games.

19. LIMITED-OVERS CRICKET
• In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of
cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum
number of overs per innings.
• The first limited-over international match took place
at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a
Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on
the opening days.
• limited-over internationals (LOIs or ODIs—one-day
internationals) have since grown to become a massively
popular form of the game, especially for busy people who
want to be able to see a whole match.
• The International Cricket Council reacted
to this development by organizing the
first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975,
with all the Test-playing nations taking part.

20. ANALYTIC AND GRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY
• Limited-overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket
coverage.
• Innovative techniques introduced in coverage of limited-over
matches were soon adopted for Test coverage.
• The innovations included:
 presentation of in-depth statistics
 graphical analysis
 placing miniature cameras in the stumps
 multiple usage of cameras to provide shots
from several locations around the ground
 high-speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling
television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them
understand an umpire's decision.

21. CONTD…
• In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate run-out
appeals with television replays was introduced in the
Test series between South Africa and India.
• The third umpire's duties have subsequently expanded
to include decisions on other aspects of play such as:
• stumping, catches and boundaries.
• From 2011, the third umpire was being called upon to
moderate review of umpires' decisions, including LBW,
with the aid of virtual-reality tracking technologies
(e.g., Hawk-Eye and Hot Spot).

22. 21ST CENTURY CRICKET

23. ICC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
• In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship
Table" and, in October 2002, a "One-day International
Championship Table".
• As indicated by ICC rankings, the various cricket formats
have continued to be a major competitive sport in most
former British Empire countries, notably the Indian
subcontinent, and new participants including the
Netherlands.
• In 2017, the number of countries with full ICC
membership was increased to twelve by the addition
of Afghanistan and Ireland.

24. CONTD…
• In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental Cup
brought first-class cricket to 12
nations, mostly for the first time.
• Cricket's newest innovation
is Twenty20, essentially an evening
entertainment.
• The inaugural of ICC
Twenty20 tournament was held in
2007.

25. VARIATIONS IN CRICKET BAT
Bats were not
always this shape.
Before the 18th
century bats tended
to be shaped
similarly to a
modern hockey
sticks.

26. CRICKET CLOTHING
• Cricket clothing and equipment is regulated by
the Laws of Cricket. Cricket clothing, known as cricket
whites, or flannels, is slightly loose fitting so as not to
restrict players' movements. Use of protective
equipment, such as helmets, gloves and pads, is also
regulated.

27. CRICKET EQUIPMENT
• Ball – A red, white or pink ball with a cork base, wrapped
in twine covered with cork. The ball should have a circumference of
9.1 in (23 centimetres) unless it is a children's size.
• Bat – A wooden bat is used. The wood used is from the Kashmir or
English willow tree. The bat cannot be more than 38 inches
(96.5 cm) long and 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide.
• Stumps – three upright wooden poles that, together with the bails,
form the wicket.
• Bails – two crosspieces made of wood, placed on top of the stumps.
• Sight screen – A screen placed at the boundary known as the sight
screen. This is aligned exactly parallel to the width of the pitch and
behind both pairs of wickets.
• Boundary – A rope demarcating the perimeter of the field known as
the boundary.

28. LAWS OF CRICKET
• The Laws of Cricket is a code which specifies the rules
of cricket worldwide.
• The earliest known code was drafted in 1744 and, since
1788, it has been owned and maintained by its
custodian, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in
London.
• There are currently 42 Laws which outline all aspects of
how the game is to be played.

29. VARIATIONS IN BASIC CRICKET LAWS
•The Pitch
• In 1744 Code: the pitch dimensions (length = 22 yards)
• In Modern Laws: The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22
yards (20.12 m) long and 10 ft (3.05 m) wide.

30. THE WICKETS
• In 1744 Code: the stumps must be 22
inches (560 mm) high with a six-inch
(152 mm) bail.
• In Modern Laws: The wicket consists of
three wooden stumps that are 28 inches
(71.12 cm) tall. They are positioned so
that the wicket is 9 inches (22.86 cm)
wide. Two wooden bails are placed on top
of the stumps. The bails must not project
more than 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) above the
stumps.

31. THE BALL
• In 1744 Code: the ball must weigh between five and
six ounces.
• In Modern Laws: A cricket ball is between 8.81 and 9
inches (22.4 cm and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and
weighs between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces(155.9g and
163g). Only one ball is used at a time.

32. BALLS PER OVER
• In 1889 the immemorial four ball over was replaced by a
five ball over and then this was changed to the current
six balls an over in 1900.
• In 1922, the number of balls per over was changed from
six to eight in Australia only.
• In 1924 the eight ball over was extended to New Zealand
and in 1937 to South Africa.

33. CONTD…
• In England, the eight ball over was adopted
experimentally for the 1939 season; the intention was to
continue the experiment in 1940.
• But first-class cricket was suspended for the Second
World War.
• When it resumed, English cricket reverted to the six ball
over.

34. CONTD…
• The 1947 Laws of Cricket allowed six or eight balls
depending on the conditions of play.
• Since the 1979-80 Australian and New Zealand seasons,
the six ball over has been used worldwide
• The most recent version of the Laws in 2000 only
permits six ball overs.

35. THE PLAYERS
• In 1744 Code: twelve Gamesters shall play on each side
• In Modern Laws: A cricket team consists of eleven
players, including a captain.

36. TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN CRICKET
Ten Modern Technologies are being used in today’s cricket as
follows:
• Graphics package: It is used to show the high quality
scoreboards with bowling and batting statistics.
• Snickometer: the snickometer is used to detect edges
from the bat using a microphone placed near the stumps.
the technology uses the difference between sound
frequencies of the ball hitting different surfaces. e.g. a
woody sound has a different frequency than that of the ball
hitting the glove.

37. • Hawk Eye: This technology predicts the path of the ball
after impact, using a slew of cameras placed around the
cricket ground. It is also being used as a part of the
Umpire Decision Review System (UDRS) in the 2011
ICC Cricket World Cup.
• Hot Spot: Another ball tracking technology used in
television relies on infrared cameras that detect the heat
signature of ball impact. For instance, wherever the ball
hits the batsman, the heat signature of that particular
spot changes – creating a Hot Spot. It is especially
helpful in judging faint edges and close bat-pad LBW
shouts.
• Stump Camera: The stump camera for long has been
part of cricket broadcasting. It is a small camera hidden
inside the stumps at both ends providing a unique angle
to viewers.

38. • Super slow motion: This technology involves the use of
a high-speed camera which captures live footage and
then reproduces it in super slow motion format.
• Speed Gun: It is a small Doppler radar unit used to
detect the speed of moving objects; it is commonly used
to determine bowling speeds in cricket broadcast.
• Heart Beat Monitor: Heart Beat Monitor or Gator
monitor tracks the heart rate of cricketers and displays it
in the broadcast. For instance, the viewers can see the
variations in the bowler's heart rate when he is running in
to bowl.

39. • Real-time commentary by on-field players: With T20
cricket gaining prominence, players and umpires are
hooked with microphones while playing. They interact with
commentators to give a unique perspective to the match.
• Dart fish: Similar to the Hawk-eye technology, Dart Fish
tracks the trajectory and gives the viewer a clear picture of
the path of the ball once it has left the bowler's arm.